Foreword

Victory in Kargil is certainly a defining moment inthe history of Independent India. It was the outcome ofsupreme sacrifice by the soldiers of this country,displaying valor with dignity. Kargil was not an easywin. The terrain was tough and the enemy was perchedcomfortably on high mountain peaks. The task was toregain the occupied peaks. The Kargil victory was amarvel for the Indian Armed forces as they conductedthe war without violating any international norms. Itwas firm resolve of the then Prime Minister Shri AtalBihari Vajpayee who did not buckle under the USpressure to cease-fire before clearing each and everyinch of the country.

On the sixth anniversary of Kargil Vijay the BJPhas decided to celebrate the victory as a part of its Silverjubilee celebrations. Taking a cue from it we arepublishing a booklet to commemorate the valiant effortby the armed forces. This booklet carries two write-ups on the war in Kargil giving an account of itssignificance in India's History and Geography as well.We hope this booklet gives the party leaders workersand even the common man first hand information aboutthe war in Kargil.

Publisher

TALKING POINTS

1. Maps of India, J&K and of the Kargil area may beprocured and distributed to the party workers.Operational map of the battle, if required, can be madeor procured from Army HQ.

2. Commemoration points must be fixed in every districtand at the state capitals where all party functionaries toattend. Talk can be divided into two parts; one by themilitary expert and the other by the party man onpolitical and international fallout of Kargil

3. All Shaheed family of Kargil war and others from otherwars or insurgency to be invited at the district and statelevel and honoured with "Shradhanjali Patra". Properhomage to be paid to the Shaheed of the area.

4. All official buildings and homes of all party men to belit in the evening. Specially two diyas to be lighted inevery home

GeneralA nation wide programme on Kargil Day- 26 July is

to be celebrated as Vijay Divas as a part of the Rajat Jayanti

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Year of BJP. Talking points for the same have been workedout and sent herewith for your perusal and approval. Pleasefor further dissemination to the states and Morchas.

In 1999, fifty-two years after independence, Pakistaniforces once again intruded into Indian Territory across theLine of Control (LOC) in J&K initiating the Kargil War.This was the fourth attempt on the part of Pakistan to grabJ&K by force, commencing in 1947-48, then in 1965 andlater in 1971. It met with humiliating defeat all the time. Butthe problem of J&K remained unresolved, as though Indiawon every war on the Battlefield, but unfortunately lostevery peace negotiation on the negotiating table, a dismalfailure on the part of our diplomacy and the total lack ofstrategic vision on the part of the government of the day. In1948 when our forces were on the victory march and neededjust a few months to clear today's Pakistan OccupiedKashmir (POK), they were halted by the Nehru governmentand instead the matter taken to the UN, making it the mostcomplex issue and giving a chance to the world powers toplay tootsie in our affairs. In 1965 Indian Army capturedthe strategic Uri-Punch bulge with the strategic Haji Pirpass at its head. Biggest blunder took place by returning itto Pakistan at Tashkent. In 1971 Indian Armed forcescaptured 93,000 POWs. At Shimla we returned them withoutmaking certain of a inviolable agreement on J&K. All thesestrategic blunders led Pakistan to believe that it could getway by making another effort at grabbing Kashmir valleyand forcing India to sue for peace. Fortunately for India wehad the Bhartiya Janata Party at the head of the governmentwith Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee as the Prime Minister.

India launched Operation Vijay to evict the enemyfrom our territory and inflict a crushing and humiliatingdefeat on him. The dates of this operation have been fixedas 05 May 1999 - 26 July 1999, though certain hostile activitieshad started much before this date and even continued afterthat also. But it was in this period that the main operationswere concluded.

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Why Kargil?Political Reasons1. Pakistan sponsored insurgency in the Kashmir valley

and J&K had been effectively contained by India, andPakistan political leadership was at a loss to keepKashmir boiling.

2. International community was no more interested in theKashmir problem and even USA and China were urgingPakistan to stop supporting the insurgency.

3. New government in India with Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayeeas the Prime Minister was making all efforts to establishgood friendly relations with Pakistan, provided Pakistanstopped cross border terrorism. India was prepared todiscuss all issues as a part of a composite dialogue.India had launched the Lahore Bus Yatra in Feb 1999,and a joint declaration issued for peace and friendship.(Pakistan army, however, had clandestinely alreadycommenced Operation Badr, the name given toOperations in Kargil).

4. Domestic problems of Pakistan were again raising theirhead, the Mullahs were demanding their pound of flesh,Taliban trained, equipped and supported by Pakistanfor invasion of Afghanistan now wanted same sort ofShariat rule in Pakistan, and the provinces were restive.

5. Pakistan's new Chief of Army Staff, Gen ParvezMusharraf was a mohajir and needed to establish hiscredentials as more Pakistani than even a Punjabi. Hewas a commando and a protégé of Zia-ul-Haq, andneeded to take on India to show his Napoleonic militaryqualities. He had been deeply involved in the fight inAfghanistan against Soviet forces. He felt that if hecould worst the Soviets, Indians would be a cakewalk.

6. Both countries were now nuclear weapons states, andan all out war was perhaps ruled out, as it involved thedanger of escalation to nuclear war, thus negating India'sconventional superiority and permitting Pakistan to

fight the war on its ground and time of choosing.

Military Reasons

It chose Kargil for the military reasons as given belowand the time when winter was still not over and the passesto connect Kargil were still not open.

1. Kargil is the most crucial part of Indian held sector onthe LOC, where the NH1A passes closest to the LOCand Pakistan can intercept our Lines of Communicationto Leh in Ladakh region, thereby cutting off Indianarmy's 3 Infantry Division in Ladakh facing Chinese onAksai chin and Pakistan at Siachin.

2. Kargil is far removed from both Srinagar and Leh forany quick reaction by Indian army. It is in a bowl,flanked by Zojila on this side and Tungla on the otherside.

3. Zojila, the pass of blizzards at 11,578 ft remains closedfor over six months in the year, thus cutting the line toKargil from Srinagar. Kargil sector is stockpiled for sixmonths, any more ammunition or rations have to bebrought through Zojila only

4. Terrain is the most inhospitable in this region, on parwith next only to Siachin. Any territory captured onceby the Pakistanis will be most difficult to recapture dueto the difficulty of terrain and weather.

5. Kargil defended by only one infantry brigade of Indianarmy, with four infantry battalions covering an area ofover 200 Km frontage, thus with very low density oftroops.

6. Indian army due to inhospitable weather in winterswithdrew to lower posts leaving upper posts empty,and only surveillance mounted by foot patrols in thelower regions as higher region extremely difficult toreach.

7. Aerial surveillance mounted irregularly due to badweather conditions.

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8. Pakistan Lines of Communication on the other side aremore stabilized and he can reach the heights even inwinters from Skardu side, as Skardu is connected toGilgit through an all weather motorable road throughoutthe year.

9. Pakistan had an overlooking position on the Srinagar-Leh road even in normal times and could monitor ouractivities.

10. Kargil sector had remained dormant since 1971 afterthe Shimla agreement. No activity of infiltration orsabotage had taken place as it was a Shia dominatedarea and was far removed from the Kashmir valley.Indian security forces thus were less vigilant.

General description of the WarPakistan intruded into Kargil sector starting

sometime in Oct 1998, and when found out in May 1999denied participation of its regular army in the intrusionexcept for carrying out offensive patrolling along the LOC.It also claimed that the LOC in the area was ambiguous,refusing to take notice of the delineated and signed mapsattached to the Shimla Agreement. Pakistan Northern LightInfantry (NLI) troops recruited from Baltistan and Gilgitarea are hardy and tough mountaineers. They preparedsanghars and bunkers and converted some of ours to theiruse. Stockpiling of ammunition and rations was carriedout by porters and soldiers in early winter and later duringthe April period.Pakistan intruded in three sub-sectors1. Dras-Mushkoh sub-sector using three NLI Battalions,

4,6 &12 NLI supported by three companies (Coys) ofSSG group. This was the most threatening as itcontrolled all movement on the NH1A in area of Dras.Famous battles of Tololing, Three Pimples and TigerHill were in this sector. On Indian side, initially fromone battalion we built up a force of the famous 8Mountain Division that came from the valley. This isthe Division that fought in Italy against the Germans in

Second World War, and later was the main counterinsurgency force in Nagaland till in 1991. It was movedto the Kashmir valley to bring insurgency under control.

2. Kaksar Sub-Sector. This is the nearest point to the NH1A.Pakistan 4 NLI with SSG intruded into this sector,Indian Army deployed troops from its 3 InfantryDivision.

3. Batalik Sub-Sector. This is the farthest from the NH1Aand has Batalik, Yaldoer and Chorbatla as importantpoints. Pakistan intruded with 5 NLI along withelements of 3 & 8 NLI and two coys SSG. Indian Armydeployed troops from its 3 Infantry division to evict theenemy from this sector. Division at the same timecontinued to look after its responsibility on the Chinesefront and at Siachin.

The torturous terrain of the Kargil mountains, atangled mass of heights and ridges, riven by steep nullahs,made normal infantry deployment impossible. The widthof most of the ridges and spurs was such that seldom couldmore than one platoon or two sections at most be deployedfor an assault. The fearsome nature of the task that thesoldiers faced when assaulting strong, well built sangars,often manned by more than one machine gun, was enoughto daunt the stoutest heart. And the Indian soldier did notfalter. He pressed on regardless of the casualties, hardships,hunger and cold, because he knew that the nation expectednothing less than the supreme sacrifice from him and inthe bargain take many more enemy with him.

Most of the credit for the victory at Kargil will go tothe grit, determination and dedication of the Jawan andyoung officers. But in the final analysis, war is the ultimateuse of the nations military to achieve its political objective.Military objectives of the Kargil war were derived thusfrom the political objective set to the forces. Though notwritten but for the first time made clear, they entailed,getting the Kargil intrusion vacated, and restore the sanctityof the LOC. An unambiguous term of reference was also

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that LOC must not be crossed, but it was not really binding.In order to deter Pakistan from escalating the war Indianforces deployed for a full-scale war.

Pakistan suffered a humiliating defeat at Kargil,militarily and politically. The major lesson of the war wasthe synchronous activities of the military and diplomacy.This combination completely put Pakistan on the defensive.The military victories on the battlefield strengthened ourdiplomatic maneuvers and that boosted the militariesmorale. This was the greatest achievement of the BJPgovernment that forced Pakistan to first run to China forsupport. Having been disappointed there, they rushed toWashington on 04 Jul, a holiday in USA. Nawaz Sharifpleaded with President Clinton to help save face. Clintonhad rung up Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Hon'ble PrimeMinister of India who politely declined to meet him inWashington, letting the Pakistan prime minister squirm inhis own stew. India acceded to the request to let thePakistan forces withdraw, but when they reneged on that,military was asked to resume operations forcing thePakistan to flee from the battlefield leaving their deadunburied and unsung.

CasualtiesIndian Army

Indian Army suffered normal rate of casualtyattrition, despite the terribly difficult terrain and having tophysically assault every sanghar and bunker of the enemy.Casualties were reduced due to the intense use of Firepowerof the artillery and direct firing weapons like rocketlaunchers and missiles that were more effective indestroying targets pin pointedly than indirect fire. Artilleryinnovated new methods to provide support to the assaultingtroops even to the last few yards by resorting to direct firewith the Bofors guns and missiles. Army used heavyconcentration of artillery fire to soften up the enemy positionbefore the assaults were launched. At one time 120 artillery

guns (including Bofors) were supporting a single battalionattack, a density even perhaps the Russian Army cannotdream of. The total casualties figures during the Kargiloperations (Operation Vijay) are as given here.

