Marcas Brian MacStiofáin Ó Mhaitiú Ó Domhnaill

26 August 2015

Foriab: An Essential Grammar and Dictionary

Foriab: Schgügí d'Riüme

FORIAB !1

Cover image bottom: photo taken by myself of a view from the summit of Ben Cleuch looking north in the Ochil Hills in the Scottish Lowlands. A local haunt of mine. This is how I picture Müforia in my mind. This wide and open landscape is what Müforia is well known for and this photo gives a glimpse of the land of the Foranía.

Introduction

0.1 The Sumric languages -Page 4

0.2 The Foranía people -page 6

Chapter 1 - Pronunciation

1.1 Consonants -page 7

1.2 Vowels -page 8

-1.2.1 Final Vowel Overriding

1.3 Stress

Chapter 2 - Nouns

2.1 Suffix hierarchy

2.2 Noun gender

2.3 Nouns and cases

2.4 Noun Formation

2.5 Locative clitics

2.6 Locative Nouns

2.7 Noun Enforcement

Chapter 3 - Pronouns and demonstratives

3.1 Pronouns and cases

3.2 Articles

3.3 Demonstratives

Chapter 4 - Adjectives and adverbs

4.1 Suffix hierarchy

4.2 Adjectival agreement

4.3 Adverbialisation

4.4 Adjective formation

4.5 Comparative and Superlative constructions

FORIAB !2

Chapter 5 - Verbs

5.1 Suffix hierarchy

5.2 Present tense

5.3 Simple past tenses

5.4 Future tenses

5.5 Subjunctive mood

5.6 Forming questions

5.7 Negation

5.8 Imperative

5.9 Passive voice

5.10 Intransitive verbs

5.11 Verbal suffixes

5.11.1 -dynamic modality

Chapter 6 - Conjunctions

6.1. and

-6.1.1 Nounal 'and'

-6.1.2 Verbal 'and'

6.2 if

-6.2.1 Affirmative subordinate clause 'if'

-6.2.2 Subjunctive subordinate clause 'if'

Chapter 7 -Similes

7.1 Similes

Chapter 8- Mastering Foriab

8.1 Text examples

8.2 Further reading

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Introduction O.1 The Sumric Languages: a short history

In 1300AM in this world on the snowy mountainous continent called Malomanan (meaning land of deer). there are 9 Sumric languages which belong to 6 branches

in the Moicha branch is Moicha and Foriab

in the Lelic branch is Lelic

in the Lemre branch is Lemre

in the A-Sumric branch is Shúfre and Somi

in the M-Sumric branch is Pwr and Terch

in the Nümmezse branch is Nümmezse (created by /u/Tarheelscouse)

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All of these languages descend from a common ancestor, Old Sumrë. Back in the good old days when that was spoken in Malomanan the Sumric peoples were one people with one tongue. They lived by hunting wild deer and followed the herds along their migrations giving them a nomadic lifestyle. As such Old Sumrë was abound with words deriving from the roots sum (travel) and loman (deer), even the name of the language itself is made up from sum (travel) + rë (language). The constant moving around meant no regional varieties could develop. But that changed when a giant wolf spirit called Üglní mIün (evil wolf) came and gorged on the deer population, it ate so much that there was hardly any left for the Sumnë (the name of the people) to hunt, causing a famine. But all was saved when another spirit called Moğar Re (buzzard of language) came and fought Üglní mIün. After 12 epic battles the evil wolf was defeated. But the deer population took a long time to recover, in fact it never did recover to its previous numbers. This caused many Sumnë to leave the nomadic life and settle in small villages. The first to do this settled on a nearby island called Mûlelwe lamnan and lived by fishing, they were known as the Lamnë (settled people). Over time the speech grew apart from those on the mainland becoming Lemre (settled language) but the Antagan Empire invaded that island and imposed their own language in the natives causing the extinction of Lemre, the Island was renamed by the empire to Lem Pars (Lem Island in the Tynes tongue.) Lemre has since been "revived" due to nationalist sentiment against the Antagan Empire which outlawed the language. it was recorded by Antagan scholars before its death, the record they created founded the base of Lemre's revival many generations later During this time the mainland language also changed into Middle Sumri

picture: a 5th century text written in Tynes by Antagan scribe describing Lemre verb conjugations

A century or so later more Sumnë left the nomad life and settled on the Southeastern coast. They developed a very basic form of agriculture (as much as the harsh land would allow) but also fished the seas and hunted in the nearby forests, over time these settlements grew into small towns and began trading when the Antagan Empire discovered them, causing the settlements to grow further, attracting even more trading from other nations. The language of these people became Moicha. However the most southern of these settlements found themselves in a vast temperate grassland with fertile soil and large stone deposits which the people, who now call themselves the Foranía (people of the plain) used to build stone houses with, the more powerful leaders built large stone towers for defensive purposes and as status symbols. Although horses were introduced to Malomanan from the Henda continent, the Foranía imported them and became fine horsemen themselves and lead raids against the Moicha on horseback. There is great tension and bloodshed between the Moicha and Foranía due to the Moicha's growing greed of land and insistence that the Foranía are no more than 'rebellious Moicha on horseback'. This tension caused the Foranía to raid the Moicha border, these raids would then escalate into Malomanan's first full scale war. The language of the Foranía is related to Moicha and is called Foriab.

Sometime after that more of the Sumnë abandoned the nomad life and settled on a small group of islands to the south west, over time the speech grew apart from Middle Sumri and became Malelweri (island language) but as the population on the islands grew they people expanded their settlements around the South West coast. By this time the languages changed once more to become Maifri. Some of these people continued further up the

FORIAB !5

western coast into a more mountainous and forested area, their language became Pwr. Those who remained on the South West coast and islands now speak Terch, a sister language to Pwr.

During the seventh battle between Üglní mIün and Moğar Re, which took place in the centre of the continent by the eastern mountain range, Moğar Re being the language spirit screeched a booming call in the divine tongue to the skies to herald an epic rain storm. The heavy rain caused the surrounding land to become a quagmire of wet and quick mud which trapped Ulñam Yarun and allowed Moğar Re to attack from the air (for it had the form of a buzzard, hence it name Moğar Re which means ‘buzzard’) though through trickery the wolf spirit escaped, leaving a great depression in the ground where it had been stuck which quickly filled with water to become a great lake. The battle itself and the now marshy land had trapped a band of Sumnë and separated them from the rest of nomads. These people learned to take advantage of the marshy habitat by living off the new life the marshy wetlands would bring. They became the Lericnaté , a quaint and isolated people and in time their speech became Lelic.

Now back to the remaining nomads, now speaking Late Middle Sumri. The deer populations still not back to their past numbers was putting more pressure on the remaining nomads. So yet again a great number of them left the nomad life, they left Malomanan altogether. They set out on boats and headed south, praying that the winds would blow them somewhere plentiful. And those prayers were answered. They came upon a tropical archipelago bustling with natural resources. The islands were already inhabited by natives who spoke an isolating tongue called Gāl Nâg, they called the islands Trez Gal meaning 'three warriors' referring to the 3 main islands. But no conflict happened. None. Everyone was welcomed with open arms and it wasn't long before the two people interbred in race and language, the Sumric tongue was the dominant language but it took on the voiced sounds of Gāl Nâg and became Zūvri, after more time and more mingling with natives the language simplified greatly, dropping all cases and much of the tenses and became Shúfre. In the Shúfre language 'Trez Gāl' became Trégal. There the people became great seafarers and sailors known around the world for their nautical prowess. Back home to Malomanan, the very few nomads left now speak Somi, which in itself changes greatly in terms of sounds but simplified by dropping all cases, though this process started way back in Late Middle Sumri.

0.2 The Foranía people

The Foriab language, whose name comes from foria'b meaning 'in the plain' is spoken by the Foranía, whose name comes from foria nía which in Early Foriab means 'plain people'. They live in the Southern Plains of Malomanan and call their country Müforia meaning 'plainland'. Though 'country' is a very loose term here, for there is no central government, no law or dynasty or monarchy or any kind of truly central leadership. Instead Müforia is divided into smaller sub-territories called tínma, each with it's own leader who is called a müemierna. The müemierna may squabble amongst each other but they all answer to the mürnur or 'noble one' who is leader over all of Müforia. The mürnur is more of a servant to his people with a duty to protect them and keep peace, by no means does he rule. Several mürnur in the past had tried to seize total rule and control over the people only to be gutted and hung with his own innards. This fierce opposition to a ruling class caused the Foranía to take up arms against the Moicha from Memoicha who are their neighbours and closest relatives in blood and language. The Moicha see this common descent as a right to claim rule over Müforia. The fight between the two started of as light skirmishes along the border but the fight is growing and growing. The Moicha may be more numerous, more 'civilised' in their cobbled streets and cities, may have better technology but the Foranía fight like a cornered badger and will scratch, bite and gnaw anywhere they can. However the Forania have something which the Moicha, and indeed the rest of Malomanan don't have; horses. Horses aren't native to Müforia or Malomanan but they were introduced centuries ago by Wasgar traders from the Henda Continent, more specifically from the northern Wasgar region Hendak Onihom (land of horses) where the natives are artists in the saddle. It was them who introduced horses to Müforia which proved beneficial to life in the plainland. The origin of this trade can be traced by the fact that most equestrian words in Foriab come from the Wasgar language (via Late Middle Moicha), e.g Mëlü meaning horse comes from Wasgar Melezugados (via Late Middle Moicha Mëlyezugadios) which referred to a specific breed of horse which was the first breed to be introduced. The Foriab personal name Mëgl comes from the same root.

