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SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Formaldehyde Safety Training
CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY SIUC
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
TrainingoBefore working with formaldehyde, and before entering a regulated area, each employee and lab supervisor must complete formaldehyde training through CEHS.
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Today’s Training Topics Include:oIntroduction to OSHA Formaldehyde StandardoExposure LimitsoExposure Monitoring Requirements
oRoutes of Exposure and Health Effects
oPersonal Protective Equipment
oLabeling and Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
oExposure Controls
oMedical Surveillance Program
oDisposal, Spills and Emergencies
oSummary
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
What Is Formaldehyde?oA colorless chemical with a pungent odor, which is a gas at standard temperature and pressure
o It is usually found as formalin, a methanol-stabilized water solution that contains 37%, 44%, or 50% formaldehyde.
oOther uses include resins, bactericide or fungicide, cosmetics, permanent press clothing, embalming fluid
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
The OSHA Formaldehyde StandardoThis standard, 29 CFR 1910.1048, was passed into law in 1992. o It is intended to:oControl employee exposure to formaldehyde, and oProvide employees with the knowledge and understanding to work safely using
formaldehyde
o It establishes three different levels of exposure:oPermissible Exposure LimitoShort Term Exposure LimitoAction Level
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Employee Exposure LimitsoPermissible Exposure Limits (PEL): 0.75 ppm
This is an 8-hour Time Weighted Average, or 40 hour work week
oShort Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 2.0 ppm
This is the maximum concentration that workers may be exposed to for 15 minutes
oAction Level (AL): 0.5 ppm
This is an 8-hour Time Weighted Average.
oIf exposure exceeds any of these limits, changes must be made to reduce employee exposure.
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Exposure Monitoring RequirementsoInitial MonitoringoTo determine whether personal exposures may be at or above action level or STEL
oPeriodic MonitoringoExposures at or above the action level, repeat monitoring at every 6 monthsoExposures at or above the STEL, repeat monitoring annually under the worst
conditions
oTermination of monitoringoIf the results from two consecutive sampling periods taken at least 7 days apart
indicate employee exposure below the action level and the STEL.
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Best Case ExposureoIf the initial monitoring indicates that exposure is below the Action level (0.5 ppm), you have to:oKeep the exposure monitoring results on fileoKeep the formaldehyde training records for each employee on file
oRemember: EVERY employee working in the area has to have training ANNUALLY!
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Medium ExposureoIf the initial monitoring indicates that exposure is above the Action Level of 0.5 ppm, but it is below the Permissible Exposure Limit of 0.75 ppm and below the Short-Term Exposure Limit of 2.0 ppm for fifteen minutes:oPeriodic monitoring must be repeated every six monthsoYou have to keep all the exposure monitoring records, and oYou have to begin an employee medical surveillance program.
oRemember: EVERY employee working in the area has to have training ANNUALLY.
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Worst Case ExposureoIf the initial monitoring results indicate the exposure is above the Permissible Exposure Limit (0.75 ppm) or above the Short-Term Exposure Limit (2.0 ppm):o Periodic monitoring must be done annually (under the worst conditions)
oBegin an employee medical surveillance program
oDevelop a written plan to reduce exposure
oSend a written notice to employees about the corrective actions being taken to reduce exposure
oPut a posting on every entrance and access way that reads….
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Worst Case Exposure (cont.)
DANGERFORMALDEHYDE
IRRITANT AND POTENTIAL CANCER HAZARDAUTHORIZED PERSONNEL
ONLY
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
If Formaldehyde Exposure Cannot Be Reduced Below Acceptable Limits…oFull-face respirators must be provided to employees and the workplace must comply with the Respiratory Protection Standard (29 CFR 1910.134).
oAll employees must complete a medical questionnaire, and based on that questionnaire, the physician will determine whether or not the employee must undergo a physical examination.
oExposure monitoring, medical surveillance, respiratory fit testing, and employee training must be repeated at least annually.
oMonitoring records must be kept for thirty years.
oMedical records must be kept for thirty years after employment ends.
o Respirator fit testing records must be kept until replaced by a more recent record.