Officers JCOs Soldiers Total Killed 29 23 475 527 Wounded 66 60 1,085 1211

The performance of the regimental officers, JCOsand soldiers in the Kargil war was unsurpassed. Officercasualties were out of all proportion to those in the variouswars since 1939. In the Second World War in the Britishand Commonwealth armies, one officer was killed for everytwenty-seven soldiers. In India's post independence warsthe rate had been 1: 24, even though Indian platoons arecommanded by JCOs, thus having much less number ofofficers per battalion as compared to western armies. AtKargil, the average was 1:16 even though India is short of12000 officers, and the Battalions were down to 12-14 officerswhen they are authorized 24 officers. In the case of 2Rajputana Rifles battalion after the battle of Tololing thisfigure was 1:7, and after the battle of "Three Pimples", itwas down to 1:3.

What greater contribution could any nation ask fromits young officers and junior leadership?Assessment of enemy Casualties

Pakistan government has refused to recognise itsNLI and SSG casualties and never accepts to publish thefigures; these figures are based on eyewitness reports oftroops in contact, radio intercepts, and intelligence sources.These are estimated at over 1187 killed and over 1000wounded. This includes 69 officers and 76 SSG personnel.Some Important Points for Clarification1. Intelligence failure. Much has been made of this bythe opposition at that time. Facts are as under:

Kargil sector was a low priority area due to the veryhostile terrain and no further outlet to the valley.

This resulted in Indian Army deploying only oneBrigade troops in the area and those also used towithdraw to their winter positions due to heavysnow and inaccessibility.Pakistan carried out secretive moves to build troopsopposite the sector. They have better communicationsand easier access.Aerial surveillance was carried out but did not revealmuch.External intelligence agencies did not put correctmeaning to the purchases by Pakistan of highaltitude equipment at large scale.BJP government set up a Group of Ministers (GOM)

committee to study all aspects of the Kargil war with specialreference to intelligence failure. Corrective action wassuggested and taken during the office of the government.2. Army Reaction. It is alleged that the army was notready for the war. This has to be understood in its correctperspective. While army is always ready for war, yet ittakes time to gear up for the specific theatre and particulartype of operations. To cite an example from 1971 war, ittook the armed forces 9 months to get ready for theBangladesh operations. This time is taken in making updeficiencies, normally occurring in peacetime, training forspecific type of operations and gathering intelligence andplanning. Kargil operation was a surprise by Pakistan, andwe had to respond immediately, so normal deficienciesremained which had to be made up during the course ofthe operations. Certain type of equipment had to beimported as General Reserve with the army is not to theextent that it caters for large-scale operations. Besides,certain equipment that has been used during operationsneeds to be procured to ensure adequate general reservesfor future requirement after the war.3. Indian Air Force Employment. It has been said thatIAF was employed late and that too not in adequatenumbers. Air is a force multiplier in these difficult terrain

conditions, and its use is different in mountains from theplains. It cannot be employed in mass, nor for specifictargets from such heights. As for the release of IAF for usein war it was at the advice of the Chief of Air Staff by theCCS. IAF provided very crucial support to the troops onthe ground and effectively intercepted enemy supply lines.4. LOC Crossing. It is criticized that army wasprevented from crossing the LOC. This was a veryimportant strategic point for the international communitywhereby Indian government came through as adhering topeaceful means and according to norms.5. Nuclear Escalation. It was feared that any escalationof conflict in the Kargil sector could lead to the war beingraised to nuclear level. Government of India at no timeeven under most intense pressures from the battlefieldeven considered the use of nuclear weapons, though alwaysbeing ready for the same.6. Role of Media. Media played a very positive roleright through the operations bringing the latest actionsinto the homes and to every Indian live. This boosted thenations morale and prompted everyone to feel part of thewar. The media and diplomatic offensive helped to bringabout a polarization of the international opinion in favourof India.7. Welfare Measures for the Shaheed. For the first timein the history of India a Shaheed was given his due respectsby doing his anteshthi through military honours at his home.This not only honoured the Shaheed but his family, hiscommunity, his village and the nation. Every old andyoung was with the soldier in the field and his family athome. Besides, the Vajpayee government gave a massivefinancial package to every Shaheed family so that they donot have to look to someone for help. This started with theKargil war and has now become the norm.Conclusion

Kargil war came as a great surprise to India andinitially its leadership was caught off guard, particularly in

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the wake of Lahore Bus yatra. But the nation rose as oneand the BJP government was able to provide the reallyneeded leadership and guidance to make mince meat ofPakistan on the battlefield and in the diplomatic arena.Kargil was a tremendous success for the country andnational morale rose to the extent that it has never lookedback since. It also showed the greatness of the charismaticleadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayeeji who did not hesitate tooffer the hand of peace again to Pakistan through his Agrainvitation and then later the Islamabad meet. WhileMusharraf carried on changing colours like a chameleon.India did not stray from its chosen path of peace andfriendship. That is what is paying dividends today.

Kargil was a great victory for India, having achievedthe political aim set by the BJP Government to evict theenemy occupied posts and to restore the sanctity of theLOC, It was a victory for dynamic political leadership,rousing of the nation by the party in support of the militaryeffort and maintaining social and communal harmony.Militarily it as a victory for distinguished command,magnificent leadership, unshakeable devotion to duty andhigh gallantry at every level, essential qualities of the trulyprofessional army.Attachments

Two attachments are made for background studyand general awareness. These may be quoted whereneeded.

1. Historical background to the Kashmir Problem.2. An outline chronology of the war.

Historical Background to the Kashmir ProblemBritish paramountcy over princely India lapsed with

the passage of The India Independence Act of 18 July 1947.The princes were to choose which of the two newDominions, India or Pakistan, they wished to join. Of the574 states, which lay within the future boundary of India,three, namely Hyderabad, Junagarh and J&K did not signthe instrument of accession. The first two, Muslim ruled

states within the boundaries of India and with Hindumajority population were brought to book by Sardar VallabhBhai Patel through short swift military action (called policeaction). The situation in J&K was that the ruler was HinduDogra, Maharaja Hari Singh with a population that wasMuslim majority in Kashmir and Baltistan area, Hindu inJammu, and Buddhist in Ladhak, but the state with overallMuslim majority. The State also bordered both the newDominions. Maharaja Hari Singh signed a 'Standstill'agreement with Pakistan. It was rejected by India. Lessthan three weeks later, on 03 September 1947, Pakistaniirregulars (army men in civil clothes) and tribals from theNWFP called Qabalis invaded the state from Muzaffarabadside in the valley and from Mirpur-Kotli side inPunch-Rajauri sector. Brigadier Rajinder Singh,Commander-in-Chief of the J&K forces died fighting andBaramulla town fell to the invaders on 25 September.Raisers continued their pillaging and massacre in the valleyand by 25 October were in the vicinity of the Srinagarairfield and cut off the electric supply to Srinagar. Unableto protect his people any more, Maharaja Hari Singh signedthe Instrument of Accession to India on the evening of 25October. Indian troops (First Battalion the Sikh Regiment)landed at Srinagar airport still under attack by the raiders.On the morning of 27 Oct 1947. Same day SheikhMohammad Abdullah was appointed Prime Minister andhead of the administration.

Over the next thirteen months, Indian army pushedback the invaders and retook important towns of Dras,Kargil, Gurez, Kupwara, Punch, Rajauri, Uri, Naushehraand liberated Leh by opening the road link through ZojilaPass at the height of 11,578 ft that remains closed for oversix months in the year. Tanks were used to assault the passon 01 Nov 1948 creating history of using tanks at the highestpoint ever in war in the world. Having got a firm hold onthe enemy, Indian Army was now ready to liberate the restof Pakistan Occupied Kashmir, but Pandit Nehru droppeda bombshell. Without consulting the army, he announced

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a unilateral ceasefire with effect from 01 Jan 1949, and tookthe matter to the UNO. The consequences of this precipitateaction were that India had to repulse four aggressions byPakistan, and that, to this day, a de facto war is still goingon. No less than 83,294 Sq Km or 35% of the erstwhile Stateof J&K remains under Pakistan control, and to make mattersworse, Pakistan has gifted 5,180 Sq Km of that territory toChina.An Outline Chronology of the warOct 1998 - Pakistan army Northern Light02 May 1999 Infantry (NLI) prepare defences on

Kargil heights stealthily andsecretively.

03 May 1999 Four sightings of Pakistan intruders atBanju. HQ 70 Infantry Brigade arrivesat Dras.

05 May Official starting of the war.06 May Border Roads open NH1A to military

traffic.16 May 56 Mountain Brigade arrives and takes

over Dras-Mushkoh sector.21 May Start of seize of Tiger Hill by 8 SIKH.23 May COAS visits Kargil sector and lays down

priorities.24 May 79 Mountain Brigade takes over

Mushkoh sector.26 May IAF begins air operations.01 June 8 Mountain Division takes over charge

of Dras-Mushkoh sector.03 June 8 Mountain Division starts operations.12 June -Ongoing talks between foreign

Ministers of India and Pakistandeadlocked.-50(Independent) Para brigade arrives inGumri from army reserve under

command 8 Mountain Division.13 June 56 Brigade takes Tololing and Point 4590.14 June "Bump" recaptured by 56 Brigade.15 June President Clinton urges Nawaz Sharif to

pull out of Kargil.20 June 56 Brigade takes point 5140.23 June General Zinni, Commanding General

United states central command urgesPakistan to withdraw.

26 June 192 Mountain Brigade arrives from thevalley under command 8 Division.

28 June Point 4700 captured.29 June "Black Rock", "Three pimples" and "

Knoll" captured.01 July Point 5000 captured.03 July Point 5287 captured.04 July - "Tiger hill" captured.

- Nawaz Sharif flies to Washington toplead with US President.

05 July Point 4875 captured and with thatcomplete Mushkoh- Dras sector clearedof enemy.

12-18 July Ceasefire to allow Pakistani troops towithdraw. Pakistan reneged andoperations resumed. Many posts clearedof enemy.

24 July recapture of important posts in Bataliksector complete.

26 July Official ending of the war but moppingup operations continued till 03 August'

03 Aug Indian troops along the LOC throughoutthe Kargil sector. Sanctity of the LOCrestored.

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Since 1965 and 1971 misadventures, intrusion acrossthe line of control (LoC) in Kargil early in 1999 wasPakistan's most audacious misadventure against India.It had all the elements of a grand strategy, surprise anddecept. That the misadventure was thwarted and thePakistani troops, entrenched at altitudes exceeding 4000meters, were soon routed out and made to beat retreatis a tribute to the professionalism and valour of theIndian armed forces. It is also a tribute to the BJP-ledNDA government that gave the armed forces all thesupport and, by its skillful policy decision, kept theconduct of the operation well below the nuclearthreshold and won endorsement of the internationalcommunity. Above all, it is a tribute to the people ofIndia, who stood unitedly behind the government andthe armed forces. In the general election that followeda few months later they gave a fresh mandate to NDAand expressed their endorsement of BJP's commitmentto nationalism.Operation Vijay - A legend in high altitude warfare

Kargil Committee, that was set up by thegovernment under the chairmanship of the noteddefence analyst K. Subrahmanyam, has come to the

conclusion that the plan to capture a 5 to 10 k.m. stripacross the 168 k.m. long LoC in the Kargil sector wasfinalized in October 1998, soon after General ParvezMusharraf became Pakistan's Chief of Army Staff. Hesecured approval of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, whowas engaged in the camouflage of preparing for theLahore summit with Prime Minister Atal BihariVajpayee. While the summit was on, about 2000Pakistani soldiers along with a few Mujahideen hadbegun surreptitiously to sneek through the "unheldgaps" in the LoC to occupy positions to depths of 5 to10 kms. The intrusions were first noticed on 3rd Mayin the Batalik subsector by two shepherds. The patrolsthen launched by the Indian Army determined theextent of the intrusions made in the various subsectors,namely, Batalik, Dras and Manhkoh, Kaksar and Turtokthat adjoins Siachin. The Indian Army's response byway of operation Vijay was extremely rapid and strongand has become a legend in high altitude warfare. Theeffective use of air power and heavy artillery came as asurprise to the Pakistanis. Our troops fought withexemplary valour and were led by officers from thefront. When Tolioling was captured, the rout ofPakisanis was complete and the withdrawal statementby Nawaz Sharif in Washington was only a fig leaf. Onthe Indian side 474 men lost their lives and 1,109 werewounded. On the Pakistani side over 700 regularsoldiers and about 250 irregulars were killed.