FORIAB !6

Chapter 1 - Pronunciation 1.1 Consonants

If a root word ending in /m/ takes on a suffix beginning with /n/ then the two assimilate into /n/ e.g

mümei to hunt + -na = müna hunter

Letter IPA value Example

b b bat

c k cat

ch t͡ ʃ chair

d d dad

f f fun

g g get

ğ d͡ʒ jam

gl ˀl Danish fugl

h ç hue

m m mat

n n not

r r brick

s s sat

sch ʃ shoe

t t bat

tg ɕ

v v vet

j j yet

ss z zoo

FORIAB !7

1.2 Vowels

When a vowel has the diacritic < ̜> underneath it then it is a nasal vowel e.g <u̜> /ʌ̃/ or <á̜> /ɑ̃/. Digraphs take the diacritic on the first letter e.g <a̜u> /ãʊ̃/ or <e̜i> /ɛɪ̃/̃

1.2.1 Final Vowel Overriding

If a word which ends in a vowel takes on a suffix which begins in a vowel, the vowel in the suffix overrides the vowel in the root word

E.g

nüğa forest + -ía deer nominative plural case ending = nüğía forests

1.3 Stress

Stress in Foriab is unmarked due to it’s fixed position on the second syllable e.g

foria ‘plain’

dínüt ‘soon’

üğar ‘cold’

iernoglümena ‘wise’

Letter IPA value example

a a apple

á ɑ ball

au aʊ English house

e ɛ let

ë e day

ei ɛɪ lime

í i flee

i ɪ pin

o ɔ thought

ü y French tu

u ʌ bun

y only occurs occasionally as a post vocalic variant of /ɪ/

FORIAB !8

Chapter 2 -Nouns 2.1 Suffix Hierarchy

Being an inflecting language, nouns very often do take on several suffixes so there is a specific order in which these suffixes attach to the noun which is as follows. The brackets denote a suffix may or may not be included, depending on context.

definate/indefinite article + noun + (case) + (conjunction)

iün > iün = wolf

c' + iün > c'iün = the wolf

c' + iün +e > c'iüne = of the wolf

c' + iün + e+ h> c'iüneh = and of the wolf

2.2 Noun Gender

There are two genders which are Buzzard and Deer. The noun genders have nothing to do with their namesakes but rather by the past phoneme in the word. The way to tell which gender a noun belongs to is very simple. If the nouns ends in a vowel then it is in the deer gender, if it ends in a consonant then it is on the buzzard gender. e.g.

Buzzard: ends in a consonant

iün ‘wolf ’

murügl fox

arfat ‘coat’

üğar ‘ cold’

Deer: ends in a vowel

nëmğa ‘daughter’

ossa ‘day’

issa ‘fire’

nüna ‘tribe’

2.3 Noun case

Foriab has 3 noun cases which inflect for gender and number. the 3 cases are:

Nominative: marks the subject

Oblique: marks the direct object, indirect object.

Genitive: marks possession or origin

FORIAB !9

A table showing all the noun case endings according to Gender and Number.

*if a deer noun ends in a consonant followed by a vowel then the final vowel is replaced by -e (as per the Final Vowel Overriding) and if it ends in two vowels then the final vowels end in -a.

The object of a past tense verb becomes eclipsed with m- whose pronunciation overrides the first consonant. Note that the eclipsis goes after any articles and adjectives modifying the object aren't affected

e.g

müma c'iümu I am hunting the deer /myma kɪymʌ/

müma̜ c'miümu I hunted the deer /mymã kmɪymʌ/

The reason for this eclipsis is that Middle Moicha sound changes deleted word final -m. Except the dialect of Middle Moicha that would become Foriab didn't delete it entirely but instead attached that m to the beginning of the next word (something similar happened with Foriab adjective agreement). As the past tense suffixes ended in m, the m was attached to the start next word which was the object of the verb. This sound change then became a grammatical way of marking the past tense on the object. Such that subjects of intransitive verbs took on m- (discussed further in 5.10), and also to form the reflexive

e.g

mtger sügler you see yourself /mɛr syˀlɛr/

Foriab makes use of the collective plural to refer to a mass of things as a whole with the the suffix -nu̜ (from Middle Moicha nûn 'all'). Here is a table showing the collective plural in all the cases

E.g

c'murüglnu̜ 'the foxes, fox kind' (in a general sense)

c'nurnu̜ 'the men, mankind, human race,man'

the collective plural gives a distinction between a specific object or a general object e.g

müma c'murüglüi I hunt the foxes (referring to specific individual foxes)

Case Buzzard Singular Buzzard Plural Deer Singular Deer Plural

Nominative -- -í -- -ía

Oblique 1u -üi -u -üm

Genitive -e -ai -e/-a* -aun

Nominative -nu̜

Oblique -nu

Genitive -ne

FORIAB !10

as opposed to müma c'murüglnu I hunt the foxes (in general, not referring to any timeframe or specific foxes, it can be stretched to be considered a marker of the gnomic tense on the noun)

2.4 Noun Formation

A verb can be turned into a noun by removing the infinitive ending -ei and adding the gerund suffix -ar

mümei to hunt > mümar hunting

-iüra mümaru I like hunting

schgemüei to be hungry > schgemüar hunger

-iüramü schgemüaru I don’t like hunger

rínei to speak > rínar speaking

-iüra rínaru I like speaking

Agent nouns come in two forms which are human and nonhuman. If the agent is human then the agent suffix -na is attached to the verb (from na 'person) or if the agent is not human then the agent suffix -á is used

mümei to hunt > müna hunter (human) or mümá hunter (non human)

Foriab has four diminutive suffixes which correspond to man, woman, child, human and associative. Diminutives in Foriab are used to give a sense of littleness or intimacy (more so the female and child diminutives) or are used to derive nouns from associated concepts (more so the male and nonhuman diminutives)

• The male diminutive to derive from an associated concept is -nur münur male hunter

• The associative diminutive is used for someone or something associated to the root, much like the Latin -āris. It can be attached to any kind of word to derive a noun. The suffix -egá (from Old Sumrë apal meaning 'other thing') e.g cvonegá grazer, thing or person associated with grazing (cvonei to graze)

• The female diminutive is -ne müne woman hunter

• The child diminutive is -tga mümtga child hunter

• The nonhuman diminutive is -í mümí hunting creature/tool

Abstract nouns are formed with the suffix -aügl. This suffix comes from the noun iğaügl meaning temptation, this noun looks as if someone took the verb iğei 'to temp' and stuck -aügl on it (which wasn't the case, the words have separate etymologies, coming from Middle Moicha yorgiadul and yorgie respectively) but as such -aügl was reanalysed as a abstract noun forming suffix

e.g

iüğür heavy > iüğüraügl weight (heaviness)

nünei to divide > nünaügl division

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2.5 locative clitics

Foriab locative clitics descend from Middle Moicha postpositions. They go after the noun or noun phrase and have no agreement whatsoever and are a closed class set of clitics

2.6 Locative Nouns

To describe a location that isn't covered by the locative clitics you use locative nouns in Foriab. When used to describe the location of a noun the locative noun is possessed by the noun

e.g

c'iamev enr c'iamüara agámíh >The house is on the other side of the street (Literally: house is street's opposite)

c'iama̜u enr c'müna ianüc meriümsüëhah >The deer is in front and to the left of the hunter (Literally: deer is hunter's before his left-and)

tger nümarjei ch'ütgu me nmeriümsüëh'l > put the bread to the left of me (Literally: put the bread my left-on).

2.7 Noun Enforcement

Foriab has a way of enforcing the quality or meaning of a noun. Much like how an intensifier works on adjective, but for nouns. This is done by placing düre before the noun (from Old Sumrë do 'one' + -sa comitative case ending. i.e with one). In English this can roughly translate as 'very much a X'

E.g

gíjogl hero

Árëi enr gíjogl Árëi is a hero

Árëi enr düre gíjogl Árëi is undoubtedly/very much a hero

Locative clitic Meaning Example Meaning

'l on c'iün'l on the wolf

'n under c'iün'n under the wolf

'b into c'iün'b into the wolf

'se along c'iün'se along the wolf

't to c'iün't to the wold

'ss with c'iün'ss with the wolf

'an next to c'iün'an next to the wolf

'u from c'iün'u from the wolf

'c above c'iün'c above the wolf

'er beside c'iün'c beside the wolf

'f instrumental clitic c'iün'f by the wolf

'ub in c'iün'ub in the wolf

FORIAB !12

Chapter 3 - Pronouns and demonstratives 3.1 Pronouns

Possessive pronouns must agree to the gender of the possessed noun. The buzzard forms are given first followed by the deer. Where one form is given that means it can be used with buzzard and deer nouns.

Genitive pronouns cause eclipsis as a remnant of the final -n on plural pronouns which was lost. This was later stretched to all genitive pronouns by levelling e.g

tger nütge your bread /ɕɛr nyɕɛ/

iema̜ nsümía their feet /ɪɛmã nymia/

Note that if an object possessed by a subject which is a pronoun is the object of a past tense verb, the eclipsis m- will override the possessive eclipsis n-

e.g

sügla̜ tgere mütge I saw your bread.

Note that in Foriab there is no inanimate or genderless pronoun, only the Buzzard or Deer pronouns can be used for the 3rd person.If the gender of an object if unknown then the Buzzard pronouns are used as a substitute. Also while noun gender doesn’t align with biological gender, males are referred to by Buzzard pronouns and females by the Deer pronouns. This is because Buzzards are hunters and Deers are the hunted, which is a reference to courtship between men and women.

