Forestry & Society

Reforestation

HORT/RGSC 302

J.G. Mexal

Spring 2001

Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Outline

• World Overview

• US Overview

• Types of Reforestation

• Artificial Reforestation Practices

Forestry & SocietyReforestation/ Threatened Original forests-The Africa & Russia/ WRI 1997

Low to no threat

Medium to high threat

Second growth forests

Forestry & SocietyReforestation/ Threatened Original forests-The Americas/ WRI 1997

Low to no threat

Medium to high threat

Second growth forests

Unknown

Forestry & Society

Reforestation Needs/ World/ WRI 1997

0

3000

6000

9000

12000

15000

18000

Russia &Europe

Asia NorthAmerica

SouthAmerica

Africa Oceania

Original Forest

Remaining Forest

1000 km2

40%70%

25%

30%

71%

Forestry & Society

Reforestation/ World/ WRI 1990-1991

Country Forest Land Reforestation

KK acres KK acres KK seedlings

USSR 2,295 11.22 (0.5%) ~6,700S. Amer. 2,120 1.88 (0.1%) ~1,130Africa 1,691 0.88 (0.05%) ~ 530Asia 1,215 14.10 (1.2%) ~6,000Canada 1,078 1.78 (0.2%) ~1,100USA 731 4.39 (0.6%) ~2,500Europe 393 2.58 (0.5%) ~1,500Oceania 390 0.29 (0.07%) ~ 174

E

Annual Reforestation in Brazil/ Bacha Appl Econ 35(6):631:2003

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

1988 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Pulp & PaperCharcoalFarmers

Hectares

Small Farm Reforestation in Brazil/ Simmons et al. Agrofor Sys 56:89:2002

Species Latin name Number (cases)

Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla 6,465 (6)

Brazil nut Bertholletia excelsa 3,472 (6)

Teak Tectonia grandis 2,400 (3)

Freijo Cordia sp. 3,500 (2)

Andiroba Carapa guianensis 700 (3)

Ipe Tabebuia sp. 600 (2)

Other 264 (7)

• 42 billion trees have been planted since 1982

• number of sandstorms has grown from 5 in the ‘60's to 24 in the ‘90's

• deserts are expanding at a rate of 3,800 square miles a year

Stuart Isett/Polaris, for The New York Times

In northwest China, the Taklimakan's sands are shifting toward poplar trees planted west of Aksu in a vast project intended to halt desertification.

Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Outline

• World Overview

• US Overview

• Types of Reforestation

• Artificial Reforestation Practices

Forest Plantations Importance/ Sedjo For.Chron. 77(2):221:2001

• US produces 30% of worlds industrial wood production– Industry provides 95% of industrial wood

• Global Harvests:– Old growth 22%– 2nd growth, minimal management 14%– Indigenous 2nd growth, managed 30%– Indigenous industrial plantations 24%– Exotic industrial plantations 10%

Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Who Does It? In Mississippi

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

<50 <100 <250 <500 <1000 <5000 >5000

Percent of Population

Size of Land Holding (ac)

ReforestCut’nRun

FWRC Res. Bull. FO172

Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Who Does It? In Mississippi

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14Percent of Population

Total Household Income

ReforestCut’nRun

FWRC Res. Bull. FO172

Forestry and SocietyForest Service Receipts by Program FY 1993

USDA FS Ecosystem Management 1993 Ann. Rep.

Grazing1%

Recreation4%

Other5%

Minerals17%

Timber73%

Million Dollars

981

220

70

50 Total 1993 Receipts

$1.330 billion

Forestry & Society

US Acres Reforested/ TPN 49:5:1999

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Acres (K)

Dust Bowl

SCS

CRP

Forestry & Society

Reforestation/ Who plants what?Million hectares

NIPF

Industry

NFS Other public

Science Findings PNW 31:2/01

5%

17%

78%

Forestry & Society

US Acres Reforested/ TPN 49:5:1999

4%

17%

79%

Acres Planted

South

West

North

South

West

Seedlings Planted

2,636,102 ac 1,624,000,000 seedlings

North

Deforestation - Reforestation

The Situation: Top 10 states in 1992State Production

(billion board-ft)Seedling

Production (kk)Oregon 6.0* 87Washington 4.4* 85California 3.9* 61Georgia 2.8 251Mississippi 2.5 38Alabama 2.1 237Arkansas 1.8 120Idaho 1.8 55North Carolina 1.7 104South Carolina 1.4 99

Forestry & Society

US Seedling Production-1997/ TPN 49:5:1999

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Georgia

AlabamaFlorid

aTexas

Arkansas

North Carolina

South Carolina

Louisiana

Oregon

Washington

Seedlings (millions)

1997

2002

Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Outline

• World Overview

• US Overview

• Types of Reforestation

• Artificial Reforestation Practices

Forestry & SocietyReforestation/ Types of Reforestation

• Natural– Seed– Stump sprouts (coppicing)

• Artificial– Seeding

• seed tree seeding (aerial or manual)

– Planting• bareroot container cutting

Forestry & SocietyReforestation Practices/ Seed Tree Regen.