Military experts are unanimous in their opinion thatthe intrusion on the scale attempted by Pakistan("salami slicing" in Cold War terminology) was totallyunsustainable because of the lack of supportiveinfrastructure on their side and was militarily irrational.Why, then, did Pakisan attempt the intrusion that wasdoomed to fail? Kargil committee is of the opinion that

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the politico-strategic motives of Pakistan were tointernationalise Kashmir as a nuclear flash pointrequiring urgent third party intervention, to alter theLoC and disrupt its sanctity by capturing unheld areasin Kargil and to achieve a better bargaining positionfor a possible trade-off against the positions held byIndia in Siachen. Among the military/proxy warrelated motives were: to interdict the Srinagar-Leh road(national highway IA) and to threaten the recently builtbye pass, to impair India's defences in Turtok andSiachin, to give a fillip to militancy in J&K and toweaken the counter insurgency gird by drawing awaytroops from the Valley to Kargil. Pakistan's underlyingassumption was that India's response would be weakand that, because Pakistan and India were now nuclearweapon states, the international community wouldintervene very soon and impose a ceasefire that wouldenable Pakistan to retain its territorial gains.

India's will and capacity to respond strongly for thedefence of its territory and honour has been consistentlymisread by Pakistan since 1947. So was it in 1999 also.Though the NDA Government at that time was acaretaker one and was awaiting a general election, itresolutely launched itself in the defence of India'sinterests. That is the difference made by BJP's ideal ofnationalism and unflinching commitment to nationalsecurity. Apart from launching Operation Vijay of theArmy, strong signals were sent out by the use of theAir Force and the western fleet of the Navy (OperationTalwar). But due caution was exercised (for instance,by the direction to the armed forces not to cross theLoC). By a competent and articulate management onthe diplomatic front and the media (Kargil was the firstwar fought in the sub-continent in the gaze of televisioncameras) we won support of the international

community. Pakistan, it is hoped, has now realised thelimits to nuclear blackmail. That may be the abidinggain of the Kargil conflict. By its conduct of the Kargiloperation the BJP led NDA Government has establishedthe imperative of co-existence between neighbouringnuclear weapon states in which misadventure andblackmail will have no place.Was Kargil avoidable?

Kargil Committee has answered the question in thefollowing words:

"A Kargil-type situation could perhaps have beenavoided had the Indian Army followed a policy ofSiachenisation to plug unheld gaps along the 168 km.stretch from Kaubal Gali to Chorbat La. This wouldhave entailed establishing a series of winter cut-off postswith communications and other logistic support andspecially equipped and trained soldiers to hold thesepositions and undertake winter patrolling despite riskof cold injuries and avalanche casualties, which wouldhave had to be accepted. Such a dispersal of forces tohold uninhabited territory of no strategic value wouldhave dissipated considerable military strength andeffort and would not have been at all cost-effective....The alternative should be a credible declaratory policyof swiftly punishing wanton and willful violations ofthe sanctity of the LoC. This should be supplementedby a comprehensive space and aerial based surveillancesystem."

Based on the recommendations of the committeethe NDA government undertook wide-ranging reformsin our intelligence framework and undertook infusionof new technology.

BJP has always regarded the soldier as thecentrepiece of our defence. In the wake of the Kargilconflict and subsequently utmost attention was given

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by the NDA government to catering to the weaponary,equipment and other requirements of the troops andeverything possible was done to enhance their moraleand esteem. Departing from the past practice, bodiesof the martyred soldiers were brought to their homesand were cremated/buried with military honour; thelocal communities participated with due solemnity. Theinjured soldiers were given the best possible medicaltreatment. Financial grants to bereaved families and tothe soldiers, permanently disabled were increasedmanifold.Vijay Veer Awas Yojana

A special mention should be made of the Vijay VeerAwas Yojana in the Dwarka area of Delhi. A self-contained complex (including medical and canteenfacilities) of about 400 two and three bed-room flatswas constructed by the Delhi Development Authority.By waiving off the cost of land (which, in Delhi,constitutes three-fourths of the total cost of a flat) andadministrative charges for construction, the flats wereprovided to the families of those martyred in Kargiland to the soldiers permanently disabled in operationVijay at prices between Rs. 3.5 to 5 lakhs, as comparedto the normal DDA prices of Rs 15 to 20 lakhs. Thecomplex was dedicated by Shri Vajpayee and Shri.Advani and stands as a monument of BJP's homage toour brave soldiers.

During its six years in office the NDA Governmenthas done more than any previous government did forthe welfare and esteem of our soldiers and ex-servicemen. Had it been returned to office in 2004 thedemand for "one rank one pension" would also havebeen met.

We should recall the Kargil operation, which wasboth a military and diplomatic triumph for India. The

Pakistani intruders were evicted with heavier casualtiesthan those suffered by India. The sanctity of the LoCreceived international recognition and Pakistan wasisolated in the comity of nations.Kargil Day - Our Focus

In the programmes to observe the Kargil Day thisyear our focus should be on the following:

1. We should recall the Kargil Operation, whichwas both a military and diplomatic triumph forIndia. The Pakistani intruders were evicted withheavier casualties than those suffered by India.The sanctity of the LoC received internationalrecognition and Pakistan was isolated in thecomity of nations. Pakistan was made to realisethe limits of nuclear blackmail.

2. We have to reiterate that our armed forces arethe centerpiece of our national defence. Themorale and esteem of our soldier, his welfareand the provision of the requisite wherewithalto him must be given the highest priority, as wasdone by the NDA government throughout itssix years in office. The cynical criticism by theCongress and the left parties deservescondemnation.

3. It is disappointing that the UPA government isunable to control the balance of the India-Pakistan peace process. It has let the processacquire an unduly Kashmir-centric complexionand has let the Hurriyat push its pretension ofbeing representative of Kashmir, to the relativeexclusion of the elected institutions.

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1- Hkkjr] tEew vkSj d'ehj rFkk dkjfxy {ks= ds ekufp= çkIr djsavkSj dk;ZdrkZvksa esa budk forj.k djsaA vxj vko';d gks rks ;q){ks= ds ekufp= Hkh lsuk eq[;ky; ls eaxk, tk ldrs gSaA

2- çR;sd ftys vkSj jkT; dh jktèkkfu;ksa esa lekjksg&LFky fuf”prfd;k tkuk pkfg,] ftuesa lHkh ikVÊ inkfèkdkfj;ksa dk mifLFkr gksukt:jh jguk pkfg,A ppkZ dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaV fn;k tk,( igyh ppkZesa lSU; fo'ks"kK rFkk nwljh esa jktuhfr ls tqM+s ikVÊtu fcUnq j[ksarFkk dkjfxy ;q) ds vUrjkZ"Vªh; çHkko ij ppkZ djsaA

3- ftyk vkSj jkT; Lrj ij lHkh dkjfxy ;q) ds 'kghnksa vFkok vU;;q)ksa ,oa fonzksgh xfrfofèk;ksa esa 'kkfey gq, 'kghnksa dks vkeaf=rfd;k tk, rFkk ^J)katfy i=* nsdj mudk lEeku fd;k tk,A{ks= dh 'kghnksa dks leqfpr J)katfy çnku dh tk,A

4- lka;dky lHkh ikVÊtuksa ds ?kj ,oa ljdkjh bekjrksa ij jks'kuh dhtk,A de ls de gj ?kj esa nks nh, tyk, tk,aA

lkekU;lkekU;lkekU;lkekU;lkekU;26 tqykbZ dks dkjfxy fnol ds jk"VªO;kih dk;ZØe dks Hkktik ds

jtr t;arh o’kZ esa fot; fnol ds :i esa euk;k tkuk pkfg,A bldsfy, dqN ppkZ fcUnq rS;kj fd, x, gS vkSj bUgsa ge vkids voyksdukFkZ

rFkk Lohd`fr ds fy, Hkst jgs gSa rkfd bUgsa vius jkT;ksa rFkk ekspks± esaforj.k djsaA

1999 esa Lora=rk ds ckn ikfdLrkuh lSfudkas us ,d ckj fQj] tEewvkSj d'ehj esa fu;a=.k js[kk ds ikj ls Hkkjrh; {ks= esa ?kqliSB dh]ftldk ifj.kke dkjfxy ;q) FkkA igys 1947&48] fQj 1965 vkSj1971 esa ikfdLrku us tEew&d'ehj esa tcjnLrh dCts djus dk pkSFkhckj ç;kl fd;kA gj ckj mls cqjh rjg gkj dk lkeuk djuk iM+kAijUrq tEew vkSj d'ehj dh leL;k dk lekèkku vHkh rd ugha gks ik;kgS] gkykafd Hkkjr us çR;sd ;q) esa fot; çkIr dh gS] ijUrq nqHkkZX;o'kckrphr dh est ij gj ckj 'kkfUr&ckrphr foQy jgh D;ksafd rRdkyhuljdkj viuh dwVuhfr esa furkar vlQy jgh vkSj mlus j.kuhfrdnwjn`f"V ls dke ugha fy;kA 1948 esa tc gekjs lSfud fot; dh vksjvkxs c<+rs tk jgs Fks vkSj mUgsa ikfdLrku&vfèkd`r d'ehj ¼ihvksds½ ijfot; çkIr djus ds fy, ek= dqN eghuksa dh t:jr Fkh rHkh usg:ljdkj us ;g ;q) jksd fn;k vkSj ekeys dks la;qDr jk"Vª esa ys x,]ftlds dkj.k ;g ekeyk vR;fèkd tfVy cu x;k vkSj fo'o dh'kfDr;ksa dks gekjs vUn:uh ekeys esa [ksy [ksyus dk ekSdk fey x;kA1965 esa Hkkjrh; QkStksa us j.kuhfrd mjh&iqaN {ks= ij dCtk dj fy;k]ftlds f'k[kj ij ;q) j.kuhfr ds fygkt ls gkthihj ikl FkkArk'kdan esa bls ikfdLrku dks okil djuk lcls cM+h Hkwy FkhA 1971esa Hkkjrh; QkStksa us 93]000 ;q)&canh fxj¶rkj dj fy, FksA f'keyk esageus tEew vkSj d'ehj ds lEcUèkh le>kSrs fd, fcuk bu ;q)&cafn;ksadks okil djus dh fQj ,d j.kuhfrd Hkwy dhA bu lHkh j.kuhfrdHkwyksa ds dkj.k ikfdLrku dks fo'okl gksus yxk fd og fQj ,d ckjd'ehj ?kkVh ij tcnZLrh dCtk djus dk ç;kl dj ldrk gS vkSjHkkjr dks 'kkfUr okrkZ ds fy, ckè; dj ldrk gSA Hkkjr dk lkSHkkX;jgk fd ;gka çèkkuea=h Jh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h ds usr`Ro esa jktx dhljdkj FkhA