Nominative Oblique Genitive

1st.sg me mu ma̜/me

2nd.sg tger tgeru tgera̜/tgere

3rd.buzz.sg iemur iemuru iemura̜/iemure

3rd.deer.sg iemu iemu iema̜/ieme

1st.pl.inc matgerí matgeruí matgera̜

1st.pl.exc maiemí maiemuí maiema̜

2nd.pl tgerí tgeruí tgera̜

3rd.pl iemí iemuí iema̜

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3.2 Articles

Definate and indefinate articles descend from those in Middle Moicha but only survive as contractions on the noun.

Some examples:

ossa day

c'ossa the day

c'ossía the days

d'ossa a day

d'ossía some days

3.3 Demonstratives

Demonstrative pronouns in Foriab don’t agree with noun case or number and are distinguished by animacy rather than gender. For example the animate singular pronoun is schín (that) which refers to things that are alive but schíd (that) refers to objects that aren’t alive

e.g

schín moğar nağr schíd ütgu that buzzard is eating that bread’

schíd ütge nağ schín moğaru ‘that bread is eating that buzzard’‘

notice how when the nouns inflect for case, the demonstrative pronouns don’t

Animate c'

Inanimate ch'

Locative c'

Indefinite d'

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*while translated as “each person”, güglne refers to any animate object

examples:

gí nağr me mütgu? who ate my bread? (as the subject and time is unknown, the 3rd person Buzzard gender near past ending is used to conjugate the verb)

tged na̜ğr me mütgu? what ate my bread?

cür c'moğar na̜ğr me mütgu cür? where did the buzzard eat my bread? (literally: buzzard ate my bread where?). Here ‘where’ goes at the end due to a rule in Foriab that says Locative Phrases (or words dentoning where an action happened) go at the end of the sentence.

ssin c'moğar na̜ğr me mütgu ssin? when did the buzzard eat my bread? (literally: buzzard ate my bread when?). Here ‘when’ goes at the end due to a rule in Foriab that says Time Phrases (or words dentoning when an action happened) go at the end of the sentence.

cü c'moğar na̜ğr me mütgu? why/how did the buzzard eat my bread? (Literally: how/why buzzard ate my bread) Foriab doesn’t distinguish between ‘how’ or ‘why’.

schí moğar na̜ğr schí mütge. this buzzard ate this bread

schín moğar na̜ğr schíd mütgu ch'ragut'n sun. that buzzard ate that bread under the tree there. (literally: that buzzard ate that bread the tree under there). When a sentence has both a locative phrase and a time phrase, the time phrase goes to the very end of the sentence following the locative phrase)

schín moğar na̜ğr schíd mütgu cü ossía tgarëf that buzzard ate that bread 4 days ago. “cü ossia tgarëf” is a time phrase and so is placed at the end of the sentence.

schín moğarí nagië̜ schíd mütgu schgemüië̜ schiü those buzzards ate that bread because they were hungry (literally: that buzzards ate that bread they hungered because). again the pronoun schiü goes at the end of the sentence. Also notice how even though the subject moğarí is plural the demonstrative pronoun doesn’t change.

The demonstrative pronouns can be used at relative pronouns also. Although none of the interrogative pronouns can be used as relative pronouns as they are in English e.g “The man who walks, the mountain where he lived, when he walked”. instead Foriab uses the pronouns in the ‘That’ column to fill this role

e.g

c'nur schín noğr the man who walks (man that walks)

interrogative

this that some none every each

adjective tgen (which)

schí (this) son (that) iüd (some) mü (no) vene (every) gügl (each)

animate gí (who) schí (this) schín (that) iüna (someone)

müne (no one)

venene (everyone)

güglne (each person)*

inanimate tged (what) schí (this) schíd (that) iüá (something)

müá (nothing)

veneá (everything)

güglá (each thing)

location cür (where) sur (here) schun (there)

iümu (somewhere)

mür (nowhere)

veneur (everywhere)

güglcür (each place)

time ssin (when) dia (now) düt (then) iüína (sometime)

müin (never)

veneí (always)

gügldíne (each time)

reason cü (how, why)

schiü (because)

soü (that way, therefore)

iü (somehow)

mü (noway) veneu (everyway)

güglcü (each way)

FORIAB !15

ia̜mr c'müvei sun the mountain where he lived (he-lived the mountain there). As said earlier words or phrases that denote where the verb happened go at the end of the sentence, though words or phrases that denote when it happened always go at the end after locative phrases.

no̜ğr düt when he walked (he-walked then). Again. the time phrase is at the end.

Chapter 4 - Adjectives and adverbs 4.1 Suffix hierarchy

Being an inflecting language, adjectives very often do take on several suffixes to agree with nouns so there is a specific order in which these suffixes attach to the adjective noun which is as follows. The brackets denote a suffix may or may not be included, depending on context.

adjective + (gender agreement) + (case)

üğar > üğar = cold

üğar+ e > üğare = cold (deer gender)

üğar + e + u > üğaru = to cold X (deer gender)

4.2 Adjectival agreement

Foriab adjectives must agree to the noun they modify in gender, case and number. They do this by taking on the exact same case endings as the nouns after they have been made to agree with gender.

Agreeing with Buzzard nouns

Buzzard adjectives are the most erratic in Foriab as instead of simply taking on a suffix when the adjective didn't already agree (which was what Middle Moicha did). They have several ways to agree with buzzard nouns

Monosyllabic and disyllabic adjectives

Monosyllabic or disyllabic adjectives agree with Buzzard nouns by using the ablaut which changes the vowel in the adjective. The shift in vowels is quite regular in itself as the ablaut causes the vowel to change height (low vowels become low-mid, low mid vowels become high-mid and high mid vowels become high, high vowels become low). Here is a table of how the vowels change:

FORIAB !16

When an adjective must agree to case then the case ending must also be changed to agree (due to Final Vowel Overriding 1.2.1)

Here is a table to show the noun case endings for buzzard adjective agreement in monosyllabic and disyllabic adjectives:

An example:

ern big > arn tgerm big stone

nín green > nën tgerm green stone

rah strong > ríh tgerm strong stone

in the oblique case:

arná tgermu to big stone

nëná tgermu to green stone

ríhá tgermu to strong stone

If the adjective ends in a vowel (regardless of how many syllables has) then the noun gets eclipsed with m-. This is due to a sound change in Middle Moicha which deleted word final -m, and word final -m was used for gender

Original Vowel Changed Vowel

a /a/ í /i/

á /ɑ/ u /u/

au /aʊ íu /iʊ/

e /ɛ/ a /a/

ë /e/ e /ɛ/

ei /ɛɪ/ ai /aɪ/

i /ɪ/ e /ɛ/

í /i/ ë /e/

o /ɔ/ á /ɒ/ though allophone with /ɑ/

ü /y/ ui /ø/

u /ʌ/ á /ɑ/

Case Buzzard Singular Buzzard Plural

Nominative -- -ë

Oblique -á -uiy

Genitive -a -íy

FORIAB !17

agreement. But the dialect of Middle Moicha which became Foriab kept the m and eclipsed it onto the noun where it overrides the initial consonant (if there is one) e.g

e.g

sáía old > sáíí mtgerm (sɑiː mɛrm/

üglna bad > üglní mtgerm bad stone /yˀlna mɛrm/

io good > iá mtgerm good stone /ɪɑ mɛrm/

in the oblique case

sáííá mtgermu /sɑiːɑ/

uiglná mtgermu to bad stone

iá mtgermu to good stone

Adjectives with 3 or more syllables

Buzzard adjectives that end in a consonant and have three or more syllables don't change

e.g

murmür boring > murmür ernur

Buzzard adjectives that end in a vowel and have three or more syllables don't change any vowels but add the eclipsis m-

e.g

iernoglümena wise > iernoglümena mernur wise father

Agreeing with Deer nouns

Deer nouns are more regular and agree by simply adding the suffix -e to the adjective, unless the adjective ends in a vowel then no change is needed and can be used as is

e.g

sáía old > sáía maü old world

scha holy > scha maü holy world

ğoníssa healthy > ğoníssa maü healthy world

in the oblique case

sáíu c'mau the old world

scha c'mau to holy world

ğoníssa c'ma to healthy world

if an adjective ends in a consonant however then -e is added onto the adjective

e.g

üğar cold > üğare maü cold world

ern big > erne maü big world

bríğar bright > bríğare maü bright world

FORIAB !18

in the oblique case

üğaru mau to cold world

ernu mau to big world

bríğare mau to bright word

A table showing every possible form of io 'good'

Buzzard Sg

io c'murügl the good fox

iá c'murüglu the good fox (obl)

ia c'murügle of the good fox

Buzzard Pl

ië c'murüglí the good foxes

iuij c'murüglüi the good foxes (obl)

iíy c'murüglai of the good foxes

Deer Sg

io c'duvero the good crow

iu c'duveru the good crow (obl)

ia c'duvere of the good crow

Deer Pl

iía c'duvería the good crows

iüm c'duverüm the good crows (obl)

iaun c'duveraun of the good crows

A summary of adjective agreement in Foriab:

Buzzard Gender

-monosyllabic/disyllabic: change final vowel

-adjective ends in a vowel: add m- onto the modified noun

three or more syllables:

-adjective ends in a vowel: add m- onto the modified noun

Case Buzzard Singular Buzzard Plural Deer Singular Deer Plural

Nominative io ië io iía

Oblique iá iuij iu iüm

Genitive ia iíy ia iaun

FORIAB !19

-adjective ends in a consonant: no change at all

Deer Gender

Adjective ends in vowel: no change

Adjective ends in consonant: add -e onto the adjective

4.3 Adverbialisation

The process of creating adverbs is relatively simple, there are four suffixes which attach to an adjective and agree with the gender and number of the subject. Adverbs always follow the object

Example:

c'moğar na̜ğr mütgu ferüsün the buzzard quickly ate the bread

c'moğar nagië̜ mütgu ferüsüní the buzzards quickly ate the bread

c'iarna ğë̜rr iorün the soldier fought well

c'arní ğërië̜ iorüní the soldiers fought well

There are a few irregular fixed adverbs which do not bear the adverbial suffix such as ragíssa 'mightily', tgerá 'immediately' though these are few and far between.

