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Objectives: 1) List the 7 types of wetlands found in Pennsylvania.
Provide one characteristic for each. 2) Define Hydric Soils and
Hydrophytic Plants 3) explain what is mean by a hydroperiod.
Wetlands: Many Names, One DefinitionWetlands: Many Names, One Definition
Swamp
Marsh
Bog
Fen
Forested wetland
Scrub-shrub wetland
Emergent wetland
Vernal pool
Pothole
Slough
Bayou
Quagmire
Muskeg
Pocosin
Slough
Mire
Glade
Flat
Wetlands: Many Names, One DefinitionWetlands: Many Names, One Definition
Wetlands: Many Names, One DefinitionWetlands: Many Names, One Definition
Swamps
Marshes
Bogs
Fens
Vernal pools
Common Wetlands in PennsylvaniaCommon Wetlands in Pennsylvania
Forested wetlands
Scrub-shrub wetlands
Emergent wetlands
Wetlands: Many Names, One DefinitionWetlands: Many Names, One Definition
•Near waterways
•Shallow water – may dry up in summer
SwampsSwamps
Credit: http://dnr.state.il.us/wetlands/swamp.htm
•Woody plants
Wetlands: Many Names, One DefinitionWetlands: Many Names, One Definition
•Along coasts and
waterways
•Large marshes up to 7
feet deep; small marshes
may dry up in summer.
MarshesMarshes
Credit: http://dnr.state.il.us/wetlands/marsh.htm
•Soft-stemmed vegetation
•Geneva Marsh = largest
freshwater marsh in the
state
Wetlands: Many Names, One DefinitionWetlands: Many Names, One Definition
•In deep depressions that don’t drain
•Peat, sphagnum moss
•Acidic, often very deep, water
BogsBogs
Credit: http://dnr.state.il.us/wetlands/bog.htm
•Evergreen trees & shrubs
2
Wetlands: Many Names, One DefinitionWetlands: Many Names, One Definition
•In depressions that drain somewhat
•Peat
•Basic, shallow water that could dry up in summer
FensFens
Credit: http://dnr.state.il.us/wetlands/fen.htm
•Sedges (have 3 edges), grasses, small shrubs
Credit: http://forages.orst.edu/projects/regrowth/print-s
ection.cfm?title=Grass%20Structures
Credit : Wow! The Wonders of Wetlands
Wetlands: Many Names, One DefinitionWetlands: Many Names, One DefinitionVernal PoolsVernal Pools
•“Temporary
wetlands”-no fish
•Vary in size
•Fill in spring and
early summer after
snow melts and
early rains
•Important
amphibian and
macroinvertebrate
breeding grounds
Wetlands: Many Names, One DefinitionWetlands: Many Names, One Definition
•45% of PA wetlands
Forested WetlandsForested Wetlands
Credit: http://dnr.state.il.us/wetlands/ch13b.htm
•Large woody trees
Wetlands: Many Names, One DefinitionWetlands: Many Names, One Definition
•28% of PA wetlands
Scrub-Shrub WetlandsScrub-Shrub Wetlands
Credit: http://dnr.state.il.us/wetlands/scrub-shrub.htm
•Small trees and shrubs
Wetlands: Many Names, One DefinitionWetlands: Many Names, One Definition
•Emergent plants
•Grasses, sedges, rushes (round), and soft
stemmed herbaceous plants
Emergent WetlandsEmergent Wetlands
Credit:http://www.applieder.com/DCP_1358.JPG
GrassGrassGrassGrass SedgeSedgeSedgeSedge RushRushRushRush
•14% of PA wetlands
3
Three Defining CharacteristicsThree Defining Characteristics
1) Hydrology (WATER)
2)Hydric soils (SOIL)
3)Hydrophytic vegetation (PLANTS)
All three are interrelated.
Three Defining CharacteristicsThree Defining Characteristics
(The science of water, its properties, distribution and circulation, both on the surface and underground.)
(Saturated, oxygen-deficient soils.)
(Plants adapted to standing water and saturated
soil conditions.)
HYDROLOGY HYDROLOGY HYDROLOGY HYDROLOGY HYDROLOGY HYDROLOGY HYDROLOGY HYDROLOGY HYDROLOGY HYDROLOGY HYDROLOGY HYDROLOGY
Credit: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/n_resource/wetlands/wetlands4_hydrology.htm
Wetlands,
including those
found in the
transition areas
between lakes,
streams or
oceans and the
upland, gain
and lose water
through a
number of
processes.
Water Inputs and OutputsWater Inputs and Outputs
INPUTSINPUTSINPUTSINPUTS:
OUTPUTSOUTPUTSOUTPUTSOUTPUTS:
Water Inputs and OutputsWater Inputs and Outputs
Inputs = Outputs + StorageInputs = Outputs + StorageWater that does not
leave wetlands is stored.
Water enters wetlands
through precipitation,
groundwater discharge,
and surface flow (runoff,
streams and tides).
Water leaves wetlands
through evapotranspiration,
groundwater recharge, and
surface flow.
HydroperiodHydroperiod
• Wetlands are “wet” for varying periods of time,
depending on the
volume of water inputs,
outputs, and storage.
• This cyclical and
seasonal pattern of
water in a wetland is
referred to as the
HYDROPERIOD.Credit: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/n_resource/wetlands/wetlands4_hydrology.htm
Hydrology Factors Hydrology Factors
Hydrology is influenced by:
• Landscape
•Geology
•Soil texture and drainage
•Plant cover
•Season / climate
Hydrology FactorsHydrology Factors Landscape Effects on HydrologyLandscape Effects on Hydrology
Wetlands exist…
Credit: http://www.sawmillcreek.com/marina_yacht_club.html
Credit: http://www.vso.cape.com/~nhv/_images/ecoast3.jpg
…on the fringes of lakes and oceans,
Landscape Effects on HydrologyLandscape Effects on Hydrology
4
Landscape Effects on HydrologyLandscape Effects on Hydrology
…in depressions at or below the water table,
Landscape Effects on HydrologyLandscape Effects on Hydrology
Credit: US Army Corps of Engineers Wetland Training Workshop Credit: US Army Corps of Engineers Wetland Training Workshop
Landscape Effects on HydrologyLandscape Effects on Hydrology
…in floodplains,
Credit: http://courses.smsu.edu/ejm893f/creative/WeathStrem/floodplain.jpg
Landscape Effects on HydrologyLandscape Effects on Hydrology
Landscape Effects on HydrologyLandscape Effects on Hydrology
…on slopes fed by groundwater,
Landscape Effects on HydrologyLandscape Effects on Hydrology Delineating WetlandsDelineating Wetlands
In order for an area to be designated as a
wetland, there has to be excess water
long enough for hydric soils to develop
and to be able to support predominately
hydrophytic (water loving) vegetation.
Delineating WetlandsDelineating Wetlands