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
OverviewoIntroduction to OSHA Formaldehyde StandardoExposure LimitsoExposure Monitoring Requirements
oRoutes of exposure and health effectsoPersonal Protective Equipment (PPE)oLabeling and Safety Data Sheets (SDS)oExposure ControlsoMedical Surveillance ProgramoDisposal, Spills and EmergenciesoSummary
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Signs And Symptoms Of ExposureoYou may notice…oSwelling of the eyelidsoRespiratory disorders such as coughing, shortness of breathoAllergic reactions such as dermatitisoFrequent headaches, dizziness and drowsinessoJaundiceoBruising easily
*report any of these signs and symptoms immediately to your supervisor*
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Health Hazards: Inhalation0.5-2.0ppm Irritation of eyes, nose and throat
3-5 ppm Tearing of eyes
10-20 ppm Causes difficulty breathing, burning of the nose and throat, coughing, and heavy tearing of eyes
25-30 ppm Severe respiratory tract injury leading to pulmonary edema and pneumonitis
30-100 ppm Immediately dangerous to life and health.
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Health Hazards: Ingestion oSevere irritation and inflammation of the mouth, throat and stomach
oDifficulty swallowing
oStomach cramps and severe abdominal pain
oUnconsciousness
oComa
oMay cause damage to liver, heart, brain, spleen, pancreas, kidneys and central nervous system
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Health Hazard: Eye ContactoIrritation or burning of eyes
oBlurred vision
oPermanent corneal clouding
oPermanent loss of vision
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Health Hazards: Skin ContactoWhite discoloration
oSmarting
oDrying
oCracking
oScaling
oNumbness
oHardening or tanning
oDermatitis or hives for previously exposed persons
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Chronic Health Hazards: Cancer oIn 2011, the National Toxicology Program declared that formaldehyde is a “known carcinogen”
oRepeated exposure increases the risk
oAssociated with cancers of the lung, nasopharynx, and oropharynx, and nasal passages
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Chronic Health Hazards: MutagenicityoGenotoxicoToxic agent that damages DNA molecule
in genes causing mutations, tumors, etc.
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Chronic Health Hazard: ToxicityoRespiratory ImpairmentoRats exposed to 2 ppm developed benign nasal tumors and
changes of the cell structure in the nose as well as inflamed mucous membranes of the nose
oHumans have developed structural changes in epithelial cells of the nose
oSome may develop asthma or bronchitisoOften due to accidental spill involving single dose of highly
concentrated formaldehyde
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Report adverse signs and symptomsoTell your supervisor immediately.
oRemember: symptoms develop over time, so adverse effects may not be immediately noticeable
oOdor and eye irritation will become less noticeable as you develop a tolerance to formaldehyde exposure. oThis can lead to overexposure, so report any signs and symptoms as soon as possible.
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
OverviewoIntroduction to OSHA Formaldehyde StandardoExposure LimitsoExposure Monitoring Requirements
oRoutes of Exposure and Health EffectsoPersonal Protective Equipment (PPE)oLabeling and Safety Data Sheets (SDS)oExposure ControlsoMedical Surveillance ProgramoDisposal, Spills and EmergenciesoSummary
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)oGloves: Nitrile or neoprene are recommended
oEye/face protection: oSafety gogglesoMaximum protection = safety goggles with face shield
oLab coat that is completely snapped or buttonedoAn impervious apron can be used over a lab coat
oRespiratory Protection: contact Center for Environmental Health and Safety (CEHS)oRespiratory Protection Program required
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Personal Protective Equipment (cont.)oStorage of PPEoStore away from sources of formaldehydeoFormaldehyde vapors can permeate the lab coat or glove material, reducing its
barrier-properties
oInspect all PPE prior to useoCheck for holes, cracks, degradation
oChange gloves frequently
oDo not reuse disposable gloves
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
OverviewoIntroduction to OSHA Formaldehyde StandardoExposure LimitsoExposure Monitoring Requirements
oRoutes of Exposure and Health Effects
oPersonal Protective Equipment (PPE)
oLabeling and Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
oExposure Controls
oMedical Surveillance Program
oDisposal, Spills and Emergencies
oSummary
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Labeling: Primary ContainersoPrimary containers of formaldehyde that are received from the manufacturer must be labeled with:oChemical name: FormaldehydeoConcentration, in ppmoThree pictograms:oSignal word: Danger!oHazard Statement: Toxic if swallowed. Toxic in contact with skin. Causes severe skin
burns and eye damage. May cause respiratory irritation. CarcinogenicoPrecautionary StatementsoName and address of manufacturer
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Labeling: Secondary Containers
They must contain the same label as the primary container, or a combination of required information with additional associated hazards.