4.4 Adjective formation

To turn a verb into an adjective the participle adjective suffix -lü̜ is attached to the verb, this corresponds with the English participle adjective -ing. Which can in turn be made to agree with the gender and case of the noun it modifies.

mümei to hunt > mümlü̜ hunting

mümlü̜ moğar hunting buzzard

üh mümlí moğarí two hunting buzzards

iüra üh mümlüi moğarüi I like two hunting buzzards

mümlü̜ rümierna raiding leader

üh mümlía rümiernía two raiding leaders

iüra üh mümlüm rümiernüm I like two raiding leaders

Buzzard Deer

Singular -sün -rün

Plural -süní -rüní

FORIAB !20

The suffix -lü̜ in all the cases

To turn a verb into a past participle adjective the suffix -gí is attached to the verb, this corresponds the the English participle -ed. Which can in turn be made to agree with the gender and case of the noun it modifies.

mümei to hunt > mümgí hunted

mümgí moğar hunted buzzard

üh mümgí moğarí two hunted buzzards

iüra üh mümgüi moğarüi I like two hunted buzzards

The suffix -gí in all the cases

To turn a noun into an adjective the suffix -íre is attached to the noun, this corresponds with the English suffixes -ly/-y/-ish. Which can in turn be made to agree with the gender and case of the noun it modifies. Though adjectives formed this way are placed after the noun

nüt fool > nütíre foolish

moğar nütíre foolish buzzard

üh moğarí nütírí two foolish buzzards

iüra üh moğarüi nütírüi I like two foolish buzzards

-íre is cognate to the Old Moicha comitative case endings. It literally translates as ‘with’ e.g moğar nütíre literally means ‘buzzard fool-with or buzzard with fool. This is why adjectives formed this way are placed after the noun.

Case Buzzard singular Buzzard plural Deer singular Deer plural

Nominative -lü̜ -lí -lü̜ -lía

Oblique -lu -lüi -lu -lüm

Genitive -le -lai -le -laun

Case Buzzard Singular Buzzard Plural Deer Singular Deer Plural

Nominative -gí -gí -gí -gía

Oblique -gu -güi -gu -güm

Genitive -ge -gai -ge -gaun

Case Buzzard Singular Buzzard Plural Deer Singular Deer Plural

Nominative -íre -írí -íre -íría

Oblique -íru -íüi -íru -irüm

Gentive -íre -íran -íre -íraun

FORIAB !21

4.5 Comparative and Superlative constructions

A comparative sentence structure is as follows:

subject + to be + nouned adjective -egá+ object -uh

Where in English one would simply add the suffix -er to an adjective or place more before the adjective, Foriab uses the sentence structure above to form a comparative sentence e.g

Düne rü enr ernegá Tgarühe ruh

[john.gen dog is.3rd.buzzardG big.one tgarüh.gen dog.sup]

John’s dog is a big one Tgarüh’s dog above

(John’s dog is bigger than Tgarüh’s dog)

The -egá suffix here is the same one as the associative diminutive. So ernegá literally means 'big one'

the object or thing being compared to takes the suffix -uh which comes from the Old Moicha suppressive case meaning 'above'. Though now it has lost that meaning due to the loss of many cases and serves purely as a comparative suffix.

When using the comparative in a subordinate clause (dog that is bigger) then the following sentence structure is used

(subject) (verb) subject/object + demonstrative +to be + nouned adjective -egá + object-uh

e.g.

daunëğa d'ru schín enr ernegá Tgarühe ruh

[want.1st.sg dog.acc dem to be.3rd.buzzardG big.one taruc.gen dog.sup]

I want a dog that is big one Tgarüh's dog beside

(I want a dog that is bigger than Tgarüh's dog)

A superlative sentence is formed by adding the suffix -egánuh to the adjective (from Old Moicha -aqual + nûnûc 'above all')

subject + to be + adjective+ -aqualnûnûc

Therefore -egánuh is equivalent to -est in English with the exception that in Foriab adjectives with the suffix -egánuh can only be predicative.

Düne rü enr ernegánuh

[john.gen dog is.3rd.buzzardG big.sup]

John’s dog is biggest

When using the superlative in a subordinate clause (dog that is biggest) then the following sentence structure is used

(subject) (verb) subject/object + demonstrative +to be + adjective + -aqualnûnûc

e.g.

daunëğa d'ru schín enr ernegánuh

[want.1st.sg dog.acc dem to be.3rd.buzzardG big all.par]

I want a dog that is biggest

FORIAB !22

(I want a dog that is biggest/I want the biggest dog)

Example

I saw the biggest dog today eat your bread

sügla̜ c'mru schín enr ernegánuh, na̜ğr tgere mütgu schüssa

[see-1st-pst dog-acc dem to be-3rd-buzzardG big-sup, eat-3rd.buzzardG-pt your bread-acc today]

Chapter 5 - Verbs 5.1 Suffix Hierarchy

Being an inflecting language, a verbs very often do take on several suffixes so there is a specific order in which these suffixes attach to the verb which is as follows, the brackets denote a suffix which isn’t essential and can be left out, though they often are included depending on context.

verb + (dynamic modality) + tense + (negation) + (imperative) + (interrogative)

süm + ariei > sümariei = you will travel

süm + un + ariei > sümunariei = you will be able to travel

süm + ariei + güss > sümarieigüss = will you travel?

süm + ariei + mü > sümarieimü = you won't travel

süm + ariei + mü + güss > sümarieimügüss = won't you travel?

süm + mü + je > sümmüje = don’t travel

5.2 Present tense

Due to the specific nature of the verb endings the pronouns can be dropped entirely when they are the subject.

To conjugate a verb remove the infinitive ending -ei and attach the appropriate suffix

Person Suffix Example Meaning

I -a süma I am travelling

You -ar sümar You are travelling

It.buzzard -Ø sü* It is travelling

It.deer -r sümr It is travelling

We.inclusive -l /l̩/ süml We are travelling

We.exclusive -aun sümaun We are travelling

You.pl -ë sümë You are travelling

They -ín sümín They are travelling

FORIAB !23

*verbs which end in -m and are conjugated in agreement with a singular deer subject just drop the -m e.g

mümei > mü it hunts

rümei > rü it walks

iamei > ia it dwells

Verbs which don't end in m conjugate for the deer singular present by removing the infinitive e.g

iünei > iün it drinks

5.3 Simple past tenses

The object of a past tense verb becomes eclipsed with m- whose pronunciation overrides the first consonant. Note that the eclipsis goes after any articles and adjectives modifying the object aren't affected

e.g

müma c'iümu I am hunting the deer /myma kɪymʌ/

müma̜ c'miümu I hunted the deer /mymã kmɪymʌ/

*the buzzard gender singular -r causes the final vowel of a verb to become nasal. The vowel becoming nasal is the only way to distinguish the buzzard singular past tense from the buzzard present tense.

e.g

mümr it hunts

mü̜mr it hunted

Person Suffix Example Meaning

I -a̜ süma̜ I travelled

You -era sümera You travelled

Deer -u̜ sümu̜ It travelled

Buzzard -r* sü̜mr It travelled

We.inclusive -ü̜gl sümü̜gl We travelled

We.exclusive -ügle̜ sümügle̜ We travelled

You.pl -ë̜ sümë̜ You travelled

They -ië̜ sümië̜ Thry travelled

FORIAB !24

5.4 Future tenses

5.5 Subjunctive mood

Thee subjunctive mood is formed by placing the auxiliary engüss after the verb

süma engüss I may be travelling

süma̜ engüss I may have travelled

süme engüss I may travel/I would/might travel

c'moğar nağriei engüss tgere ütgu the buzzard may/would/might eat your bread

When in the subjunctive the auxiliary takes on the negating suffix -mü

E.g

süma engüssmü I may not be travelling

süma̜ engüssmü I may not have travelled

süme engüssmü I wouldn't travel

c'moğar nağriei engüssmü tgere nütgu the buzzard wouldn't eat your bread

5.6 Forming questions

In Foriab questions can be formed by using interrogative pronouns, but to form a question that doesn't use an interrogative pronoun then the interrogative suffix -güss is placed on the verb

e.g

süma I travel > sümagüss? Am I travelling?

süma engüss I may be travelling > sümagüss engüss? May I be travelling?

süma̜ I travelled > süma̜güss? Did I travel?

