Forestry start with trees—knowing how they grow and what part they play in the world as a whole. It helps to know the history of the forest, what kind of animals live there, and what makes forests special.

Forests affect how we live and provide many things we use, so it is important to take care of them, understand what they give us, and use them wisely.

We need to understand the effect of today’s world on the forests of the future, and think about the afterworld.

There are three main categories of forest type in the world .

Tropical rainforest.

Temperature coniferous forest

Deciduous woodland forest

• The forest type of equator is tropical rainforest, equator is a great divide, from here to north and south, the type of forest shows different distribution.

• With the latitude increase or decrease, the type of forest have different shapes.

• The distribution of the global forest is an uneven.

• Forest belongs to sustainable resources, bring a lot of benefits for us , if we don’t take care of them, then what will happen?

• Forest face a lot of problems today, for example, deforestation. How do we solve it?

• Today what we should do for forests?

How beautiful it is!

Sustainability of forests

Sustainability means using a resource at a rate which will not reduce the

amount of that resource in the future.

What is meant by sustainability of forests?

• Sustainable forest use requires a consideration of all forest values.• Forest products are renewable, therefore we should use the

resource effectively.• Sustainability is taking care of resources so that it is equally

distributed and ca be managed in present and future generations.• Sustainability depends on how we now are using or exploiting forest

resources.• But forest resources are being exploited by the humans not

effectively.• Increase in deforestation has lead every problem for sustaining

forest resources for the future.• Sustainability also includes human influence on the resources.

Towards sustainability

• Afforestation• Reduced-Impact Logging • Biodiversity Conservation• Non-timber Forest products• Underlying Causes of Deforestation • Plantations and Rehabilitation of Degraded Land • Secondary Forests• Control overgrazing• Sustainability also includes the development of better methods for the planting,

protecting, thinning, controlled burning, felling, extracting, and processing of timber. • prevention or minimization of serious soil erosion or even land sliding. In areas with a

high potential for land sliding, good forestry can act to prevent property damage or loss, human injury, or loss of life.

• preservation of wilderness and wildlife habitat.

Why do we have to conserve forests?

• Shortage of resources for future generation and consequences from them.• Deforestations includes logging and leads soil erosion and degradation, therefore we

have to minimize deforestation. • logging is highly destructive to forest ecosystems. Heavy machinery can compact the

soil and destroy vegetation while high-volume harvesting can contribute to erosion, and reduce species diversity and regenerative capacity. Excess organic debris can make forests more vulnerable to destruction in the event of fire. Therefore, we have to reduce impact on logging.

• Reduction in logging, non-timber forest product extraction and forest fragmentation helps to conserve the biodiversity.

• Soil erosion and degradation are not healthy for agriculture.• Deforestation brings threats to biodiversity, that is why we have reduce deforestations

in order to respect one and each others species. • Its really having bad affect on climatic change and global warming.

Soil erosion Deforestation

Case study

Amazon forests

Background

• Amazon forest is a moist broadleaf forest in the Amazon Basin of South America.

• Amazon Basin encompasses seven million square kilometers (1.2 billion acres), though the forest itself occupies some 5.5 million square kilometers, located within nine nations: Brazil (with 60 percent of the rainforest), Colombia , Peru, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana.

• The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests and comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world.

Advantages from Amazon forests

•The Amazon is a global treasure, and is often called, “the lungs of the planet.”

• Amazon forests have unparalleled biodiversity. • The region is home to about 2.5 million insect species, tens of thousands of plants,

and some 2000 birds and mammals. To date, at least 40,000 plant species, 3,000 fish, 1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 427 amphibians, and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region. Scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species in Brazil alone.

• This region is home of some 20 million people, most of them living in urban areas.• it provides main opportunities for agriculture practices, cattle rearing and timber

extraction.• Minor contributions to charcoal production, mining and hydroelectric power.

Disadvantages from Human influence

• It is home to the greatest variety of life on Earth. For decades, deforestation has plagued the Amazon, and now global warming is delivering another lethal blow.

• The Amazon is experiencing the worst drought in more than 40 years, and experts believe that global warming and massive deforestation are to blame.

• Agro-pastoral land uses, particularly cropping and cattle ranching, have been the main cause of deforestation.