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Safety Data SheetsoWritten documents from the chemical manufacturer that communicate information about the hazards of a chemical.
oInclude information such as:oProperties of the chemicaloPhysical, health and environmental health hazardsoProtective measuresoSafety precautions for handling, storing, and transporting the chemical
oInformation must be in English (other languages are available) and available in your workplace at all times
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
OverviewoIntroduction to OSHA Formaldehyde StandardoExposure LimitsoExposure Monitoring Requirements
oRoutes of Exposure and Health Effects
oPersonal Protective Equipment (PPE)
oLabeling and Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
oExposure Controls
oMedical Surveillance Program
oDisposal, Spills and Emergencies
oSummary
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Exposure ControlsoThe use of equipment, processes, and work practices to eliminate or minimize exposure.
oCommon controls include:oVentilationoHygiene ProtectionoWork practice/administrative controlsoHousekeeping controls
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
VentilationoMost widely used control method.
oExhaust location is keyoLocation at foot of embalming table and below tabletop
oAir intake on opposite side of wallo12-20 air exchanges
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Hygiene ProtectionoSafety Showers and eye wash stations must be located in areas where employee’s skin or eyes may be splashed with solutions containing 1% or greater formaldehyde
oSafety showers are checked periodically by CEHS and Physical Plant.
oEyewash stations must be flushed/purged weekly (at least) for a period long enough to verify adequate operation (approximately two minutes). This will help clean out any rust, scale deposits, or bacteria that may accumulate. A log should be maintained of weekly flushes. This log should indicate the date of flush, name of flusher, and comments/ “pass” or “fail”. This is the responsibility of the lab.
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Work Practice Controls/Administrative ControlsoKeep waste containers covered at all times
oDo not eat or drink where formaldehyde is handled, processed, or stored.
oSubstitute formaldehyde for a less toxic chemical, like Formalternate or GlyoFixx
oAvoid extremely close contact with formaldehyde sources by keeping the breathing zone away from the path of vaporsoBreathing zone: within a ten inch radius of the worker’s nose and mouth.
oWash your hands thoroughly after using formaldehyde, even if gloves were worn
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Disposal ProceduresoDO NOT DISPOSE OF FORMALDEHYDE WASTE DOWN THE DRAIN!!!!!!
oCollect all formaldehyde solutions in a container with a screw-type lid.
oPut a yellow “Hazardous Waste” label on it, then place it in the Chemical Waste Satellite Accumulation Area
oComplete an online Chemical Pickup Request form on CEHS website
*Contact CEHS 453-7180 if you are using formaldehyde in such a way that collection in a container is difficult or impossible.
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Housekeeping ControlsoCleaning and maintenance issues that prevent formaldehyde fume releasesoIf a mop and bucket are used to clean spills of formaldehyde, add ammonia to the
solution to neutralize the formaldehyde (CAUTION-DO NOT USE BLEACH or other chlorine containing agents in a mixture containing ammonia-this will produce dangerous gases)
oConduct visual inspections of containers that store or hold formaldehyde for leaks and spills
oKeep embalming equipment in good repair to prevent leaks and spills
oFormaldehyde-containing waste must be disposed through CEHS
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
OverviewoIntroduction to OSHA Formaldehyde StandardoExposure LimitsoExposure Monitoring Requirements
oRoutes of Exposure and Health Effects
oPersonal Protective Equipment (PPE)
oLabeling and Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
oExposure Controls
oMedical Surveillance Program
oDisposal, Spills and Emergencies
oSummary
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Medical Surveillance ProgramoRequired for all employees exposed to formaldehyde at concentrations that equal or exceed the action level (0.5 ppm) or STEL (2 ppm).