P. echinata Natural Regeneration Following Harvesting Intensities/SJAF 27(3):206:’03

1,000 sound seed/ac

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1993 1994 1995 1996

0 (clearcut) 540 2570 80100(control)

Remaining Pine BA (ft2)

Seed Year

Harvest

Blown-in Seed?

Natural Regeneration of Appalachian Forests/ Beckage et al. Can.J.For.Res. 30:1617:2000

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Betula lenta Acer rubrum Oxydendrumarboreum

Liriodendrontulipifera

Quercus sp. Nyssa sylvatica Carya sp.0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

Seeds/m2

Seedlings/ha

Species

Seed Rain (seed/m2) Seedlings (#/ha)

1 ha = 10,000m2

Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Outline

• World Overview

• US Overview

• Types of Reforestation

• Artificial Reforestation Practices

Forestry & Society

Artificial Reforestation Costs & Benefits

• Benefits– Earlier Reestablishment of

Forest– Faster Growth– Regenerate Desired

Species– Plant Genetically Improved

Seedlings– Reduced TSI Costs

• Costs– More Expensive– Environmental

Criticisms• “monoculture”• pesticides• soil degradation• biodiversity

Forestry & SocietyArtificial Reforestation Practices

• Site Preparation

• Planting/Seeding

• Aftercare

• Timber Stand Improvement (TSI)

Forestry & SocietyArtificial Reforestation Practices

Harvest

Forestry & SocietyArtificial Reforestation Practices

On-site chipping

Forestry & SocietyReforestation Practices/Site Preparation

Tree Crusher

Helicopter application of herbicide

Forestry & SocietyReforestation Practices/Site Preparation

Logging damage

Site prep. burn

Forestry & SocietyReforestation Practices/ Site Preparation

Tree crush & burn, AR Burn & Rip, OK

Site prep, AR

KG blade

Forestry & SocietyArtificial Reforestation Practices-Ripping

Forestry & SocietyReforestation Practices/ Site Preparation

Forestry & SocietyReforestation Practices/Bareroot Nursery

Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Stocktype

• South– 1+0 bareroot seedling (pine & hardwoods)– containerized seedling (longleaf pine)

Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Stocktypes

Westbareroot seedling: 2+0, Plug+1,

1+1, 2+1containerized

Forestry & Society

Reforestation/NW US & BC Canada/ GTSRS-25, 1999

252229

47 52

109140

0

100

200

300

400

500

1995 1997

BC container

NW barerootNW container

Seedlings (Millions)

Containerized longleaf pine

Containerized western hemlock

Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Stocktypes

Bareroot Sitka Spruce

Bareroot Douglas-fir (cull)

Tissue Cultured Douglas-fir

Forestry & SocietyReforestation Practices/Nursery

Vegetative Propagation-mother plants

Cuttings

Gmelina

Hybrid poplar

1yr

6yr

Forestry & SocietyReforestation Practices/Nursery Harvest

Forestry & SocietyReforestation Practices/

Container Seedling Survival in Canada/Scagel & South, unpubl

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Nursery1Nursery2Nursery3

Seedling Diameter at Planting (mm)

Survival (%)

AUSFNMC Newsletter Fall’00

Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Planting Season

• South & West– Winter, rainy season– Trees are dormant (tolerant to abuse)

• Rocky Mountain Region– Rainy season (late summer)– Trees are actively growing– “Fall is for Planting”

Forestry & SocietyReforestation Practices/Planting

Machine planting

Hand Planting

Forestry & SocietyReforestation Practices/Planting

Barerootseedling

Planted seedling

4-yr-old plantation

Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Site Preparation/

10th Bi. So. Silv. Res. Conf.

Basal Area Growth (ft2/yr)

Control

Fell

KG & ChopKG, Chop & Velpar

KG, Windrow, Burn, Disk

KG, Windrow, Burn, Disk, Oust, AmNit

Pinus taeda-15 yr Piedmont GA

Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Site Preparation/

10th Bi. So. Silv. Res. Conf. p318

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Height (ft)DBH (in)

6

4

2

0

Pinus taeda- 15 yr Piedmont GA

Deforestation - Reforestation

The Situation:Chile

                                                           

Deforestation - Reforestation

The Situation:Chile

Atributos morfológicos Propagación por Esqueje / Pinus radiata

1

2

3

                                        

Deforestation - Reforestation

The Situation:Chile

Forestry & SocietyReforestation-Tanzania/ Kevin Lombard

Forestry & SocietyReforestation-Tanzania/ Kevin Lombard

Forestry & SocietyReforestation- Mexico

Forestry in Mexico

Overview

• Tremendous forest productivity• Diverse forest species• Growing human population• Conversion to agriculture

Deforestation - Reforestation

The Situation

CeibaZorra

Gmelina

Teak

E. urophyla

Deforestation - Reforestation

The Situation:India

Deforestation - Reforestation

The Situation:India

Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Review Questions

• Compare reforestation efforts in North America with other regions of the world.

• What are the different types of reforestation methods?• What are the costs and benefits of artificial reforestation?• What are the important timber producing states in the

US?• Describe growth responses to different site preparation

practices.