'k=q ls vius {ks= dks [kkyh djkus ds fy, Hkkjr us vkWijs”ku fot;çkjEHk fd;k vkSj ikfdLrku dks tcnZLr djkjh gkj dk lkeuk djukiM+kA 5 ebZ] 1999 ls 26 tqykbZ 1999 rd ;g vkWijs'ku fot; pyrkjgk] gkykafd bl rkjh[k ls cgqr igys 'k=q us viuh xfrfofèk;ka 'kq:

dkjfxy fnol & 26 tqykbZfot; fnolfot; fnolfot; fnolfot; fnolfot; fnol

23 24

dj nh FkhaA ijUrq bu rkjh[kksa ds chp gh eq[; vkijs'ku pyk vkSjlekIr gqvkA

dkjfxy D;ksa\jktuhfrd dkj.kjktuhfrd dkj.kjktuhfrd dkj.kjktuhfrd dkj.kjktuhfrd dkj.k1- Hkkjr us ?kkVh vkSj tEew d'ehj esa ikfdLrku&çk;ksftr fonzksgh

xfrfofèk;ksa dks çHkko'kkyh <ax ls fu;af=r fd;k vkSj ikfdLrku dsjktuhfrd usrk dk'ehj ds eqís dks xje cuk, j[kus esa ukdke gksusyxsA

2- vUrjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; dks d'ehj leL;k ij tjk Hkh :fp ugha jgxbZ vkSj vejhdk rFkk phu us Hkh ikfdLrku ls fonzksgh xfrfofèk;ksadks leFkZu nsuk can djus ds fy, vkxzg dj jgs FksA

3- çèkkuea=h Jh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h ds usr`Ro esa Hkkjr dh ubZljdkj us ikfdLrku ds lkFk vPNs fe=rkiw.kZ lEcUèk cukus dh gjeqefdu dksf'k'k dh] c'krsZ fd ikfdLrku lhekikj vkradokn dkscan djsA Hkkjr lEiw.kZ okrkZyki ds ekè;e ls lHkh eqíksa ij ppkZdjus ds fy, rS;kj FkkA Hkkjr us Qjojh 1999 esa ykgkSj cl ;k=kdh 'kq:vkr dh vkSj 'kkafr rFkk fe=rk dk la;qDr oDrO; tkjhfd;kA ¼fdUrq ikfdLrkuh QkStksa us yqds&fNis dkjfxy esa ^cnz*vkWijs'ku dh 'kq:vkr dj nhA½

4- ikfdLrku dh viuh ?kjsyw leL;k,a fQj flj mBkus yxh Fkha]eqYyk&ekSyoh viuk fgLlk ekax jgs FksA ikfdLrku dh lg ijvQxkfuLrku ij vkØe.k djus okys izf”kf{kr vkSj gfFk;kjksa lsySl rkfycku vc pkgrs Fks fd ikfdLrku esa ,d fdLe dk 'kÆj;r'kklu gks tk, vkSj ikfdLrku ds çkarksa esa cspSuh NkbZ gqbZ FkhA

5- ikfdLrku ds u, lsukè;{k] tujy ijsot eq'kjZQ ,d eksgkftj FksvkSj og iatkch dh vis{kk vkSj vfèkd ikfdLrkuh gksus ds ckjs esayksxksa dks fo'okl fnykus esa ç;Ru'khy FkssA og ,d dekaMksa rFkkft;k&my&gd dh dBiqryh Fks vkSj Hkkjr ij vkØe.k dj ogviuh usikfy;u QkSth 'kfDr dk çn'kZu djuk pkgrs FksA oglksfo;r :l ds f[kykQ vQxkfuLrku dh yM+kbZ esa iwjh rjg lstqM+s FksA mUgksaus eglwl fd;k fd tc eSa :fl;ksa dks ukdksa puspcok ldrk nwa rks Hkkjrh; yksx rks pht+ gh D;k gS\

6- nksuksa ns'k vc ijek.kq 'kfDr lEié jk"Vª Fks vkSj lEHkor% iwjs Lrjij ;q) dh lEHkkouk ugha Fkh] D;ksafd blds dkj.k ijek.kq ;q) dk[krjk gks ldrk Fkk] ikfdLrku us Hkkjr ds ;q) esa ikjEifjdcsgrjh dks njfdukj dj fn;k vkSj viuh euilan tehu vkSjle; ls ;q) djus dh BkuhA

lSU; dkj.klSU; dkj.klSU; dkj.klSU; dkj.klSU; dkj.kikfdLrku us fuEufyf[kr lSU; dkj.kksa ls dkjfxy ;q) fd;k vkSj

;g og le; Fkk tc lnÊ vHkh lekIr ugha gqbZ Fkh rFkk dkjfxy dkstksM+us okys jkLrs vc Hkh [kqys ugha FksA1- dkjfxy fu;a=.k js[kk ij og lcls egRoiw.kZ {ks= gS] tks Hkkjr ds

ikl gS] tgka ,u,p&1, dk fu;a=.k js[kk ds lcls fudV dkjkLrk gS vkSj ikfdLrku yík[k {ks= esa ysg dh lapkj&O;oLFkk esan[kyankth dj ldrk gS vkSj bl çdkj yík[k] tks fd phu dhvksj ls vdlkbZ&fpu vkSj ikfdLrku dh vksj ls fl;kfpu ls f?kjkgS] esa Hkkjrh; vkeÊ dh iSny&lsuk fMoht+u dks dkV ldrk gSA

2- dkjfxy Jhuxj vkSj ysg ls dgha nwj gS] ftlesa Hkkjrh; QkStsa rsthls geyk ugha dj ldrh gSaA ;g og {ks= gS] ftlds ,d rjQt+ksthyk gS rks nwljh rjQ rqaxyk gSA

3- t+ksthyk 11]578 QqV dh ÅapkbZ ij fgeokrh njkZ gS] tks lky esaNg eghus can jgrk gS] bl çdkj Jhuxj ls dkjfxy dk jkLrkdVk jgrk gSA dkjfxy {ks= Ng eghus vo:) jgrk gS] vkSj ogkadksbZ 'kL=kL= ;k jk”ku t+ksthyk ds jkLrs gh yk;k tk ldrk gSA

4- bl {ks= esa ;g Hkw&Hkkx vR;ar nqxZe gS] ftlds vkxs dsoy fl;kfpugh gSA ;fn ikfdLrkuh fdlh Hkw&Hkkx ij dCtk dj ysrs gSa rks blHkw&Hkkx dh nqxZerk vkSj ekSle ds dkj.k fQj ls ;gka dCtk djuk,dne dfBu dk;Z gks tkrk gSA

5- dkjfxy esa dsoy Hkkjrh; QkSt dh ,d gh iSny&lsok fcxzsM gS]tcfd 200 fd-eh- ds vxzHkkx ds {ks= ds pkj iSny lsuk cVkfy;usagSa] bl çdkj ;gka ij cgqr de lSfudksa dk fuokl gSA

6- lnÊ esa vR;fèkd 'khrygj okys ekSle ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; lSfudÅij dh pkSfd;ksa ls gVdj uhps dh pkSfd;ksa ij pys tkrs gSa vkSjbl çdkj Åij dh pkSfd;ka [kkyh jgrh gSa vkSj uhps ds {ks= esa

25 26

iSnyh&nLrksa dks gh fuxjkuh dk dke djuk gksrk gS D;ksafd Åijh{ks=ksa esa ;g dk;Z vR;ar dfBu gksrk gSA

7- [kjkc ekSle ds dkj.k gokbZ fuxjkuh dk dke Hkh vfu;fer :ils gksrk gSA

8- nwljh rjQ ikfdLrku dh vksj ls fu;a=.k js[kk dgha vfèkd fLFkjgS vkSj os LdkMwZ ds jkLrs lnÊ esa Hkh bu ÅapkbZ;ksa ij igqap ldrsgSa D;ksafd LdkMZw fxyfxr ls tqM+k gS] tgka lky ds gj ekSle esaeksVj xkM+h ls ;k=k dh tk ldrh gSA

9- Jhuxj&ysg ekxZ ij ikfdLrku dh fLFkfr ,slh gS fd og lkekU;le; esa Hkh gekjh xfrfofèk;ksa ij utj j[k ldrk gSA

10- f'keyk le>kSrs ds ckn 1971 ls gh dkjfxy fuf"Ø; cuk jgk gSAogka ij fdlh ?kqliSB ;k rksM+QksM+ dh dksbZ xfrfofèk ugha gksrh gSD;ksafd ;g f'k;k yksxksa dk {ks= gS vkSj d'ehj ?kkVh ls cgqr nwj gSAblfy, Hkkjrh; QkStksa dh ;gka pkSdlh de gh jgh gSA

;q) dk lkekU; fooj.k;q) dk lkekU; fooj.k;q) dk lkekU; fooj.k;q) dk lkekU; fooj.k;q) dk lkekU; fooj.kikfdLrku us vDrwcj 1998 esa fdlh le; dkjfxy esa ?kqliSB

'kq: dh vkSj tc 1999 esa bldk irk pyk rks ikfdLrku us viuhfu;fer QkStksa ds ?kqlus dh ckr ls badkj fd;k vkSj dgk fd fu;a=.kjs[kk ij dqN ^vkQsaflo* isVªksfyax gksrh gSA ikfdLrku us ;g Hkh nkokfd;k fd bl {ks= esa fu;a=.k js[kk vLi"V gS vkSj mlus f'keyk le>kSrsesa js[kkafdr vkSj gLrkarfjr ekufp=ksa ij Hkh xkSj djus ls badkj djfn;kA ikfdLrku dh ukWnZu ykbu bUÝSaVªh ¼,u,yvkbZ½ lSfudksa dh HkrÊckYVhLrku rFkk fxyfxr {ks=ksa ls gksrh gS] tks cgqr dM+s vkSj etcwrioZrkjksfg;ksa esa fxus tkrs gSaA os la?kj vkSj cadj rS;kj djrs gSa rFkk gekjsbu dqN cadjksa dk bLrseky vius fy, dj ysrs gSaA gfFk;kjksa vkSj jk'kubdëk djus dk dke lnÊ ds çkjEHk esa dqyh vkSj lSfud djrs gSa vkSjckn esa vçSy esa gksrk gSA ikfdLrku us rhu mi&{ks=ksa esa ?kqliSBdhA1- nzkl&eq'kdksg mi&{ks=] ftlesa rhu ,e,yvkbZ cVkfy;uksa] 4]6

vkSj 12 ,u,yvkbZ cVkfy;uksa dh benkn ,l,lth xzqi dh rhudEifu;ksa ¼dkW;t½ us dhA ;g lcls vfèkd fparktud Fkh D;ksafdnzkl {ks= esa ,u ,p&1, dh lHkh xfrfofèk;ksa ij fu;a=.k fd;k tk

ldrk FkkA rksyksfyax] fiaiy rFkk Vkbxj fgy dh çfl) yM+kbZ;kaHkh blh {ks= esa gqbZA tgka rd Hkkjrh; i{k dh ckr gSA çkjEHk esa,d cVkfy;u Fkh] vc geus ?kkVh esa lcls çfl) 8 ekm.VsufMohtu dh enn ls ,d cy rS;kj dj yh gSA ;g og fMohtugS] ftlus f}rh; fo'o ;q) esa teZuksa ds f[kykQ bVyh ds lkFkyM+kbZ yM+h Fkh vkSj ckn esa uxkySaM esa fonzksfg;ksa dk lkeuk djusds fy, bl cy dk çeq[k :i ls mi;ksx gqvk vkSj mlds ckn1991 esa bls fonzksfg;ksa ij fu;a=.k j[kus ds fy, d'ehj ?kkVh yk;kx;kA