Person Suffix Example Meaning

I -e süme I will travel

You -aiei sümaiei You will travel

Deer -uei sümuei It will travel

Buzzard -riei sümriei It will travel

We.inclusive -gle sümgle we will travel

We.exclusive agle̜ sümagle̜ We will travel

You.pl -ëi sümëi You will travel

They -í̜ sümí̜ They will travel

FORIAB !25

5.7 Negation

Negation in Foriab is achieved by placing the suffix -mü onto a verb

c'moğar na̜ğrmü tgere mütgu the buzzard didn’t eat your bread

c'iüma̜ cvonu̜mü sur the deer didn’t graze here

5.8 Imperative

The imperative suffix -jei turns a verb into a demand. When a verb is imperative it can only take on the suffixes -jei and -mü meaning that it can’t inflect for person or tense so in imperative phrases the subject is always included (where-as English leaves it out), with locative and time phrases being optional and taking their respective second last and last places of the sentence.

tger nağjei tgere nütgu! eat your bread! tger nağjeimü tgere nütgu! don’t eat your bread!

tger nağjei tgere nütgu c'moğar nağriei engüss iemu dínüh! eat your bread before the buzzard eats it! (you eat your bread buzzard may eat it before)

5.9 Passive voice

A literal word for word translation of the Foriab passive looks like the X has the X-ness from X. Or to be more detailed

Subject + to have +verb nouned with -lü̜ + Object +-from

So 'the bread is being eaten by the wolf' is ch'ütge eschtga nağlu c'iün'u or 'the bread has eat-ness from the wolf'

-the verb eschtgamei 'to have' is always placed after the subject and conjugates accordingly. Any verb endings can be added from any tense. Meaning the tense of the passive is decided by the verb endings on eschtgamei. For example here if the above sentence in all the tenses

Present: indicative: ch'ütge eschtga nağlu c'iün'u

subjunctive: ch'ütge eschtga engüss nağlu c'iün'u

Past: indicative: ch'ütge eschtgamu̜ mnağlu c'iün'u (here nağlu is an object so it is eclipsed for the past tense)

subjunctive: ch'ütge eschtgamu̜ engüss mnağlu c'iün'u

Future: indicative: ch'ütge eschtgamuei nağlu c'iün'u

subjunctive: ch'ütge eschtgamuei engüss nağlu c'iün'u

-Passive forms of verbs are formed by turning them into nouns. This is done by removing the infinitive ending -ei and adding the suffix -lu (the oblique of -lü̜)

5.10 Intransitive verbs

In Foriab subjects intransitive verbs are eclipsed with m-

e.g

Transitive: c'duvero ğë̜rr c'moğaru the crow fought the buzzard

Intransitive: c'mduvero ğë̜rr the crow fought

FORIAB !26

The reason for this is due to the before mentioned sound change in Middle Moicha which deleted word final -m which caused objects of past tense verbs to be eclipsed (explained in 5.3). This was then stretched to eclipse subjects of past tense intransitive verbs, this was levelled even further to eclipse subjects of all intransitive verbs.

The Foranía linguist Ğüglëfer (educated at Cùlèrnoume Ỳrjémua 'University of Ỳrjému') speculates that this may cause Foriab to become a ergative-absolutive language in the future with the absolutive case being marked with m-. This is of course a theory and it is difficult to predict future changes in a language.

The only exception to this rule is verbs that are inherently intransitive such as sümatgei 'to fall'.

5.11 Verbal suffixes

This section is for suffixes which attach to the verb but don't deserve their own section

-5.11.1 -dynamic modality

Dynamic modality expresses the subject's ability or capacity to to do something. In English this may be done with the auxiliary 'can'. In Foriab the infix -un- (or -n- if the verb ends in a vowel) is placed onto the verb and before verb conjugations which mark the person and tense, after which the usual negation and subjunctive mood can be marked

e.g

arjüei to open, to release, to set free

arjüa c'iünu I am releasing the wolf

arjüna c'iünu I am able to release the wolf

arjüagüss c'iünu? Am I releasing the wolf ?

arjünagüss c'iünu? Am I able to release the wolf ?

arjüa engüss c'iünu I may be releasing the wolf

arjüna engüss c'iünu I may be able to release the wolf

arjüagüss engüss c'iünu May I be releasing the wolf ?

arjünagüss engüss c'iünu May I be able to release the wolf ?

arjüamü c'iünu I am not releasing the wolf

arjünamü c'iünu I am unable to release the wolf

arjüamügüss c'iünu? Am I not releasing the wolf ?

arjünamagüss c'iünu? Am I not able to release the wolf ?

arjüamü engüss c'iünu I may not be releasing the wolf

arjünamü engüss c'iünu I may not be able to release the wolf

arjüamügüss engüss c'iünu May I not be releasing the wolf ?

arjünamügüss engüss c'iünu May I not be able to release the wolf ?

FORIAB !27

Chapter 6 - Conjunctions 6.1 and

Foriab still retains the distinction between the conjunction 'and' when used with nouns or with verbs which descends from Old Sumrë's distinction. Foriab is the only Sumric language which can proudly claim to have preserved this feature through the millennia. The only other Sumric language to have this feature is Lemre but that language died many centuries ago and was only recently revived.

-6.1.1 Nounal ‘and’

When used with nouns the conjunction for ‘and’ is the suffix -ah/-h which one is used depends on the whether the last phoneme in a word is a vowel or consonant. Nouns endings in consonants use -ah while nouns ending in vowels use -h

c'moğarah and the buzzard

ch'ütgeh and the bread

-ah/-h will always be the last suffix on a noun so in most instances it attaches itself to the case ending before e.g

c'moğareh and of the buzzard

ch'ütgaunah and of the breads'

The same rule applies to adjectives describing one noun.

-6.1.2 Verbal ‘and’

Unlike the nominal conjunction -ah/-h which suffixes onto nouns, the verbal conjunction ah behaves more like how ‘and’ does in English in that it goes between the two verbs e.g

nağei ah iünei to eat and drink

nağu̜ mütgu ah iüna̜ mcüglu she ate bread and I drank beer

6.2 if

Foriab also has two words for the conjunction 'if' though this feature is not descended from Old Sumrë but rather a Foriab innovation. This came about in Middle Moicha where the original word for 'if' e was being used alongside interchangeably with a new Middle Moicha word for 'if' adunquí (literally meaning 'given'). During the development of Foriab the two ceased to be interchangeable and each took on their own niche meanings, with one being used in the affirmative subordinate clause and the other in the subjunctive subordinate clause. The following sentence structure is used with the words for 'if'

The cause of an action or state - if - reaction or effect of the cause

-6.2.1 Affirmative subordinate clause 'if'

In an affirmative subordinate clause the word for 'if' is adüngi. The use of adüngi requires the sentence structure to change slightly. With the effect/reaction/state being placed after adüngi and the cause of said effect/reaction/state being placed before adüngi.

I will attempt to explain this further:

effect/reaction/state will be in blue

The cause will be in green

FORIAB !28

• English: If you can't see the mountains then it is raining

• Foriab: májünugüei adüngi süglarmü c'müvüm

This explains that you can't see the mountains (the effect) and the reason is because it is raining (the cause). A few more examples:

• English: if you won't eat your bread, the crow will take it

• Foriab: c'duvero giariüneiei tger nütgu adüngi nağaieimü iemu

This explains that if you don't eat your bread (the cause) the crow will come along and take it (the effect)

-6.2.2 Subjunctive subordinate clause 'if'

In a subjunctive subordinate clause the word for 'if' is ei (from Old Sumrë hen). The use is quite similar to adüngi except if the Subjunctive auxiliary is used then ei is used

• English: the dog may die if it doesn't eat

• Foriab: c'mrü *eschtgamuei üglnaru engüss ei nağueimü

*sidenote: Foriab has no verb for 'to die'. Rather the phrasal verb 'to have deathness' is used

Chapter 7-Similes 7.1 Similes

Where in English a simile is formed by using 'like' or 'as' e.g you are noble like a hero or you are as noble as a hero. Foriab handles this by putting the suffix -re onto the descriptor (in this case it is 'hero') the suffix -re comes from the Old Moicha deer singular comitative case ending -ra, although Middle Moicha lost the comitative case the case ending was fossilised here as a simile forming suffix

e.g

enar mür d'gíjoglre

you are noble like a hero

c'duvero en duv ch'nüssare

The crow is as black as the night sky

ğërar d'iere

you fight like an effeminate man

ch'issa bríğarrün ietgaglu̜ ch'arëglre

the fire burned as bright as the sun

FORIAB !29

ch'mümará en erad d'duverore ü'b

the spear is as high as a crow in the sky

Chapter 8- Mastering Foriab 8.1 Text examples

The following texts is an ancient Sumric legend called about how a great and famous healing tree came to be.

