16 FOREST LEAVES.

as th is would not only be the most successful but the most economical way that the work could be done. ROBERT DouGLAS

Wauluga,;, 111.

Notes.

Y.ROM DR. ROLAND'S REPORT TO TH& STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

BUT one conclusion can be drawn from the reports most of the counties of the . State; vtt., that the forests of Pennsylvania

wtll be totally destroyed before very many years unless something effectual is done, both to serve the young growth following a clearing and to plant new forests equal in extent to tbose cleared away.

'!'here eleven distinct varieties of trees .,h1ch_fiounsh well as timber trees, and for which there \S more or less demand. Under the general Mme of oak, hick:ory, ash, pine, and elm almost as more. are mcluded, making about twenty var1eues of umber-producing trees, more or less

to our tate. The chestnut docs well in counties, is in demand in forty one

countieS. There IS an active demand for white and yellow . pine; and almost no supply. The catalpa, ailanthus, northern shingle cypress shingle oak the common cherry, so much

by cab1net workers, grow well under cui ttvatton. . "The great point of interest is in the prcserva-

uon of. old forests and the encouragement of new plantations. . F1gures show that where forests are cut the _land 1s cleared, and very little len for re-forest.auon. To enc.ourage ne.w plantations some Jnactacal demonstrauon or thetr value is necessary An ex(Seriment station of from ten to twenty should be established; trees adapted to soils stlectM; accurate accounts kept of the ''alue of the land at the time of planting, and all costs carefully noted. A few years would afford exact figures of forest culture."-WuklyPrus, Philad'a.

. referring to the Pennsylvnio Forestry Asso-Ciation . the Ldgtr snys : "It is a

s_octety mtended make every Penn -up to the tnle of his State by

h10 mterest .m the woods. Of all tates this is the one whtch should never be bare of trees None other has such a title to be proud of."

Depots for the collection of pine cones have been formed near Burlington, Vt. Nearly 4000 bushels have been _purchased at 40 cents a bushel.

seeds. are fia1led out, placed in bags, and sh1pped d1rect to France and . Germany, to be used by these governments m the forests. One bushel of cones yields a pound of seed.

Mr. GEORG E AcHELis,

WEST CHESTER, PENNA.,

Begs to offer the following list of Fortst and other trees adapted for Arbor-day planting.

Carolina Poplars, ro- 12 feet. Am. Linden, Eng. " 7-to "

Elm, ;: ;;

7-8" " Mt Ash 7- 9 "

Catalpa: a. IG-1 2 u H:ulenut, .. ; :; White Dogwood. 4_ 5 .. Purple Beech. S .. Tul1p Trees, 4- 6 " White Pines, 3_ 5 .. Norway Spruce, 3 .. Hemlock, 2 _ 3 H Balsam Fir, -"-l

.NoT.L-Thc Carol_inm. Poplar should not be wuh S1lver Poplar, whic::h sucken. 50 bo.d.ly. The Carohn:a does not, a.nd it a very desirable uee.

Address, GEORGE ACHELIS, WEST CHESTER, PENNA.

FRUIT TREES.

and EverKfeen Tn:e.w. uitable lor For-estry and Oeneral Plantinc, may be obtained

by apptyln8" to

ROBERT B. HAINES, CHELTENHAM N UR8fRJI!.8,

0.... mile cui of Ashboumc or Oak lAm: S11iono, Nortll Pcona. Jl . R.

Philadelphia, December, 1887. l'ubtltt-1 by the

PENNSYLVA lA FORESTRY AS OCIATIO

11..1 " 17:1" :d,r- A New Uill....... 18

another column. They are intended to facilitate the working and more perfect organization of our

especially in reg.a.rdto county branches, and have all been considered and approved,.

* * * * * .... 19

Forttlry y..,;ng ln County................... 19 Utt of New Mf:mben ........ ............. .... ................. 20 Forestry J...eeturcs................ ... ........................ .... .. 20

: Propoaed Amendmentt.lo Constitution.... ...... ... ....... . . 20 Trees in Towns... ... ...... ...... ........ .......................... '11

The Bamboo Tree................... ........................ ..... 24

A Retros pect.