2- dkdlkj mi&{ks= % ;g ,u ,p&1, ds lcls fudV dk fcUnqgSA bl {ks= esa ikfdLrku 4 ,u,yvkbZ us ,l,lth ds lkFk?kqliSB dh] Hkkjrh; lsuk us 3 bUQS.Vªh fMohtu ls viuh QkStsarSukr dhA

3- cVkfyd mi&{ks= % ;g ,u ,p&1, ls lcls nwjh ij gS vkSjblesa cVkfyd] ;kyMksj vkSj pksjckVyk egRoiw.kZ fcUnq gSaaA ;gka ijikfdLrku us 5 ,u,yvkbZ ds lkFk&lkFk 3 vkSj 8 ,u,yvkbZ rFkk,l,lth dh nks dEifu;ksa ds lkFk ?kqliSB dhA Hkkjrh; QkStksa usbl {ks= esa 'k=q dks Hkxkus ds fy, 3 bUQS.Vªh fMohtu ds lSfudksadks rSukr fd;kA lkFk gh lkFk bl fMohtu us phuh ekspsZ vkSjfl;kfpu ij Hkh viuh ftEesnkjh dks fuHkkuk tkjh j[kkAdkjfxy ds bl vR;ar nqxZe Hkw&Hkkx] ÅapkbZ;ksa vkSj igkM+h pksfV;ksa

ds nqxZe LFkyksa rFkk <yku ij cgrs ukyksa ij fdlh lkekU; bUQS.Vªhdks rSukr djuk vlaHko FkkA igkM+h pksfV;ksa vkSj igkM+h&LdUèkksa dhpkSM+kbZ bruh de Fkh fd eqf'dy ls gh ,d IykVwu ;k nks lsD'ku ghgeys ds fy, rSukr fd, tk ldrs FksA gekjs lSfudksa ds lkeus ,dvR;ar Hk;kud dke Fkk fd og fdl çdkj ls mu etcwr laxjksa ijçgkj djs] tgka ,d ls vfèkd e'khuxuksa dk çk;% lkeuk djuk iM+rkgS] ftldh dYiuk djrs gh fny ngy mBrk gSA fQj Hkh gekjs lSfudksaus lQyrkiwoZd lkeuk fd;kA gekjs lSfudksa us grkgr gksus] dfBukbZ;ka>syus] Hkw[kk vkSj lnÊ dh ijokg fd, fcuk viuk drZO; fuHkk;k D;ksafdog tkurk Fkk fd esjk jk"Vª eq>ls cM+s ls cM+s cfynku dh mEehn djrkgS vkSj mlus dbZ&dbZ 'k=qvksa ds NDds NqM+k fn,A

27 28

dkjfxy fot; dk vfèkdka'k Js; gekjs tokuksa vkSj vQljksa dslkgl] n`<+ ladYi vkSj leiZ.k Hkko dks tkrk gSA ijUrq vfUrefo'ys"k.k ds :i esa fl) ;gh gksrk gS fd ;q) jktuhfrd mís'; dhçkfIr ds fy, jk"Vª dh lsuk dk vkf[kjh ç;ksx gSA bl çdkj dkjfxy;q) ds lSU; mís'; gekjs lSfudksa ds lkeus j[ks jktuhfrd mís';ksa lsçkIr gq,A gkykafd ;g ckr dgha fy[kh ugha gS] ijUrq igyh ckj ;gLi"V gqbZ gS fd gekjs lSfudksa us dkjfxy esa gqbZ ?kqliSB dks 'k=qvksa ls[kkyh djk;k vkSj fu;a=.k js[kk dh ifo=rk dks cuk, j[kkA vLi"V'kCnksa esa ;g ckr Hkh dgh xbZ fd fu;a=.k js[kk dks ikj ugha djukpkfg, ijUrq ;g ckè;dkjh ugha FkkA gkykafd ikfdLrku dks ;q) lsHkM+dus ds fy, Hkkjrh; QkStksa dks iwjh rjg ls yxk;k x;k FkkA

ikfdLrku dh dkjfxy esa lSU; vkSj jktuhfrd :i ls djkjh gkjgqbZA bl ;q) dk çeq[k lcd ;gh feyk fd lSU; vkSj dwVuhfrdxfrfofèk;ksa dk leUo; fd;k tk,A bu nksuksa ds leUo; ls ikfdLrkudks iwjh rjg cpko dh eqnzk esa vkuk iM+kA ;q) esa lSU; fot; ls gekjhdwVuhfrd ;qfDr;ksa dks n`<+rk feyh vkSj blls gekjk lSU; eukscyc<+kA ;g Hkktik usr`Ro okyh xBca/ku ljdkj dh lcls cM+h miyfCèkFkh] ftlds dkj.k ikfdLrku dks phu dk leFkZu ysus ds fy, HkkxukiM+kA ogka ls fujk'k gksdj og vesfjdk ds ikl 4 tqykbZ dks x;kAuokt 'kjhQ us vejhdh jk’Vªifr fDyaVu ls viuk psgjk cpkus ds fy,enn ekaxhA fDyaVu us Hkkjr ds ekuuh; çèkkuea=h Jh vVy fcgkjhoktis;h dks Qksu fd;k vkSj oktis;h th us fouezrkiwoZd okf'kaxVu esamuls feyus ls badkj dj fn;k vkSj bl çdkj ikfdLrku ds çèkkuea=hrM+QM+k dj jg x,A Hkkjr us bl vuqjksèk dks eku fy;k fd ikfdLrkuviuh lsuk,a okil gVk ys] ijUrq tc ikfdLrku ugha ekuk rks Hkkjr dhlsuk us viuk vfHk;ku tkjh j[kk vkSj ikfdLrku dks ;q)&{ks= ls viusejs gq, tokuksa dks fcuk nQuk, ogha NksM+dj 'keZukd <ax ls Hkkxus ijetcwj dj fn;kA

grkgrksa dh la[;kHkkjrh; lsukHkkjrh; lsukHkkjrh; lsukHkkjrh; lsukHkkjrh; lsuk

bl ;q) esa Hkkjrh; lSfudksa ds grkgrksa dh la[;k nj lkekU; Fkh]tcfd muds lkeus bl nqxZeLFky ij 'k=q ds laxjksa vkSj cadjksa ij

çgkj djus dk dke ,d vR;ar Hk;kog vkSj dfBu FkkA grkgrksa dhla[;k de gksus dk dkj.k ;g jgk fd rksi[kkus ls nkxh xbZ Hkkjhxksfy;ksa dk izHkko vkSj jkWdsV ykapjksa rFkk felkbyksa tSls gfFk;kjkas dhlhèkh xksfy;ksa us bèkj&mèkj u tkdj Bhd fu'kkus ij tkdj dkefd;kA vkÆVyjh us u, rjhds <wa<s vkSj cksQkslZ xu rFkk felkbyksa lslhèkh xksfy;ka nkx dj geyk djus okys lSfudksa dks dqN xtksa rd dsLFky rd benkn igqapkbZA lsuk us geyk djus ls iwoZ 'k=q dh ikst+h'kudks f'kfFky cukdj rksi[kkus ls Hkkjh xksykck:n nkxkA ,d ckj rks 120vkVÊyjh xuksa us ftuesa cksQkslZ xu 'kkfey Fkha ,d&,d cVkfy;u ijokj fd;k( ;g okj bruk l?ku Fkk fd 'kk;n :lh vkeÊ Hkh bldhdYiuk ugha dj ldrh FkhA dkjfxy vkWijs'ku ¼vkWijs'ku fot;½ esadqy grkgrksa dh la[;k dk C;kSjk bl çdkj gS %

vQlj tslhvks toku dqy e`rd 29 23 475 527 ?kk;y 66 60 1]085 1211

dkjfxy ;q) eas jsthesaVy vQljksa] tslhvks] tokuksa dk çn'kZuvHkwriwoZ jgkA 1939 ds ckn ls vkt rd ds lHkh ;q)ksa eas vQljksa dhgrkgr la[;k vlkèkkj.k jghA f}rh; fo'o ;q) esa fczfV'k vkSj dkeuosYFklsukvksa esa çR;sd 27 tokuksa ds ihsNs ,d vQlj ekjk x;k FkkA Hkkjrdh Lora«;ksŸkj ;q)ksa esa ;g nj 1%24 Fkh gkykafd Hkkjrh; IykVwuksa dhdeku tslhvks ds gkFk esa Fkh] vkSj bl çdkj if'peh lsukvksa dh rqyukesa çR;sd cVkfy;u eas vQljksa dh grkgr la[;k dgha de FkhAdkjfxy esa ;g la[;k 1%16 jgh gkykafd Hkkjr esa 12]000 vQlj dejgs gSa tcfd cVkfy;uksa dh vfèkd`r 24 vQljksa ds cuk, budh la[;kek= 12&14 vQljksa rd lhfer FkhA rksyksfyax ;q) ds ckn 2 jktiwrkukjkbQYl cVkfy;u ds ekeys esa ;g la[;k 1%7 Fkh vkSj ÞFkzhfiaiYlß ;q)ds ckn ;g la[;k ?kVdj 1%3 jg xbZA

Hkyk vius ;qok vQljksa rFkk twuf;j yhMjf'ki ls dksbZ jk"Vª bllsT;knk vkSj fdruh dqckZuh ekax ldrk gS \

'k=qvksa dh grkgr la[;k dk vuqeku'k=qvksa dh grkgr la[;k dk vuqeku'k=qvksa dh grkgr la[;k dk vuqeku'k=qvksa dh grkgr la[;k dk vuqeku'k=qvksa dh grkgr la[;k dk vuqekuikfdLrku ljdkj us ,u,yvkbZ vkSj ,l,lth dks ekU;rk nsus ls

badkj dj fn;k gS vkSj dHkh Hkh buds vkadM+s çdkf'kr ugha fd, gS( ;s

vkadM+s lSfudksa] jsfM;ks rFkk [kqfQ;k ,tsafl;ksa dh çR;{kn'kÊ fjiksVks± dsvkèkkj ij çkIr gq, gSA budk vuqeku gS fd 1187 ls vfèkd yksxksa dhe`R;q gqbZ vkSj 1000 ls vfèkd yksx ?kk;y gq,A buesa 68 vQlj rFkk76 ,l,lth dkÆed ”kkfey gSaA

Li"Vhdj.k lEcUèkh dqN egRoiw.kZ fcUnq1- [kqfQ;k ,tsafl;ksa ij iz’u[kqfQ;k ,tsafl;ksa ij iz’u[kqfQ;k ,tsafl;ksa ij iz’u[kqfQ;k ,tsafl;ksa ij iz’u[kqfQ;k ,tsafl;ksa ij iz’u

ml le; foi{kh ikÆV;ksa us bl ckjs esa cgqr dqN dgk gSA lR;uhps of.kZr gS%&

dkjfxy {ks= ,dne de çkFkfedrk okyk {ks= Fkk D;ksafd ;g{ks= ,d nqxZe Hkw&Hkkx Fkk vkSj ?kkVh esa tkus dk dksbZ jkLrk ughaFkkA blds dkj.k Hkkjrh; lsuk dks bl {ks= esa dsoy ,d fczxsMdh lsuk rSukr djuh iM+h vkSj bls Hkh lÆn;kas esa Hkkjh fgeikrvkSj ogka rd u igqap ikus dh fLFkfr ds dkj.k gVkuk iM+rk FkkAifdLrku us bl {ks= esa viuh QkSt rS;kj djus ds fy, xksiuh;rjhds viuk,A muds ikl csgrj lapkj O;oLFkk Fkh rFkk ;gkaigqapuk lqxe FkkAgokbZ fuxjkuh dh xbZ] ijUrq mlls cgqr dqN gkfly ugha gqvkAfons”kh [kqfQ;k ,tsafl;ksa ls ikfdLrku }kjk cM+s iSekus ij [kjhnhxbZ mPp f”k[kj okys miLdjksa dh lgh tkudkjh ugha fey ldhA