Ragut Osscügle

Do iümauní sügla tgarëf, c'schauna ch'iamnüğe üğareh, Osscügl ğo Sáíí mNur Iamnüğe, nüssü̜mr iemure miamu eradia c'eramia'ub Máümauna c'ğümí't. Esschtgame̜rr mtínmu nüssüassa, tün ch'sümar Osscügla sümr iamnüğa sü Máümauna. Osscügl sü̜mr c'Ianüv't ah díssru̜tgr miemuru. Ga̜unr c'mnüssüassa sümatgu̜ c'ianüv'l ssin. Sü̜mr c'Nünmağe't ah díssru̜tgr miemuru. Ga̜unr c'mnüssüassa sümatgu̜ c'Nünmağet'l ssin. Sü̜mr iestgegle't, mut díssrutgu̜nr iemuru iemur nüssünei re'f dínüh. Osscügl sü̜glr bríğaru gaunaruh d'msüglaru, sü̜glr c'schaunanu Arëglnu. c'schaunane ch'iamia müraüglah. Sümu̜ oglíría c'müeglvía't tün ch'iamiü̜ nüssümu̜ ch'mu sü ch'iamnüğa. Ieme schtgadí nfei schtgadë msüglí nümarië̜ mbrioglu ch'aünáva'b Osscügle. Osscügl daunë̜ğr nümübrioglei Arëglnu, esschtgame̜rr ch'mbríüglereğu ah nüma̜rr iemure netghu ah rí̜nr miemu nümübrioglei iemuru. Arëglnei rínu̜ c'mschaunu ch'iamnüğe "giariünar me müi ah díssrutgar iemuí, nüssüassünar nínu níglanu, nağaieigüss ch'nüssümaru ch'iamia ei nümübriogle engüss tgeru?" Sünerah mOsscügl rí̜nr "Arëglne, me rüglnei, tün ossanu̜ nüssü sü ch'duvdínanu̜, tün ierühnu̜ nüssü sü üglnarnu̜, tün iamiü̜nu nüssü sü iamnüğenu̜. Nağemü ch'nüssümaru ch'iamia, me naünáva eschtga giariünelu" mArëglne rínu̜ "ah me naünáva eschtga giariünelu, Osscügl" Sünerah Arëglne ssemu̜ ch'metghu Osscügle ah ch'regutge eğu̜ c'ma't. Arëglne sümu̜ oglíría c'müeglvía't ah sümuu̜ ch'iamiu iemu'ss. Osscügl sü̜glr iemure mbrioglu sü. Ğer'ss iemure naünáva'b giah'ss iemure nvei'b fü̜mr ru, iüğüru nüssüassu ah düre sürí üğarah. Máümauna eschtgamu̜mü ğo eschtgamueimü tür üğaru iamnüğu. ch'Nüssüassa nüssüassünu̜ schíd regutge ch'nüssüassa'n iamu̜. Níríletgagl sümu̜ dínüt, ch'rí ch'üğarah nağië̜, ah schíd regutge ğenu̜ düre ferürün, düre ferürün ger ssiárogía erad, do etghía ah neg ed none etghá ragut ia̜mr ch'regutge enu̜ ssin. Ernsümarídína schíd ragut iamr ch'ariü'ss Ragut Osscügle. ch'Retghía nağgí iümsüín d'arëglagiu.

Oscul’s Tree

One autumn long ago the god of winter and cold, Oscul, also known as Old Man Winter, was moving from his home in the high mountains of Malomanan to the lowlands. He took with him his kingdom of Snow, for Oscul’s coming heralds winter for Malomanan. Oscul travelled to Nonma Lamñucevan (territory of forest dwellings) and declared it his. He was happy when the snow fell on the land of forest dwellings. Next he travelled to Ralm Nonma (long territory) and declared it his own. He was happy when the snow fell on the long territory. Next he travelled to Nonma Lefscâla (territory of deer’s birthing) but before he declared with his voice of howling wind, Oscul saw a bright and beautiful sight..he saw the goddess of summer and warmth Arëglne, herself travelling to the southern islands as summer gives way to winter. Her brown hair and brown eyes put a warmth in Oscul’s heart, such that Oscul wanted to make Arëglne his wife. He took a seed of the bríüglereğ tree and put forward his hand and asked Arëglne to marry him. Arëglne said to the winter god “You take my lands and make them your own, burying green grass under white snow, if I marry you will you stop the retreat of summer?” to which Oscul said “Arëglne, me iamiü̜ne (my summer one), day must give way to night, life must give way to death and so summer must give way to winter, it breaks my heart but I can’t stop the retreat of summer". “it breaks my heart too, iamnüğunur (winter one)". And with that she slapped Oscul’s hand and sent the seed flying away and down to the ground. Arëglne travelled to the southern islands taking summer with her. Oscul saw his love go away with sorrow in his heart and rage in his blood. He blown a screaming wind, heavy snow and a fierce cold. Malomanan has not had such a cold winter before or since. The snow buried the seed and under the snow it lay until spring came and the wind and snow stopped. And the seed grew so fast that within a few minutes a 25 foot tall tree stood where a seed once was. Thousands of years later the tree still stands, bearing the name ‘Ragut Osscügle’ (Oscul’s tree). When eaten the leaves are said to help cool down a fever.

FORIAB !30

8.2 Further reading

Middle Nümmezse: An Essential Grammar by /u/Tarheelscouse

Old Sumrë: An Essential Grammar

Old Lelic: An Essential Grammar

Modern Lelic: An Essential Grammar

Middle Sumri: An Essential Grammar

Malelweri: An Essential Grammar

Maifri: An Essential Grammar

Pwr: An Essential Grammat

Terch: An Essential Grammar

Old Moicha: An Essential Grammar

Middle Moicha: An Essential Grammar

FORIAB !31

Foriab-English Dictionary

Key

n noun

v verb

adj adjective

loc locative clitic

ln locative noun

interj interjection

intens intensifier

inf infix

suff suffix

conj conjunction

adv adverb

A a intens very

-á suff nonhuman agent

adüngi conj if

afei v to remove

ag n/adj other

agámíh ln opposite

ah conj and, -ah suff and

aiei v agree

'an loc next to

aregá n defenceless person/thing (from aro wounded bird + -egá diminutive)

arëgl n sum

arëglagia n fever

FORIAB !32

Arëglne n name of the sun goddess

arfat n coat, jacket, cloack

ariü n name

ariümiünei v -to be named; ariümiüna Duígí 'I am called Duígí'

arjüei v to open, to release

aro n wounded bird

asso adj white

aünáva n heart

aünei v give

B bríğar adj bright

bríğarei v to shine

bríğariü n brightness

briogl n love

brioglaügl n romance

brioglei v to love

-bü ordinal number suffix

C 'c loc above

cháiüna n Scotland

cier n friend

cü why

cür where

cügl n beer

cvonei v to graze

D

daunëğaügl n desire

daunëğei v to want

dessüh adj special, unique, rare

dercü n antler

FORIAB !33

dergierá n stag

dia adv now

dína n time

dínaunü adv right now, very soon, immediately

dínüt adv soon

díssrutgei v to claim

dü adj first

dücierüğa n milk

düğamsa n fire drink

düğei v to drink something that isn’t water

dümei v to build, to make

dümgí adj built

dümtgera n brick

düre intens very

düna n builder

düt then

duv adj black, dark

duvdína n night

duvero n crow

E

eğei v to disapear

ei conj if

enei v be

engüss aux may

'er loc beside

era n tower, fort

erad adj high

erama n hill

eramí n highlands

eramírí n gàidhlig

erb adj last

erbíssa adv finally

ern adj big, much

FORIAB !34

ernáiglvei n sea

ernia n town

ernur n father

ernsümarídína n eon

eschtgamei v to have

esschtgamerei v to take

esschtgei v to bear, to carry

essrügl v to wear

esstufíğemu ln centre, middle of

esschtgna n bearer

etghá n hand

eva̜u n afterlife

F 'f loc through

farei v to see the truth, to see past lies

fei n hair

feglerüh n mammal

ferah n night vision

ferei v to prefer

ferü adj fast

fessüra n wool

foranía n race of Foranía people; foranur foranía man; forane foranía woman

foria n plain

fümei v to blow

G gaunar adj beautiful

gaunei v to be happy, to rejoice

gaunererí n song

gaunerínei v to sing

gegüss n breast, teet, boob

ğenei v to grow

gënei v to long for, to yearn for

FORIAB !35

ğer n sorrow

ğër n fight

ğërei v to fight

gí who

ğí adj tight

gia n rage

gia n try, attemp

giaraügl n obedience

giarei v to force

giariünei v to steal

gíja adj an easy task, easy to do, simple

gíjogl n hero

gíjürt n moon

ğo or

ğoníssa adj healthy

ğü adj low

ğüfei v to buy

ğüfna n customer

ğümí n lowlands

ğümírí n Scots Language

ğün n health

-güss suff question forming suffix

gutga n arse

H -h suff and

I -í suff inanimate diminunitve

i adj many

'i loc into, in

ia n effeminate man

ia adj still

ia interj yes

FORIAB !36

iab n arm

iafei v to hold

iama n home

iamieglvei n lake

iamei v to dwell

iamev n house

iamiü̜ n summer

iamnüğa n winter

iamnüğev n tent

iamu n campsite

iamüar n street

ianüh ln before

iar n war

iará n weapon

iarámümar n hunting weapon

iarei n battle

iaríra adj warlike

iarna n soldier

iarsümei n war march

iaunei n mother

iauní n Lemne

id n wet meadow

iegl adj blue

iei v to hope

ietgagl n birth

ieglei v to wrap

ieglvei n water

ieglverümei n sail

ieüah adv again

ierëhgaunarsü̜ n art

ierei v to do

ierei v to look

ieriamei v to conserve

FORIAB !37

ieriavei v succeed

ieriünio adj correct

iernoglememümá n question

iernoglümei v to follow; to know

iernoglümena adj wise

iernoglümü n secret

iernoglümenei v to learn

ierü̜ n colour

ierüh n life

ierüna̜u n peachy skin colour

ietgaglei n burne

iğ v to temp

iğaügl n to tempt

imüei v to decide

ina adj easy to learn

io adj good

issa n fire

issaügl n arson

issei v burn

issna n arsonist

itgei v argue

itgíra n large burrowing rodent found on the Müforia plains.