• Soil erosion and degradation.• Carbon dynamics• Climate change-rainforest will no longer be able to absorb the

millions of tons of greenhouse gases annually, as it usually does, because of the increased pace of rainforest destruction, and the increase in the greenhouse gases emission by industrialized countries

Conservation• The Força Aérea Brasileira has been using Embraer R-99 sur

veillance aircraft, as part of the SIVAM program, to monitor the forest.

• In Brazil alone, more than 90 indigenous groups have been destroyed by colonists since the 1900s, and with them have gone centuries of accumulated knowledge of the medicinal value of rainforest species. As indigenous territories continue to be destroyed by deforestation, and ecocide, such as in the Peruvian Amazon `indigenous peoples' rainforest communities continue to disappear, while others, like the Urarina continue to struggle to fight for their cultural survival and the fate of their forested territories. Meanwhile, the relationship between nonhuman primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland South American peoples has gained increased attention, as has ethno-biology and community-based conservation efforts.

• From 2002 to 2006, the conserved land in the Amazon Rainforest has almost tripled and deforestation rates have dropped up to 60%. About 100 million hectares, or 250 million acres have been put onto some sort of conservation, which adds up to a current amount of 173 million hectares or 432.5 million acres

There are many uses to which forests can be put.Some of them are :

recreational uses economic uses as grazing places for animals as a watershed as a habitat for living things as the earths lungs

A short history lesson.• People began life on this planet as forest

dwellers• They were food gatherers and depended

on the forest for all their needs: food , clothing and shelter

• They gradually became food growers clearing a small patch in the forest to grow food

• Even today we depend on forests for a lot of things

Recreational Uses• forests have always been popular for outdoor

activities like hiking , camping ,fishing, sightseeing etc.

• these are all recreational pursuits for which forests can be exploited.

• With the increase in urbanisation ,the demand for outdoor recreational facilities has increased , so the need for forest areas near metropolitan areas to be managed has also increased

• FORESTS ARE FUN!!

• It is estimated that the forest products contribute about 1% of world gross domestic product (GDP)

• the annual turnover of timber and other wood products from forests is valued at more than US$200 billion.

• even non timber products like rubber, cotton , medicinal products represent significant economic value , especially in developing countries where people depend on wood almost entirely for their household energy.

• given the immense economic benefit of forests , the demand for commercial timber and other products is ever increasing and expected to rise by 50% by 2010.

• forests provide rich fodder for animals , and a wide variety which ensures the a well balanced diet.

• and if the grazing is conducted in a planned and scientific manner it will be beneficial for the land.

• this depends on the timing and intensity.The timing is important for the period allowed for regrowth between grazing .Intensity refers to how much leaf area is left on the land after grazing

• a watershed (catchment basin) is a region of land that drains into a specified body of water such as a river , lake , sea or ocean.

• the bulk of the earths rainfall is received by mountains thus forming the headwater of the lands water distribution channel.

• so forests influence the quantity any quality of this precious freshwater resource.

• Montane cloud or fog forests are special kinds of forests that scrape out water or moisture from the clouds or fog and they also carry out this function in addition to the vertical precipitation they receive.

• In a sense they add to the supply of water in a catchment area because they have relatvely low water use

• there are thousands of unknown plant and animal life species in the the forests as it provides the most natural habitat for them

• It supports diverse life by gathering water ,originating and supporting food chains and providing shelter.

• Just as our lungs absorb carbon dioxide from the blood and infuse it with oxygen, green plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and release oxygen into the atmosphere in return. Which is why forests are often referred to as the Earth's lungs. This epithet is most widely used with regard to the

Some poems which I wrote myself

•"God is the light of the heaven and the earth;the likeness of his Light is as a niche wherein is a lamp kindled from a blessed tree,An olive that is neither of the east nor the west,Whose well nigh would shine even if no fire touched it;Light upon Light."

• Quran 24:35

• "The world is finite, resources are scarce,Things are bad and will be worse,Coal is burned and gas exploded,Forests out and soil eroded,Wells are dry and air polluted,Dust is blowing, trees are uprooted,Oil is going, ores depleted,Drains receive what is excreted,Land is sinking, seas are rising,Man is far too enterprising,Fires will rage with man to fan it,

Soon we will have a plundered planet."

• K. E Boulding