,uMh, ljdkj us eaf=;ksa dh ,d xzqi lfefr cukbZ] ftlls dkjfxy;q) ds lHkh igyqvksa ds lkFk&lkFk [kqfQ;k foQyrk dk Hkh fo'ks"k rkSjij vè;;u fd;k tk ldsA lqèkkjkRed dkjZokbZ dk lq>ko fn;k x;kFkk vkSj ljdkj ds jgrs bl ij dkjZokbZ dh xbZ FkhA

2- lSfudksa ij izfrfØ;k% lSfudksa ij izfrfØ;k% lSfudksa ij izfrfØ;k% lSfudksa ij izfrfØ;k% lSfudksa ij izfrfØ;k%dgk x;k gS fd lsuk ;q) ds fy, rS;kj ugha FkhA bl ckr dks lgh

ifjçs{; esa ugha fy;k x;k gSA lsuk lnSo gh ;q) ds fy, rS;kj jgrhgS] fQj Hkh fdlh fo'ks"k eap vkSj [kkl çdkj ds vkWijs'ku ds fy, rS;kjgksus ds fy, dqN le; dh t:jr gksrh gSA 1971 ;q) dk mnkgj.kysrs gq, caXykns'k vkWijs'ku dh rS;kjh ds fy, lsuk dks 9 eghuksa dkle; yxk FkkA 'kkafr dky esa lkekU;r;k tks dqN dfe;ka jg tkrh gSa]mUgsa iwjk djus esa ;g le; yxrk gS] ftlesa [kkl çdkj ds vkWijs'ku

ds fy, çf'k{k.k vkSj vU; [kqfQ;k fjiksVks± rFkk ;kstuk cukus dk le;Hkh 'kkfey jgrk gSA ikfdLrku us vpkud geyk fd;k gesa dkjfxyvkWijs'ku djuk iM+k vkSj gesa bldk tokc rqjUr gh nsuk Fkk] bl rjgdqN lkekU; dfe;ka jg tkrh gSa] ftUgsa vkWijs'ku ds nkSjku gh iwjkdjuk gksrk gSA lsuk dks dqN [kkl fdLe ds miLdj lkekU; rkSj ijfjtoZ ds :i esa vk;kr djus gksrs gSa D;ksafd muds ikl mrus miLdj,d cM+s iSekus ij gksus okys ;q) ds fy, ugha gksrs gSaA blds vykok],sls dqN miLdj Hkh gksrs gSa ftudk bLrseky ;q) ds nkSjku djuk gksrkgS] ysfdu ;q) ds ckn Hkh Hkfo"; dh vko';drkvksa ds fy, tujyfjtoZ ds :i esa mudks cuk, j[kuk t:jh gksrk gSA

3- Hkkjrh; ok;q lsuk rSukrh %Hkkjrh; ok;q lsuk rSukrh %Hkkjrh; ok;q lsuk rSukrh %Hkkjrh; ok;q lsuk rSukrh %Hkkjrh; ok;q lsuk rSukrh %dgk x;k gS fd vkbZ , ,Q dh rSukrh esa foyEc gqvk vkSj mls

Hkh i;kZIr la[;k esa ugha yxk;k x;kA ok;q lsuk bu dfBu Hkw&Hkkx esa,d vyx <ax ls ç;ksx dh tkrh gS vkSj eSnkuh {ks=ksa dh ctk, ioZrh;{ks=ksa esa bldk bLrseky fcYdqy fHké gksrk gSA bldk ç;ksx lkewfgd<ax ls ugha gks ldrk gS vkSj u gh bruh ÅapkbZ ls fof'k"V y{;ksa ijfu'kkuk yx ldrk gSA tgka rd ;q) esa bLrseky ds fy, vkb , ,Qdks fdruh la[;k esa yxk;k tk,] blesa lh lh ,l }kjk ok;q lsukè;{kdh lykg ij dke fd;k tkrk gSA vkb , ,Q us Fky lSfudksa dks cgqregRoiw.kZ leFkZu fn;k vkSj 'k=q dh lIykbZ ykbuksa ij çHkko'kkyh <axls ckèkk MkyhA

4- fu;a=.k js[kk ikj djuk %;g Hkh vkykspuk dk fo"k; jgk fd lsuk dks fu;a=.k js[kk ikj

djus ls jksdk x;kA vUrjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; ds fy, ;g ,d cgqr egRoiw.kZj.kuhfrd fcUnq gS] ftl ij Hkkjr ljdkj us 'kkafriw.kZ lkèkuksa vkSje;kZnkvksa dk ikyu fd;kA

5- ijek.kq ;q) %ijek.kq ;q) %ijek.kq ;q) %ijek.kq ;q) %ijek.kq ;q) %Mj ;g Fkk fd ;fn dkjfxy {ks= esa ;q) c<+ x;k rks blls ijek.kq

Lrj ij ;q) gksus dh laHkkouk cu ldrh gSA Hkkjr ljdkj us ;q) {ks=esa vR;fèkd ncko ds ckotwn Hkh dHkh ;g ugha dgk fd ijek.kq gfFk;kjksadk mi;ksx gks ldrk gS] gkykafd Hkkjr ljdkj lnSo blds fy, rS;kjjghA

29 30

6- ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk %ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk %ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk %ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk %ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk %ehfM;k us iwjs vkWijs'ku ds nkSjku cM+h ldkjkRed Hkwfedk dk

fuokZg fd;k vkSj mlus ns'k esa Hkkjrh;ksa dks uohure ,oa ltho;q)&n`'; fn[kk,A blls ns'k ds yksxksa dk eukscy c<+k vkSj çR;sdO;fDr us eglwl fd;k fd og ;q) esa fgLlk ys jgk gSA ehfM;k vkSjdwVuhfrd <ax ls fd, x, geys ds dkj.k vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEefr dkèkzqohdj.k Hkkjr ds i{k esa lnSo cuh jghA

7- 'kghnksa ds fy, dY;k.kdkjh mik; %'kghnksa ds fy, dY;k.kdkjh mik; %'kghnksa ds fy, dY;k.kdkjh mik; %'kghnksa ds fy, dY;k.kdkjh mik; %'kghnksa ds fy, dY;k.kdkjh mik; %Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa igyh ckj fdlh 'kghn dks ns'k esa lSU;&

lEeku nsdj vaR;sf"V dh xbZA blls u dsoy 'kghn dks] cfYd mldsifjokj dks Hkh lEeku çnku fd;k x;k] bruk gh ugha] mlds leqnk;]mlds xkao vkSj ns'k dks Hkh lEeku fn;k x;kA çR;sd cqtqxZ vkSj ;qok;q){ks= esa lSfud rFkk ?kj esa mlds ifjokj ds lkFk FkkA blds vykokoktis;h ljdkj us çR;sd 'kghn ds ifjokj dks Hkkjh foŸkh; iSdst çnkufd;k rkfd mUgsa dHkh Hkh enn ds fy, fdlh ds vkxs gkFk QSykuk uiM+sA bldh 'kq:vkr dkjfxy ls gqbZ vkSj vc ;g lkekU; fl)kar cux;k gSA

fu"d"kZfu"d"kZfu"d"kZfu"d"kZfu"d"kZdkjfxy ;q) Hkkjr ds fy, cM+k vk'p;Z Fkk vkSj vkjEHk esa gekjs

usrk ldrs esa vk x, Fks] fo'ks"k :i ls tcfd ge ykgkSj cl ;k=k djpqds FksA ijUrq iwjk jk"Vª ,dtqV gksdj [kM+k gks x;k rFkk ,uMh,ljdkj us lpeqp vko';d usr`Ro çnku fd;k rFkk ;q){ks= vkSjdwVuhfrd {ks= esa ikfdLrku dks èkwy pVk nhA dkjfxy ;q) ns'k dsfy, egku lQy jgk vkSj jk"Vª dk eukscy ftruk c<+k] oSlk vkt rdns[kus esa ugha vk;kA blls vVy fcgkjh oktis;h dh dfj'ekbZ usr`Rodh egkurk dk Hkh irk pyrk gS] ftUgksaus vius vkxjk fuea=.k vkSjckn esa bLykekckn lEesyu esa fQj ls ikfdLrku dh rjQ 'kkafr dkgkFk c<+k;kA gkykafd eq'kjZQ fxjfxV dh rjg jax cnyrs jgs] ijUrqHkkjr vius 'kkafr rFkk fe=rk ds jkLrs ls ugha gVkA ;gh dkj.k gS fdvkt mldk Qy fey jgk gSA

dkjfxy ;q) esa Hkkjr dh cgqr cM+h thr gqbZ] ftlds tfj,,uMh, ljdkj us 'k=q ds dCts esa pkSfd;ksa dks [kkyh djkus rFkk

fu;a=.k js[kk dks cgky j[kus dk viuk fuèkkZfjr jktuhfrd y{; iwjkdj fy;kA ;g gekjs jktuhfrd usr`Ro dh fot; jgh ftlesa ikVÊ uslSU; dkjZokbZ dk leFkZu dj jk"Vª dks Åapk mBk;k vkSj lkekftd rFkklkEçnkf;d ln~Hkkouk dks cuk, j[kkA lSU; :i ls gekjh ;g fot;gekjh xkSjo'kkyh deku] 'kkunkj usr`Ro] gj Lrj ij drZO; rFkkcgknqjh ds çfr dHkh u >qdus okyh fu"Bk rFkk drZO;fu"B lsuk dsvko';d xq.kksa ls Hkjiwj gekjh lsuk dh gSA

layXu nks iqLrdsalayXu nks iqLrdsalayXu nks iqLrdsalayXu nks iqLrdsalayXu nks iqLrdsabl fo"k; ij i`"BHkwfe vè;;u rFkk lkekU; tkx:drk ds fy,

nks iqLrdksa dk lq>ko ns jgs gSaA t:jr iM+us ij budk mnkgj.k fn;ktk ldrk gS %

1- d’ehj leL;k ij ,sfrgkfld i`”BHkwfe ¼fgLVksfjdyd’ehj leL;k ij ,sfrgkfld i`”BHkwfe ¼fgLVksfjdyd’ehj leL;k ij ,sfrgkfld i`”BHkwfe ¼fgLVksfjdyd’ehj leL;k ij ,sfrgkfld i`”BHkwfe ¼fgLVksfjdyd’ehj leL;k ij ,sfrgkfld i`”BHkwfe ¼fgLVksfjdycSdxzkm.M Vw fn d'ehj çkCye~l½cSdxzkm.M Vw fn d'ehj çkCye~l½cSdxzkm.M Vw fn d'ehj çkCye~l½cSdxzkm.M Vw fn d'ehj çkCye~l½cSdxzkm.M Vw fn d'ehj çkCye~l½