itglü̜ n arguing

iü somehow

iüá n something

iüb n pile

iüd some

iüëei v to help

iüğür adj heavy

iüma̜u n deer

iümauna nüraunei n consonant

iünëei v to protect

iünamei v to get

FORIAB !38

iümauní n autumn

iümaunva n boat

iümenah n dinner

iümsüei v to cool down

iümu somewhere

iün n wolf

iüna someone

iünei v drink

iünína to sometimes

iürei v to like

iüregl n river

iüreglí n stream

ívei v to greet

J -ja suff multiple number suffix

-jei suff imperative

L 'l loc on

-lü suff -ness

-lü̜ suff participle adjective suffix

-lürna suff -phobe

M ma n land

maği adj angry

mainüssu n horizon

maü n world

májünu n rain; májünugüei it is raining

mëlaügl n equestrianism

mëlauglíra adj equestrian

mëlegá n equestrian

mëlü n horse

mëlüne n horsewoman

FORIAB !39

mëlünur n horseman

mëlütga n child horse rider

meriu̜ n normal

meriü n wesr

meriümsüëh ln left

mevuvu n coast

mír n top

mírma n head

moërnüraunei n vowel

moğar n buzzard

mu n place

mü no, no way

müá nothing

müeglvei n island

müemárü̜nn hunter dog

müemierna n leader of a territory

müfessümei v to climb

mügl only

-müglürna suff -phobe

müglei n to hang

mümará n spear

mümarei v run down and kill off a scattered army

mümei v to hunt

mümtír adj late

mümüm adj lazy

munei v to breed, to have sex

müin never

mün n speed

müna n hunter

müna no one

munaëei v to think

-münü̜ suff -less

mür adj noble

FORIAB !40

mür nowhere

mur adj gray

müraügl n warmth

murmür adj boring

müro adj warm

murügl n fox

mut conj but

müvei n mountain

N

'n loc under

-n- inf able

-na suff denotes origin -ish, -ian, -ese; e.g Müforiana 'Müforian'

-na suff human agent suffix

na n person

nacmüei v to miss

nağei v to eat

nağei v to stop

-ne suff female dimunitive

nëi n woman

neglümad n common path used by horsemen

nëmcur n married woman, wife

nëmğa n daughter

nemgí n adult offspring

ner adj short

nígla n grass

nín adj green

nímü adj alone

nírí n faun

níríletgagl n spring

noğei v to walk

noglei v to understand

nu n many

FORIAB !41

nü̜ all

nüğa few

nüğa adj odd, weird

nüğa n forest

nüma n region, territory, country

nümarei v to put

nümei v to run

numğa n son

nümübrioglei v to marry

nümüei v to bind, to tie, to unite

nümügímüaügl n freedom

nümüglü̜ adj united

nun n boy

nün n fraction

nüna n tribe

nünei v to divide

nünesschtgamei v to disown

nuníre adj boyish

nunmëi n child

nur n man

nür n married man, husband

nüra n word

nüraunei n letter, grapheme, symbol

nurmüema n raiding party

nüss n different

nüssa n night-sky

nüssağei v to finish

nüssü n breath

nüssüafa n blizzard

nüssüassa n snow

nüssüassünei v to bury with snow

nüssümei v to leave

nüt n fool

FORIAB !42

O

ogl n south

oglíre adj southern

ossa n day, yesterday

R rá adj long (distance, length)

raga adj sharp

ragaër n wind instrument

ragíssa adv mightily

ragut n tree

ragutga n tree-seed

rah adj strong

reğet adj funny

regutge n seed

retghá n leaf

rí n language, speech

ríğ adj difficult

rínei v to ask, to speak

ríssüra n writing

ríssürei v to write

rü n dog

rücier n companion dog

ruei n murder

rüglna n dog owner

rüglnei v to own a dog

rüglnei n sweetheart, darling

rüma n puppy

rümierei v to lead

FORIAB !43

rümierna n leader of a raiding party

rüne n bitch dog

rünemü n castrated dog

rümu̜ n bitch dog in heat

rüssá n bird

rüsschei v to fly (this verb only refers to bird flight)

rüssíre adj bird-like

S sağei v to forget

sáia adj old

sáiamíschi n history

scha adj holy

schád adj new

scháierüh n sacred deer

schámğí n offspring

schauna n god

schaunane n goddess

schdína adv now

schemüei v to be hungry

scherah n dream

schgüei v to encourage

schgügí adj essential

schi n story

schíd dem that (inanimate)

schín dem that (animate)

schtadi adj brown

schüssa n today

'se loc along

sor adj free

'ss loc with

ssei n valley

ssemei v to hit

FORIAB !44

ssin when

su suff approximate eg schtadisu 'brownish'

sü n air, wind

sü for

süar n road

süei v to find

süei v to go

süğaügl n failure

süğei v to fail

süglar n day-vision, eye, view, sight

süglei v to see

sümá n foot

sümaei v to come

sümatgei v to fall

sümar n arrival, travel

sümamei v to climb down, to descend, to get down from

sümei v to travel

sümferünei v to hurry

sümiar n entrance

sümiei v to arrive

sümieri v to guide

sümierna n clue

sümuei v bring

sümümiüma̜u n flight

sun there

sünerah therefore

sür n cloth

sür there

sürei v to own

sürí adj painful

FORIAB !45

T

't loc to, at

tamar adj crazy

tamaraügl n craziness

tar adj thick

-tga suff child diminunitve suffix

tgah n job

tged what

tgen which

tger adj hard

tgerá asv immediately

tgercüb n bone

tgercübíre adj boney

tgarëf since, ago

tgerm n stone

tgerü̜ n wood

tgeruei v to admit

tgerüssümá n wagon

tín adj little

tínma n sub-territory

tír adj sad

tü n north

tüau̜ adj difficult to carry

tüegá n burden

tümar n accusing

tümaügl n accusation, implication

tümei v to accuse

tümgí adj accused

tümlü̜ adj accusing

tün as

FORIAB !46

tüna n accuser

tür such

U 'u loc from

üab n the dragon

'ub loc in, inside, into

üğ n attention; interj attention! hey!

üğar adj cold

üğei v to reveal

ügl n doe

üglna adj bad

üglnağoníssa adj unhealthy, sickly, unwell

üglnáir n sin

üglnáirei v to sin

üglnarağei v to forgive

üglnarei v to kill

ümiüma̜u n heron

ümnoğei v to fly

ümnoügíjei v to glive

-un inf able

unsch n east

ürağei n stutter

üri adj yellow

üssüt n tomorrow

ütge n bread

V vauneí always, every

vauneá everything

vaunena everyone

vauneür everywhere

FORIAB !47

vei n blood

vegei v to fold

veglüreglei v to flow

veglerüğauna n ancestor

verüssá n duck

English-Foriab Dictionary

A able inf -un-; -n-

accusation n tümaügl

accuse v tümei

accused adj tümgí

accuser n tüna

accusing n tümar; adj tümlü̜

admit v tgeruei

above loc 'c

afterlife n eva̜u

again adv ieüah

agent suffix (human) -na

ago tgarëf

agree v aiei

air n sü

all nü̜

alone adj nímü

along loc 'se

always vauneí

ancestor n veglerüğauna

FORIAB !48

and conj ah, -ah, -h

angry adj maği

antler n dercü

arrival n sümar

arrive v sümiei

argue v itgei

arguing n itglü̜

arm n iab

arse n gutga

arson n issaügl

arsonist n issna

art n ierëhgaunarsü̜

as tün

ask v rínei

attention 1) interj üğ ;n üğ

autumn n iümauní

B bad adj üglna

baseline in Rësora script n mainüssu

battle v iarei

be v enei

bear v esschtgei

bearer n esschtgna

beautiful adj gaunar

beer n cügl

before ln ianüh

beside loc 'er

bird n rüssá

bird-like adj rüssíre

birth n ietgagl

big adj ern

bind v nümüei

FORIAB !49

bitch dog n rüne (originally rü but sound changes made it identical to rü 'dog' so the female diminutive suffix was added to enforce the meaning of 'bitch dog')

bitch dog in heat n rümu̜

black adj duv

blizzard n nüssüafa

blood n vei

blow v fümei

blue adj iegl

boat n iümaunva

bone n tgercüb

boney adj tgercübíre

boob n gegüss

boring adj murmür (from mur gray + mür noble, to mean someone that has good intentions but is boring because them)

boy n nun

boyish adj nuníre

burn v ietgaglei

bread n ütge

breath n nüssü

breed v munei

brick n dümtgera

bright adj bríğar

brightness n bríğariü

bring v sümuei

brown adj schtgadí

build v dümei

builder n düna

built adj dümgí

burden n tüegá

burn v issei

bury with snow v nüssüassünei

but conj mut

buy v ğüfei

buzzard n moğar

FORIAB !50

C campsite n iamu

carry v esschtgei

castrated dog n rünemü

centre ln esstufíğemu

child n nunmëi

child diminutive suffix -tga

claim v díssrutgei

climb v müfessümei

climb down v sümamei

cloak n arfat

cloth n sür

clue n sümierna

coast n mevuvu

coat n arfat

cold n üğar

colour n ierü̜

come v sümaei

common path used by horsemen n neglümad

companion dog n rücier

conserve v ieriamei

consonant n iümauna nüraunei

cool down v iümsüei

correct adj ieriünio

country n nüma

craziness n tamaraügl

crazy adj tamar

crow n duvero

customer n ğüfna

D

FORIAB !51

dark adj duv

daughter n nëmğa

day n ossa

day vision n süglar

death n üglnar

decide v imüei

deer n iüma̜u

defenceless person/thing n aregá (from aro wounded bird + -egá diminutive)

descend v sümamei

desire n daunëğaügl

different adj nüss

difficult adj ríğ

difficult to carry adj tüa̜u

dinner n iümenah (from a word meaning 'hunted deer')

