Forests, Forestry and the Biophysical System

8/11/2019 Forests, Forestry and the Biophysical System

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OR l

GeneralForestry

LECTURE 1.1

FORESTS FORESTRY

AND THE SOCIO-BIOPHYSICAL SYSTEM

VINCENTPALOMOInstitute of Renewable Natural Resources

College of Forestry and Natural Resources

University of the Philippines Los Baos

Tel. No. (042) 536-2557

E-mail: [email protected]


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TOPICS

Definition of a Forest

Types of Forest

Functions of a Forest

Current Condition of our Forests

Causes of Deforestation

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BOS

FOREST

waldbosque

forestaskog hutanmets

Gubat

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Quiz

What is your idea of a forest? Draw it.

Write 3 adjectives that you think best describes a forest.

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FOREST-home to a great number and variety of species

of plants, animals and other organisms

interacting with each other

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FOREST-a plant community predominantly of trees and other

woody vegetation, growing more or less closely together

(Sharma,1992)

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FOREST-an ecosystem characterized by more or less

dense and extensive tree cover

(Ford-Robinson,1971)

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FOREST Forest is a land area of more than 0.5 ha, with a tree

canopy cover of more than 10%, which is not primarily

under agricultural or other specific non-forest land use.

In the case of young forests or regions where tree

growth is climatically suppressed, the trees should be

capable of reaching a height of 5 m in si tu, and ofmeeting the canopy cover requirement.

(UNEP/CBD, 2001)

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TYPES OF FORESTS

Tropical Forests TemperateForests

*PlantationForests

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TYPES OF FORESTS

Global Forests

Tropical Forests

Tropical MoistForests

Tropical dryForests

Temperate Forests

ConiferousForests

Broad-leaf andMixed Forests

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TROPICALFORESTS found in the area between the Tropic of Cancer

and Tropic of Capricorn

cover 7% of the earths surface

generally, there are two categories of tropicalforeststhe moist and the dry forests

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TEMPERATEFORESTS found in the northern and southern

hemispheres

specifically in Canada, Northern Europe,

Russia and North eastern Asia Mix of deciduous and coniferous evergreen

trees

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PLANTATIONFORESTS Has around 7% of global forest cover (140 millionhectares)

Produces more sustainable timber and fibre than

natural forests

Plantations produce around 40% of industrial wood

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VF PalomoFalcata(Paraserianthes falcataria)


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TROPICALRAIN FORESTS Accounts for 2/3 of all tropical moist forests Receive an evenly distributed rainfall of at least 1800

mm per year

Found in South and Central America, Oceania,

Southeast Asia, South Asia, West and Central Africa

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TROPICAL RAINFORESTS OF THE WORLD

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MANGROVEFOREST a wetland ecosystem dominated by woody plants

consists of halophytic trees, shrubs, and other plants

growing in brackish to saline tidal waters of thecoastlines

trees develop mechanisms to adapt to tidal changesand saline condition such as pneumatophores, prop

roots, branch roots, leathery leaves, and vivipary

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Bakauan lalake(Rhizophora apiculata)


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Bakauan babae(Rhizophora mucronata)


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Bungalon(Avicennia marina)


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Api-api(Avicennia officinale)


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Pagatpat(Sonneratia alba)


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Nypa(Nypa fruticans)


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BEACHFOREST grow in sandy shores above the high tide line this is an important sentinel against storm surge

and retains the coastlines through the root

formation that conserves the sandy shore

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Pandan dagat(Pandanus tectorius)


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Agoho(Casuarina equisetifolia)


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Dungon late(Heritiera sylvatica)


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MOLAVEFOREST found in areas with distinct dry and wet seasonsand where limestone soil (quite shallow and

excessively drained) is prevalent

usually in coastal areas

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Molave(Vitex parviflora)


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Molave(Vitex parviflora)


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Kamagong(Diospyros blancoi)


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DIPTEROCARPFOREST widely found in moist valley bottoms up to the hillsand mountain ridges of an elevation up to 600

meters above sea level

about 75

80% of all forests in the country exhibitthis type

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White lauan(Shorea contorta)


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Red lauan(Shorea negrosensis)


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PINEFOREST in semi-temperate regions, evergreen trees grow in steepslopes and high altitudes, with elevation ranging from 700

meters to 1800 meters such as the Cordillera Mountain

Range

Other locations are Mindoro, Northern Zambales, andBukidnon

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Benguet Pine(Pinus kesiya)


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Mindoro Pine(Pinus merkusii)


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Igem(Dacrycarpus imbricatus)


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Malakauayan(Podocarpus rumphii)


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Baladu(Medenilla sp.)


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FUNCTIONS OF A FOREST

DIRECT USE VALUES

INDIRECT USE VALUES

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FORESTS as source of food, timber and

medicinal plants

Forests are a source of anything that supports human

existence.

Traditional communities depend on them for food, swiddento grow food crops, wood for fuel and construction, and

source of medicinal plants

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Banaba(Lagerstroemia speciosa)


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Table 1. Value of top ten forest-based products exported in 2008.