2- ;q) dh Øekxr :ijs[kk ¼,u vkÅVykbu Øksuksykth;q) dh Øekxr :ijs[kk ¼,u vkÅVykbu Øksuksykth;q) dh Øekxr :ijs[kk ¼,u vkÅVykbu Øksuksykth;q) dh Øekxr :ijs[kk ¼,u vkÅVykbu Øksuksykth;q) dh Øekxr :ijs[kk ¼,u vkÅVykbu ØksuksykthvkWQ fn okj½vkWQ fn okj½vkWQ fn okj½vkWQ fn okj½vkWQ fn okj½

d'ehj leL;k dh ,sfrgkfld i`”B Hkwfe% 18 tqykbZ 1947 ds^fn bf.M;k bf.MisaMsal ,DV* ds ikfjr gks tkus ds ckn Hkkjr dhfj;klrksa ij fczfV'k lkezkT; lekIr gks x;kA jktkvksa dks Hkkjr vkSjikfdLrku dh nks ubZ Mksfefu;uksa esa ls fdlh ,d esa 'kkfey gks tkus dhckr dks pquuk FkkA Hkkjr dh 574 fj;klrksa esa ls rhu fj;klrksa &gSnjkckn] twukx<+ vkSj tEew&d'ehj us foy; i= ij gLrk{kj ughafd,A Hkkjr dh lhek ds vUnj eqfLye jkT; 'kkflr igyh nks fj;klrksaij] rFkk tgka fgUnqvksa dh cgqla[;k Fkh] ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy usrqjUr lSU; dkjZokbZ ¼ftls iqfyl dkjZokbZ dk uke fn;k½ dj feykfy;kA tEew vkSj d'ehj dh fLFkfr ;g Fkh fd ogka dk 'kkld fgUnwMksxjk egkjktk gfjflag Fkk] tgka ij d'ehj rFkk ckYVhLrku {ks= esaeqfLye cgqla[;d Fks] tEew esa fgUnw rFkk yík[k esa ckS) cgqla[;d Fks]ijUrq fj;klr esa lexz :i ls eqfLye cgqla[;d FkkA ;g fj;klr nksuksaubZ Mksfefu;uksa dh lhek ij FkkA egkjktk gfjflag us ikfdLrku dslkFk ,d ^LVS.MfLVy* ¼fLFkj½ le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd,A bls Hkkjr us[kkfjt dj fn;kA ckn esa rhu g¶rksa ls de le; eas gh] 3 flrEcj

31 32

1947 dks ikfdLrku dh vfu;fer lsuk ¼flfoy oL=ksa esa ikfdLrkulsukvksa rFkk ,uMCY;w,Qih ds dckbyksa us ?kkVh ds eqtQjkckn dhrjQ ls vkSj iqaN&jktkSjh lSDVj esa ehjiqj&dksVyh dh rjQ ls geykcksy fn;kA tEew&d'ehj dk lsukè;{k fczxzsfM;j jktsUnz flag yM+rs gq,ekjk x;k rFkk 25 flrEcj dks geykojksa ds gkFk esa ckjkeqYyk 'kgjdCts esa vk x;kA ?kkVh esa fonzksfg;ksa rFkk muds MdSrksa us ?kkVh esa gR;kdk nkSj tkjh j[kk vkSj 25 vDrwcj dks Jhuxj gokbZ vM~Ms ds ikligqap x, rFkk Jhuxj dh fctyh lIykbZ dkV nhA tc egkjktkgfjflag viuh çtk dh j{kk ugha dj ik, rks mUgksaus 25 vDrwcj dksHkkjr ds lkFk foy; i= ij gLrk{kj dj fn,A fonzksfg;ksa }kjk tkjhgeys ds chp Jhuxj gokbZ vM~Ms ij Hkkjrh; QkStas ¼fl[k jsthesaV dhçFke cVkfy;u½ mrjhA 27 vDrwcj 1947 dh lqcg mlh fnu 'ks[kvCnqYyk dks çèkkuea=h fu;qDr dj fn;k x;k vkSj os ç'kklu&çeq[k cux,A

vxys 13 eghus rd Hkkjrh; lsuk us geykojksa dks ihNs èkdsyfn;k vkSj nzkl] dkjfxy] xqjst] dqiokM+k] iqaN] jktkSjh] mM+h] ukS'ksjk rFkkysg dks eqDr djkdj egRoiw.kZ 'kgjksa dks dCts esa ys fy;k( gekjh lsukus 11]578 QqV ÅapkbZ ij cls t+ksthyk njsZ dh lM+d [kksydj bUgsa eqDrdjk;k Fkk] tks fd o"kZ esa Ng eghus can jgrh FkhA 1 uoEcj 1948 dksnjsZ ij VSadksa ls geyk fd;k x;k] bl izdkj fo”o ds fdlh Hkh ;q) esalcls ÅapkbZ ij VSad bLrseky djus dk ,d u;k bfrgkl jpk x;kAHkkjrh; lsuk ikd&vfèkd`r d'ehj ds ckdh fgLlksa dks eqDr djkus dsfy, rS;kj Fkh fd rHkh ia- tokgjyky usg: us ,d èkekdk dj fn;kAlsuk ls iwNs fcuk gh mUgksaus 1 tuojh 1949 dks ;q)&fojke dj fn;kvkSj bl ekeys dks la;qDr jk"Vª la?k esa ys x,A

bl dkjZokbZ ds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjr dks ikfdLrku ds pkj geyksadk lkeuk djuk iM+k vkSj oLrqr% vkt rd ;g yM+kbZ tkjh gSA iwoZfj;klr tEew&d'ehj dk 35 çfr'kr Hkkx ;k 83]294 oxZ fd-eh- vktHkh ikfdLrku ds fu;a=.k esa gS vkSj blls Hkh cnrj ckr ;g gS fdikfdLrku us bl {ks= dk 5180 oxZ fd-eh- Hkkx phu dks migkj esa fn;kgSA

;q) dh Øekxr :ijs[kk

vDVqcj 1998 ls & ikfdLrku lsuk dk uknZu ykbV bUQUVjh2 ebZ 1999 fMohtu dkjfxy dh pksVh ij pksjh rFkk

pqids ls viuk cpko ¼cadj½ rS;kj fd;k3 ebZ 1999 & ikfdLrkuh ?kqliSBh cUtw esa ns[ks x,A

& eq[;ky; ls 70 bUQUVjh fcxzsM ækl igqapkA05 ebZ & vkfèkdkfjd :i ls ;q) dh 'kq:vkr06 ebZ & lSfudksa ds vkokxeu ds fy, ,u,p&1, lhek

lM+d lM+d dks [kksyk x;kA16 ebZ & 56 ekmUVsu fczxsM igqapk vkSj nzkl&eqldksg

dks vfèkd`r dj fy;k x;kA21 ebZ & 8 flD[k }kjk Vkbxj fgy ij dCts dh

'kq:vkrA23 ebZ & lhvks,,l dkjfxy lSDVj dk nkSjk fd;k rFkk

çkFkfedrkvksa dks fpfUgr fd;k x;kA24 ebZ & 79 ekmUVsu fczxsM }kjk eq'kdksg lSDVj igqapdj

vfèkd`r dj fy;k x;kA26 ebZ & Hkkjrh; ok;q lsuk us gokbZ vkWijs'ku 'kq: fd;kA1 twu & 8 ekmUVsu fczzxsM us nzkl&eq'kdksg lSDVj dks

vius dCts esa fy;kA3 twu & 8 ekmUVsu fMohtu vkWijs'ku çkjEHk fd;kA12 twu & Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds fons'k eaf=;ksa ds chp

py gh okrkZ can gks x;hA& 8 ekmUVsu fMohtu ds usr`Ro esa 50 ¼Lora=½

ikjk&fczxsM xqejh igqaphA13 twu & 56 fczxsM Vksyksfyax vkSj IokbaV 4590 dks vius

dCts esa fy;kA14 twu & 56 fczxsM }kjk ÞcEiß iqu% dCts esa fy;k x;kA15 twu & jk"Vªifr fDyaVu us uokt 'kjhQ ls lsuk dks

dkjfxy ls okil cqykus dks dgkA20 twu & 56 fczzxsM us IokbUV 5140 dks vfèkd`r fd;kA

33 34

23 twu & vesfjdh lsuk ds eè; dekaM dk eqf[k;k tujyftéh us ikfdLrku ls lsuk okil cqykus dksvkxzg fd;kA

26 twu & 8 fMohtu dekaM ds usr`Ro esa 192 ekmUVsufczxsM ?kkVh esa igqaphA

28 twu & IokbaV 2700 ij dCtk dj fy;k x;kA29 twu & ^CySd jkWd* Fkzh fiaiYl* vkSj ukSy dCts esa ys

fy;k x;kA1 tqykbZ & IokbaV 5000 ij dCtk dj fy;k x;kA3 tqykbZ & IokbaV 5287 ij dCtk dj fy;k x;kA4 tqykbZ & ^VkbZxj fgy* ij dCtk dj fy;k x;kA

& uokt+ 'kjhQ okf'kaxVu igqaps vkSj vesfjdk dsjk"Vªifr ls xqgkj yxk;hA

5 tqykbZ & IokbUV 4875 dCts esa ys fy;k x;k vkSj bldslkFk gh lewpk eq'kdksg&nzkl lsDVj nq'euksa ls[kkyh djok fy;k x;kA

12&18 tqykbZ & ikfdLrku lsuk dks okil tkus ds fy, ;q)jksd fn;k x;kA iqu% vkWijs'ku 'kq: fd;k x;kAcgqr lkjs iksLV nq'euksa ls [kkyh djok;s x,A

24 tqykbZ & cVkfyd ds egRoiw.kZ iksLVksa dks iqu% iw.kZ :ils dCts esa ys fy;k x;kA

26 tqykbZ & vkfèkdkfjd :i ls ;q) [kRe gks x;k ysfdu<wa<uk 3 vxLr rd tkjh jgkA

3 vxLr & lewps fu;a=.k ds lkFk iwjs dkjfxy lSDVj esaHkkjrh; lsuk MV x;hA fu;a=.k js[kk iwoZorfLFkfr esa cjdjkj gks x;hA

35 36

dkjfxy & fot; fnoldkjfxy & fot; fnoldkjfxy & fot; fnoldkjfxy & fot; fnoldkjfxy & fot; fnol

1965 vkSj 1971 ds ckn tc 1999 ds vkjEHk esa dkjfxy esafu;a=.k js[kk ikj dj Hkkjr ds f[kykQ ikfdLrku us ftl çdkj dkvR;ar nqLlkgliw.kZ dk;Z fd;k] og vius vki esa ,d cgqr cM+h ?kVukFkhA ;g geyk xgjh j.kuhfr ds lkFk gh lkFk pkSadkus okys vkSjèkks[ksckth ls Hkjk FkkA bl nqLlkgliw.kZ geys dks foQy dj fn;kx;k vkSj gekjh Hkkjrh; l'kL= lsukvksa us cM+h cgknqjh ls 4000 fd-eh- ls vfèkd dh Å¡pkbZ ij [kM+h ikfdLrkuh QkStksa dks gVus ij foo'kdj fn;k] tks gekjs ohj tokuksa ds fy, ljkguh; dk;Z jgk gS vkSjge mUgsa gkÆnd J)katfy vÆir djrs gSA Hkktik&uhr jktx ljdkjdks Hkh bldk Js; feyuk pkfg,] ftlus l'kL= cyksa dks gj rjgls lgk;rk çnku dh vkSj ml le; gekjh ljdkj us lkgflduhfrxr fu.kZ; ysdj bl iwjs ;q) dks bl rjg ls laHkkyk fd blsijek.kq gfFk;kjksa ds dxkj rd ugha tkus fn;k] ftlls iwjs vUrjkZ"Vªh;leqnk; esa Hkkjr dh ljkguk gqbZA blls Hkh c<+dj] bldk Js; Hkkjrds yksxksa dks tkrk gS] ftUgksaus ,dtqV [kM+s gksdj ljdkj vkSj l'kL=cyksa dk lkFk fn;kA ckn esa dqN gh eghuksa esa gksus okys vke pqukoksaesa jktx dks u;k tukns'k feyk rFkk mUgksaus Hkktik ds jk"Vªokn dhçfrc)rk ds izfr viuk leFkZu O;Dr fd;kA