disappear v eğei

disown v nünesschtgamei

divide v nünei

do v ierei

doe n ügl

dog n rü

dog owner n rüglna

the dragon n üab

dream n scherah

drink 1) v iünei; to drink something that isn’t water v düğei

duck n verüssá

dwell v iamei

E east n unsch

easy 1) to learn adj ina 2) to do; adj gíja

eat v nağei

encourage v schgüei

entrance n sümiar

eon n ernsümarídína

FORIAB !52

effeminate man n ia

equestrian n mëlegá; adj mëlaüglíra

equestrianism n mëlaügl

essential adj schgügí

every vaunei

everyone vaunena

everything vauneá

everywhere vauneür

eye n süglar

F fail v süğei

failure n süğaügl

fall v sümatgei

fast adj ferü

father n ernur

faun n nírí

female diminutive suff -ne

fever n arëglagia

few nüğa

fight n ğër

fight v ğërei

finally adv erbíssa

find v süei

finish v nüssağei

fire n issa

fire drink n düğamsa

first adj dü

flag n süraunüma

flight n sümümiüma̜u

flow v veglüreglei

fly v ümnoğei; a bird to fly v rüsschei

fold v vegei

follow v iernoglümei

FORIAB !53

fool n nüt

for (Benefactive) sü

force v giarei

forest n nüğa

forget v sağei

forgive v üglnarağei

foot n sümá

fort n era (from erama 'hill')

fox n murügl

fraction n nün

free adj sor

freedom n nümügímüaügl

friend n cier

from loc 'u

funny adj reğet

G gàidhig n eramírí

get v iünamei

give v aünei; to give someone a stolen object v iei

glide v ümnoügíjei

go v süei

god n schauna

goddess n schaunane

good adj io

grammar n riüme

grass n nígla

gray adj mur

graze v cvonei

green adj nín

greet v ívei

grow v ğenei

grown up children n nemgí

guide v sümieri

FORIAB !54

H hair n fei

hand n etghá

hang v müglei

happy v gaunei

hard adj tger

have v eschtgamei

have sex v munei

head n mírma

health n ğün

healthy adj ğoníssa

heart n aünáva

heavy adj iüğür

help v iüëei

hero n gíjogl

heron n ümiüma̜u

hey! interj üğ

high adj erad

highlands n eramí

hill n erama

history n sáiamíschi

hit v ssemei

hold v iafei

holy adj scha

home n iama

hope v iei

horizon n mainüssu

horse n mëlü

horseman n mëlünur; horsewoman n mëlüne ; child/child horse rider n mëlütga

house n iamev

hunt v mümei

hunter n müna

hunter dog n müemárü̜

FORIAB !55

hunting weapon n iarámümar

hungry v schgemüei

hurry v sümferünei

I if conj ei; adüngi

immediately adv tgerá

imperative suff -jei

implication v tümaügl

inanimate diminutive –í

in loc 'ub

into loc 'i

-ish (approximate) -su

-ish (denotes origin e.g ‘Scottish’) -na

island n müeglvei

J jacket n arfat

job n tgah

K kill v üglnarei

know v iernoglümei

L

land n ma

language n rí

last adj erb

late adj mümtír

lazy adj mümü

lead v rümierei

leader of raiding party n rümierna

FORIAB !56

leader of a territory n müemierna

leaf n retghá

learn v iernoglümenei

leave v nüssümei

left ln meriümsüëh

Lemre n iauní

-less -münü̜

letter n nüraunei

life n ierüh

like v iürei

little adj tín

loch n iamieglvei

long (distance, length) adj rá ;(time) adj sügla

long for v gënei

look v ierei

love v brioglei; n briogl

low adj ğü

lowlands n ğümí

M make v dümei

mammal n feglerüh

man n nur

many n nu (i.e 'the masses')

many adj i

married man n nür

married woman n nëmcur

marry v nümübrioglei

mate v munei

may aux engüss

middle ln esstufíğemu

mightily adv ragíssa

milk n dücierüğa

miss v nacmüei

FORIAB !57

moon n gíjürt

mother n iaunei

mountain n müvei

much ern

multiple number suffix -ja

murder v ruei

N name n ariü

-to be named v ariümiünei

-ness -lü

never müin

new adj schád

next to loc 'an

night n duvdína

night vision n ferah

no mü

noble adj mür

nonhuman agent suff -á

no one müna

normal adj meriu̜

north n tü

nothinğ müá

now adv dia, schdína

no way mü

nowhere mür

O obedience n giaraügl

odd adj nüğa

old adj sáia

on loc 'l

only mügl

open v arjüei

FORIAB !58

opposite ln agámíh

or ğo

ordinal nümber suffix -bü

other n/adj ag

own v sürei

own a dog v rüglnei

P participle adjective suffix -lü̜

painful adj sürí

peachy skin colour adj ierüna̜u

person n na

-phile -lürna

-phobe -müglürna

pile n iüb

place n mu

plain (habitat) n foria

powerful screaming wind adj rí

prefer v ferei

protect v iünëei

puppy n rüma

put v nümarei

Q question n iernoglememümá

question forming süffix -güss

R rage n gia

raiding party n nurmüema

rain n májünu ;it is raining májünugüei

red adj veglürü

region n nüma

release v arjüei

remove v afei

FORIAB !59

rejoice v gaunei

reveal v üğei

river n iüregl

road n süar

romance n brioglaügl

run v nümei

run down and kill off a scattered army v mümarei (from Middle Moicha mumerae to hunt birds)

S sacred deer n scháierüh

sad adj tír

sail v ieglverümei

Scotland n cháiüna

Scots Language n ğümírí

sea n ernáiglvei

secret adj iernoglümü

see v süglei; to see the truth, to see past someone's lies v farei (from the Middle Moicha fare to see at night, as the night is believed to reveal the true nature of the world. This belief comes from the fact that when the sun sets the stars in the sky are revealed)

seed n regutge

set free v arjüei

sharp adj raga

shine v bríğarei

short adj ner

sickly adj üglnağoníssa

sight n süglar; used for a view or something seen; gaunar d'süglar a beautiful sight.

sin v üglnáirei; n üglnáir

since tgarëf

sing v gaunerínei

sky at night n nüssa; at day. n ü

snow n nüssüassa

soldier n iarna

some iüd

somehow iü

someone iüna

FORIAB !60

something v iüá

sometimes iüína

somewhere iümu

son n numğa

song n gaunererí

soon adv dínüt; very soon dínaunü

sorrow n ğer

south n ogl

southern adj olgíre

spear n mümará

speak v rínei

special adj dessüh

speech n rí

speed n mün

spring n níríletgagl

stag n dergierá

steal v giariünei

still adj ia

still young children of a person n schámğí

stop v nağei

story n schi

stream n iüreglí

street n iamüar (from ia 'still' msüar eclipsed form of süar 'road')

stone n tgerm

strong adj rah

stud dog n rümu̜

stutter v ürağei

succeed v ieriavei

such tür

sub-territory n tínma. In Müforia each territory is ruled by one high leader, and each territory is divided into smalled sub-territories each ruled by a lesser leader.

summer n iamiü̜

Sumric script n ríssüra

sun n arëgl; Arëglnei name of the sun goddess

FORIAB !61

sweetheart n rüglnei

T take v esschtgamerei

task n tgah

tempt v iğ

temptation n iğaügl

tent n iamnüğev

territory n nüma

that dem schíd (inanimate) schín (animate)

then düt

there sun, sür

therefore sünerah

think v munaëei

thick adj tar

through loc 'f

tie v nümüei

tight adj ğí

time n dína

to loc 't

today n schüssa

tomorrow n üssüt

top n mír

tower n era

town n ernia

travel n sümar; v sümei

tree n ragut

tree’s seed n ragutga

tribe n nüna

try n gia

U un- -mü

under loc 'n

FORIAB !62

understand v noglei

unite v nümüei

united adj nümüglü̜

V valley n ssei

very ern, a, düre

vowel n moërnüraunei

W wagon n tgerüssümá

walk v noğei; without a designation v rümei

want v daunëğei

war n iar

warlike adj iaríra

war march n iarsümei

warm adj müro

warmth n müraügl

water n ieglvei

weapon n iará

wear v essrügl (ess+ rügl)

weird adj nüğa

west n meriü

wet meadow n id

what tged

when ssin

where cür

which tgen

white adj asso

who gí

why cü

wind n sü

winter n iamnüğa

wind instrument n ragaër

FORIAB !63

wise adj iernoglümena

with loc 'ss

wolf n iün

woman n nëi

wood n tgerü̜

wool n fessüra

word n nüra

world n maü

wounded bird n aro

wrap v ieglei

write v ríssürei

writing n ríssüra

Y yearn v gënei

yellow adj üri

yes ia

yesterday n ossa

SCA2 code for Middle Moicha > Foriab

ch/ğ/V_V

e/ei/_#

FORIAB !64

ë/ëi/_#

u/ü/_

û/u/_

aV/e/_

g/ğ/_a

g/ğ/_e

gi/ğ/_

y/j/_

CjV/CiV/_

ti/tg/_

ch/tg/_a

c/z/_e

c/z/_i

z/ss/_

n/m/_t

n/m/_f

a/e/c_

Z//V_V

S/Z/V_V

c/ch/_a

ch/tg/ss_

â/a/_

ssc/tg/_

a/au/_n

se/sch/_

sí/sch/_

s/sch/_t

aj/ai/_

áj/ái/_

c/h/_#

í/i/_V

l/i/C_

qü/g/_

FORIAB !65

l/gl/V_

l/i/_V

Loss of final nasal consonants in polysyllabic words.

FORIAB !66