RANK FOREST PRODUCT VALUE IN 000 FOB

US $

PERCENT SHARE

TO TOTAL

1 Wood-Based Manufactured Articles 918,241 68.98

2 Forest-based furniture 154,574 11.61

3Paper and articles of paper and paperboard 144,422 10.85

4 Pulp and waste paper 63,726 4.79

5 Plywood and plywood veneered panels 19,237 1.45

6 Lumber 11,602 0.87

7 Wood Charcoal whether or notagglomerated

8,526 0.64

8 Selected Non-Timber Manufactured

Articles

7,974 0.60

9 Veneer and other wood worked 2,003 0.15

10 Non-timber forest products 881 0.07

TOTAL 1,331,186 100

Source: DENR-FMB, 2008. Philippine Forestry Statistics.

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FORESTS prevents erosion,

sedimentation and ameliorates the soil

Without sufficient tree cover, undergrowth, and litterfall,

coupled with continued precipitation, the topsoil is easily

washed off, carrying away the humus where importantelements are trapped.

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FORESTS serve as green armor: protection from

devastating impact of storm

When trees are planted close together in a triangular pattern

of strip planting, it can put up a strong deterrent against the

massive force of storms.

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FORESTS serve as green armor: protection from

devastating impact of storm

In coastal areas where mangrove forests abound, the dense

vegetation are believed to be effective sentinels against

storm surge and tsunamis.

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FORESTS ameliorate climate

The huge uptake of water by forests and the slow release of

stored water back to the atmosphere brings evenness in

rain distribution.

This release of moisture into the atmosphere could also

lower down air temperature to give humans a cool relief.

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FORESTS absorb pollutants

Forest absorbs much of the carbon and other pollutants

(heavy metals) being spread around by households or

industries.

They act as carbon storage and sinks when they are leftintact. Total carbon is stored in the trees and in the soils as

dead organic matter.

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FORESTS absorb

pollutants

Trees clean the air by removing

dust and absorbing other

pollutants such as carbon

monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and

nitrogen dioxide.

The faster the tree grows, the

faster is its ability to sequester

carbon from the environment.

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FORESTS absorb pollutants

An ERDB study found that trees take CO2 from the

atmosphere at a rate of 0.4 to 0.8 ton for every cubic

meter of growth or 14 to 17 kg of CO2 per year.

The resulting carbon is continuously locked during

the lifetime of the tree. One kg of carbon is equal to

3.67 kg of CO2; thus, one ton of dry wood produced

is equivalent to about 1.74 tons of CO2 sequestered.

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CURRENT CONDITION OF FORESTS

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CURRENT CONDITION OF FORESTS

Every year, about 13 million hectares of forests are lost.

Recent estimates of forest cover worldwide using the

minimum parameters of tree height, crown cover, and area

size, placed the total area under four billion hectares (FAO,

2006).

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CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION

Deforestation is caused by natural or anthropogenic forces.

Natural causes include lightning, drought, landslip, and pest

and disease infestation.

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CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION

Anthropogenic causes are more frequent and are difficult to

contain. These include illegal logging, charcoal making,

kaingin-making, commercial farming in the uplands and

poaching of forest products/excessive hunting.

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ILLEGAL LOGGING

This is a phenomenon that followed after many logging concession

areas and harvesting permits have been cancelled by the government.

Workers of the logging companies who have been out of job have

conveniently gone back to the residual forest and start cutting the

residual trees that have yet to reach maturity. IMG_0287.MOV

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CHARCOAL-MAKING

Another destructive process is charcoal making, using the

young trees that have just grown a few inches bigger from

the sapling stage.

Those who find no regular source of income would be

tempted to scour the natural forest for prospective pole-sized trees.

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KAINGIN MAKING

Clearing of forest is done through slash and burn method,

carried out by migrants in immediate need for cash or food.

Earlier clearing could be small, half a hectare or less in

extent. Perennial crops are planted at the borders to mark

the end of claimed area while the core is devoted to short-term crops, with six months or less gestation period.

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COMMERCIAL FARMINGIN THE

UPLANDS

Intended to generate more profit

This practice uses monocropping system of high yielding

variety of high-priced agronomic crops

Involves application of massive quantities of fertilizers,

pesticides, and other growth-stimulating substances

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POACHING/EXCESSIVE HUNTING

Palms like anahaw, kaong, sago, betel nuts, and buri are

constantly accessed for food and small-scale industrial

uses. The same goes with bamboo and rattan, widely used

for furniture and other industrial purposes. Mushrooms,

orchids, and medicinal plants are also collected for homeuse or sale.

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WHAT TO DO?VIDEO PRESENTATION: ASSISTED NATURAL REGENERATION (FAO)Forest regeneration in the Philippines.mp4
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/Forest%20regeneration%20in%20the%20Philippines.mp4http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/Forest%20regeneration%20in%20the%20Philippines.mp4

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Forests, Forestry and the Biophysical System