oRequired whenever an employee shows signs/symptoms of toxic levels of exposure
oAll medical procedures will be performed by or under the supervision of a licensed physician and will be provided without cost to the employee.
oMedical surveillance includes:oAdministration of medical disease questionnaireoDetermination if a medical examination is necessaryoExaminations for employees who are at increased risk for exposure to formaldehyde
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
OverviewoIntroduction to OSHA Formaldehyde StandardoExposure LimitsoExposure Monitoring Requirements
oRoutes of Exposure and Health Effects
oPersonal Protective Equipment (PPE)
oLabeling and Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
oExposure Controls
oMedical Surveillance Program
oDisposal, Spills and Emergencies
oSummary
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Spill ResponseoAreas in which formaldehyde is used MUST be inspected for leaks or spills of formaldehyde on a regular basis.
oAt a minimum these areas must contain a spill kit that includes:oSorbent material compatible with formaldehyde (ex: vermiculite)oA Disposable plastic broom and dustpanoPlastic bags or buckets to contain the clean-up debrisoYellow “Hazardous Waste” labels
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Small spills (< 100 ml)oRemove all ignition sources
oPut on gloves, lab coat, and safety goggles.
oIf possible contain the spill by surrounding it with paper towels or sorbent material like vermiculite.
oWipe up all formaldehyde solution with paper towels or sweep up with the wet sorbent
oPut the paper towels and sorbent in a plastic bag, tie it shut, and double-bag it.
oPlace a yellow “Hazardous Waste” label on the bag.
oWrite “Debris from a spill clean-up of formaldehyde” on the yellow label.
oPlace the labeled bag in the Chemical Waste Satellite Accumulation Area
oComplete and online Chemical Pickup Request on the CEHS website.
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
Large spill ( > 100 ml) oThe exposure levels may be exceeded
oEvacuate the area
oClose the door, but don’t lock it
oContact the Department of Public Safety at 911 (from SIU landline) or 453-3771 (from cell phone).
oContact CEHS at 453-7180 and request assistance for a chemical spill.oOperation hours of CEHS: Monday-Friday 8:00am-4:30pm
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
First Aid: IngestionoIf victim is conscious, give milk, activated charcoal, or water.oAny organic material will inactivate formaldehyde
oKeep affected person warm and at rest
oGet medical attention immediately
oIf vomiting occurs, keep head lower than hips
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
First Aid: InhalationoImmediately move victim to fresh air
oIn high concentrations of formaldehyde, each rescuer MUST put on self-contained breathing apparatus before attempting to remove victim
oIf the victims breathing has stopped:o Contact 911 or have someone contact 911oStay on the line, until dispatcher tells you to hang up.
oStart Hands Only-CPR (if not trained in CPR). oKeep affected person warm and at rest
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
First Aid: Skin ContactoImmediately remove contaminated clothing (including shoes)
oWash affected area of body with soap and large amounts of water for 15-20 minutes
oIf there are chemical burns:oCover area with sterile, dry dressing, and bandagesoGet medical attention
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
First Aid: Eye ContactoWash immediately for 15-20 minutes (lifting lower and upper eyelids)
oIn case of burns, apply sterile bandages loosely without medication
oGet medical attention immediately
SIU-CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY
SummaryoThe OSHA Formaldehyde Standard has specific components in place to protect employees from health hazards associated with exposure to formaldehyde
oFormaldehyde is an irritant and potential human carcinogen, and it is widely used
oOSHA has set permissible exposure limits (PEL) for formaldehyde to ensure worker safety
oIn the event that overexposure to formaldehyde is suspected, evacuate the area and contact 911
oAnnual training is required when working in an area which contains formaldehyde.