vkijs'ku fot;% f'k[kj ij ;q) dyk dh xkFkk

ljdkj us [;kfr çkIr j{kk fo'ys"kd ds- lqczã.;e dh vè;{krk

esa dkjfxy lfefr cukbZ FkhA bl lfefr us fu"d"kZ fudkyk Fkk fdtujy ijost eq'kjZQ us ikfdLrku ds lsukè;{k dk dk;ZHkkj laHkkyrsgh vDrwcj 1998 esa dkjfxy {ks= esa 168 fd-eh- yEch fu;a=.k js[kkdks ikj dj 5 ls 10 fd-eh- dh iV~Vh ij dCtk djus dh Bku yhFkhA eq'kjZQ us çèkkuea=h uokt 'kjhQ dh Lohd`fr Hkh ys yh Fkh] tcfdçèkkuea=h 'kjhQ Hkkjr ds çèkkuea=h vVy fcgkjh oktis;h ds lkFkf'k[kj lEesyu djus dh rS;kjh esa tqVs FksA tc f'k[kj okrkZ py jghFkk rc yxHkx 2000 ikfdLrkuh lSfudksa us dqN eqtkfgíhuksa ds lkFkfeydj 5 ls 10 fd-eh- vUnj rd fu;a=.k js[kk ds ikj rd ?kqldjdCtk dj fy;kA bl rjg dh ?kqliSB igyh ckj 3 ebZ dks cVkfydmi{ks= esa nks xM+fj;ksa us ns[kh FkhA rc Hkkjrh; lsuk ds x'rh nLrksaus ns[kk fd ;g ?kqliSB fofHké mi&{ks=ksa esa gqbZ gS] ftuesa cVkfyd]nzkl] vkSj eudksg] dkdlkj rFkk rqjdksV vkSj mlds ikl fl;kphuHkh 'kkfey FkhA vkWijs'ku fot; ds :i esa Hkkjrh; lsukvksa us ftlrjg dk tokc fn;k] og lpeqp vius vki esa ,d cgqr cM+h xkFkkFkhA ok;qlsuk vkSj Hkkjh rksi[kkus dk çHkkodkjh <ax ls bLrseky djusij ikfdLrkuh Hkh pkSad x,A gekjh QkStksa us vuqie cgknqjh dk ifjp;fn;k vkSj gekjs vQljksa us vkxs c<+dj ekspkZ laHkkykA tc rksyksfyaxij dCtk fd;k rks ikfdLrkfu;ksa ds gkSalys iwjh rjg ls iLr djfn, x, Fks vkSj okf'kaxVu esa uokt 'kjhQ dk QkStsa gVkus dk c;kuek= Nykok FkkA Hkkjrh; lsuk ds 474 toku 'kghn gq, vkSj 1109toku ?kk;y gq,A ikfdLrkuh QkStksa ds 700 fu;fer toku rFkk 250vfu;fer toku bl ;q) esa ekjs x,A

lHkh lSU; fo'ks"kK bl ckr ij ,der Fks fd ftl Lrj ijikfdLrku us ?kqliSB dh] mldh dksbZ rqd ugha Fkk D;ksafd mudh rjQls fcuk fdlh benknh <kaps dh deh ds dkj.k ;g ?kqliSB lSU; :iesa tjk Hkh rdZlaxr ugha FkhA ,sls esa ikfdLrku us D;ksa bl çdkjdh ?kqliSB dh] tks dHkh Hkh dke;kc ugha gks ldrh Fkh\ dkjfxylfefr dh jk; Fkh fd ikfdLrku dh jktuhfrd&j.kuhfr dk mís';;g Fkk fd dk'ehj dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; :i ns fn;k tk,] ftlls ijek.kq;q) dh laHkkouk c<+ ldrh gS rkfd rhljh ikVÊ ds gLr{ksi dh

37 38

xqatkb'k cu tk, vkSj bl çdkj fu;a=.k js[kk dks cnyus dk cgkukfey tk, ,oa dkjfxy ds fcuk dCts okys {ks=ksa dh ifo=rk u"V gkstk, vkSj ikfdLrku ds fy, fl;kphu esa Hkkjr }kjk dCts okyh fLFkfrij lkSnsckth djus dh laHkkouk c<+ tk,A mldk lSU;@çoklh ;q)dk mís'; ;g Hkh Fkk % Jhuxj&ysg dh lM+d ¼jk"Vªh; jktekxZ&I,½dks vo:) dj nsa vkSj gky esa cus ckbZ&ikl dks [krjs esa Mky fn;ktk,] fl;kphu vkSj rqjdksV esa Hkkjr dh j{kkiafDr dks fcxkM+ nsa] tEewvkSj d'ehj esa mxzokfn;ksa dks c<+kok feys rFkk dkjfxy esa ?kkVh lslsukvksa dks gVk dj fLFkfr detksj cukbZ tk,A ikfdLrku dk ;gekuuk Fkk fd Hkkjr dk tokch geyk detksj jgsxk vkSj D;ksafdikfdLrku rFkk Hkkjr nksuksa gh vc ijek.kq gfFk;kj okys ns'k gS] blfy,vUrjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; cgqr tYn gLr{ksi djus ds fy, vkxs vk,xk vkSj;q)canh ykxw gks tk,xk] ftlls ikfdLrku dks {ks= feyus esa ykHkfeysxkA

1947 ds ckn ls gh ikfdLrku us Hkkjr dh bPNk'kfDr vkSj {kerkds ckjs esa xyr èkkj.kk cuk, j[kh gS & og ges'kk bl Hkqykos esa jgkgS fd Hkkjr viuh {ks=h; v[kaMrk vkSj lEeku ds fy, j{kk ds ekeysesa n`<+rk ls tokc nsxkA ;gh xyrh mlus 1999 esa Hkh dhA gkaykfdml le; jktx ljdkj ^ds;j Vsdj* ljdkj Fkh vkSj vke pquko gksusokys Fks] fQj Hkh Hkkjr us vius j{kk&fgrksa dk n`<+rk ls tokc fn;kAHkktik ds jk"Vªokn ds vkn'kks± rFkk jk"Vªh; lqj{kk ds çfr ?kksj çfrc)rkus bl iwjs çdj.k dks cny fn;kA lsuk }kjk vkWijs'ku fot; dh'kq:vkr ds lkFk gh lkFk ok;q lsuk vkSj ukSlsuk ds if'peh csMs+¼vkWijs'ku ryokj½ dks Hkh tcnZLr ladsr ns fn, x, FksA dwVuhfrdekspsZ vkSj ehfM;k dh {kerk rFkk dq'ky çcaèk ds dkj.k ¼D;ksafddkjfxy dk ;g ;q) igyh ckj Vsyhfotu dSejs dh utj ls blmi&egk}hi esa yM+k x;k½ gesa vUrjkZ’Vªh; leqnk; dk leFkZu Hkh çkIrgqvkA gesa vk'kk gS fd ikfdLrku dks ijek.kq CySdesy djus dh lhekle> esa vk xbZ gksxhA gesa dkjfxy ;q) ls ;g ykHk gqvkA dkjfxy;q) ds dkj.k Hkktik&uhr jktx ljdkj us ;g fl) dj fn;k fdnks iM+kslh ns'kksa ds chp leUo; cgqr t:jh gS] ftlesa bl çdkj

ds nqLlkgl rFkk CySdesy dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA

D;k dkjfxy Vkyk tk ldrk Fkk\

dkjfxy lfefr us bl ç'u dk mŸkj fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa fn;kgS %

ßdkjfxy tSlh ifjfLFkfr lEHkor% Vkyh tk ldrh Fkh ;fnHkkjrh; lsuk us dkÅoky xyh ls pksjcrkyk rd ds 168 fd-eh- yEcsvUrjkyksa dks fl;kphu dh rtZ ij cUn djus dh uhfr viuk;h gksrhAbldh enn ls lapkj ,oa vU; lqfoèkkvksa ls ySl] lnhZ esa pkSfd;ksadks LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk Fkk] ftl ij lnÊ dh pksVksa ,oa cQÊysrwQkuksa ds ckotwn çf'kf{kr lSfudksa dks lÆn;ksa esa fuxjkuh ds fy,rSukr fd;k tk ldrk FkkA ,sls futZu {ks=ksa ds fy, ftudk lkewfgdegRo u gksa lqj{kk cyksa dks QSykuk cgqr vfèkd lqj{kk cyksa vkSj ç;klksadh vko';drk gksxh] tks cgqr egaxk iM+sxkA bldh oSdfYid O;oLFkkgksxh fu;a=.k js[kk dh ifo=rk tkucw> dj Hkax djus okyksa ij Rofjr,oa dM+h dkjZokbZA blds lkFk vUrfj{k ls lapkfyr ^losZfyl flLVe*Hkh t:jh gSA

lfefr dh vuq'kalk ds vkèkkj ij jktx ljdkj us xqIrpj <kapsesa o`gr iSekus ij lqèkkj fd;k rFkk ubZ rduhd dks Hkh bl <kaps esa'kkfey fd;kA

Hkktik us ges'kk gh lSfudksa dks lqj{kk dk dsUnz fcUnq le>k gSAdkjfxy dh yM+kbZ ds ifjizs{; esa jktx ljdkj }kjk lsuk dks ;q)ls lacafèkr vL=&'kL=] la;a= ,oa t:jr dh vU; vko';drkvksa rFkktokuksa ds eukscy vkSj çfr"Bk dks c<+kus ds fy, lHkh dqN eqgS;kdjkus ij è;ku fn;k x;kA igys ls pys vk jgs ijaijk ls vyx gVdj'kghn lSfudksa ds ikfFkZo 'kjhj dks muds ?kj rd igqapk;k x;k rFkklSU; lEeku ds lkFk vafre jLe ¼tykuk@nQukuk½ iwjh dh xbZALFkkuh; yksxksa us Hkh blesa c<+&p<+dj fgLlk fy;kA ?kk;y lSfudksa dks;FkklaHko loZJs"B fpfdRlh; tkap dh lqfoèkk eqgS;k djk;h xbZA çHkkforifjokjksa vkSj fodykax gq, lSfudksa dks nh tkus okyh foŸkh; lgk;rk

39 40

dks dbZ xquk c<+k fn;k x;kA

fot; ohj vkokl ;kstuk

fnYyh ds }kjdk bykds esa fot; ohj vkokl ;kstuk ds ckjs esafo'ks"k :i ls ppkZ djuh pkfg,A vius vki esa ifjiw.kZ ifjlj ¼ftlesafpfdRlk ,oa dSUVhu lqfoèkk 'kkfey gS½] ftlesa djhc 400 nks & rFkkrhu csM:i okys ¶ySV gSa] fnYyh fodkl çkfèkdj.k }kjk fuekZ.kdjok;s x;sA ;s ¶ySV dkjfxy esa 'kghn gq, lSfudksa ds ifjokjksa dksrFkk vkWijs'ku fot; esa fodykax gq, lSfudksa dks tehu dh dher¼;g fnYyh esa iwjs ¶ySV dh dher dk 3@4 oka Hkkx gksrk gS½ rFkkç'kklfud dher dks gVkdj 3-5 yk[k ls 5 yk[k :i;s esa vkoafVrdh xbZ] tcfd bldh lkekU; dher djhc 15 ls 20 yk[k :i;sçfr ¶ySV gSA

ifjlj dk leiZ.k Jh oktis;h vkSj Jh vkMok.kh th us fd;kFkk vkSj ;g Hkktik dk vius cgknqj tokuksa ds çfr J)k dk Le`frLrEHk cu x;k gSA