Z:: HE dose of the first complete year of our life as an association is marked by some changes

among those chosen to lead in our work. Prof. J. T . Rothrock, who for eighteen months pOst has given us as much of his time as lay in his power, and who, in all his work, both for forestr1. and in his special scientific pursuits, has consulte

The other, entitled Forestry in Europe, is pub-li$hed by the Department of State. It consists of consular reports on forestry in Austria-Hungary,, France, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland, pre-pared in respotue to a c1rcular of the Department of ov. 3oth, r886. They contain statements of the forest area in these countries, the manage ment of government and private forests and how they are protected from destruction and made permanent sources of a vast supply of lumber, firewood, etc. The results of deforestation and or tree plnting are also noted. There are a few botanical illustrations and some suggestive pictures of the havoc wrought br the avalanches at Fon-tana and Lauterbrunnen m witzerland, both due tO careless cutting away of trees on the hillsides.

18 FOREST LEAVES.

Translations of the forest laws in force are given, 'fith some sketches of their gradual rise. It seems that in Switzerland tree-cutting had to be r-e-strained by law as early as 1314. As an example of wbat other nations have done in the way of forest reform the publication of these reports is most time! y.

* * * * * * * * The papers have recently been full of accounts of destructive forest fires in the west and south west; this year remarkably late in the season. It is impossible to doubt that with pr.oper care, par-ticularly on the part of railroad companies, all this loss could have been aYoided, and at but a slight expense. The same is presumably true of the September fires in Canada, where the preventive laws, though an excellmt beJinning, will ,proba-bly have to be made more stnngeot. An Ottawa lumberman writes: " We have some protection here, but this fall the fires have been simply awful - in fact we were for a couple of weeks nearly smothered with smoke." He adds, u The river has been lower than ever known." In regard to some publications of this association, the same writer says, ,. If those ideas are carried out, they will do a world of good." C. C. BINNEY.

A New Forestry Bill. Z::: HE follo,.ing are the most important features ~ of the new Forestry Bill drafted by Mr.

Fernow and adopted for recommendation to Congress by the "American Forestry Con-grm," at Springfield, Sept. rs, t887: All for-est lands owned or controlled by the United States shall be withdrawn from sale. Any person applying to n1ake an C~>try before the survey has been made shall file with his application an affida-vit, corroborated by witnesses, stating that the land is not exclusively forest land, not situated neM the head waters of any stream, and is more valuable for agriculture or mining than for timber growing thereon. Each applicant must state his means of observation and his personal knowledge of the facts to which he testifies. Upon certificate of the Commissioner of Forestry the land may be sold. To make a false affidavit is a penal offence. -(Sec. 1-3.1

There shaO be in the department of the Interior a Commissioner of Forestry, who shall have the control, care and management ot all the forest land owned by the United States. He shall hold office during good behavior and receive a salary of $5000 and expenses. He shall have necessary assistants, and four Assistant Commissioners, at a salary of $3000, who shall act as a council to the Commi!ISioner, and who shall have charge of a division of the public reserves, which they shall personally inspect once every year.-[Sec. 4, 5.)

The forest lands on the public domain shall be arranged in three general classes, namely :-

First, Lands distant from the head waters of important streams, covered by timber of commer-cial value, more valuable for forest purposes than for cultivation.

Second, Lands partially or wholly covered by timber, but suitable for homesteads, and more valuable for agricultural purposes than for timber.

Third, Mountainous and other wood lands, which, for climatic or economic or public rensons should be held permanently as forest reserves.-(Sec. 6.1

The Commissioner shall have power to deter mine, subject to the approval of the SecretaTy of the Interior, what portions of forest land shall be permanently retained in reservations, for climatic or other public reasons, and what portions may be sold .-fSec. 7]

T he Janas of the first and second class may be appraised from time to time, and the President may, by proclamation, authorize the sale of such lands tn quantities not exceeding twenty-live thousand acres at any one sale. The sales to be to the highest bidder, 4pon sealed bids. These lands may be reentered under the Homestead Law, but the applicant thereof must pay a special price for the timber thereon, as appraised.-(Sec. 8-n.]

The Commissioner shall have power to appoint inspectors and rangers, and make all regulations for the administration of the forests, for the cutting of wood, for pasturage, and for any occupancy whatever upon forest land.-fSec. '3]

The Federal Commissioner may, at his discre tion, coe a line not exceeding $too and imptisonment not exceeding one year, and civil prosecution for the value of the property taken. Principals and employes are both liable to an action of tresp:lSS. Where a previous right to cut timber on public lands exists it must be exercised in comphance with the rules laid down by the Commissioner.-(Sec. 15, 16.)

It shall be unlawful to erect any sawmill, manu. factory or works on public lands, or to use at such mills any timber cut on the public lands, without proper authority, under penalty of a fine of not less than ssoo, nor more than Jlsooo, and all such mills and works shall be conliscated.-[Sec. q .J

Any master of a vessel or any officer or agent of a railroad company, who shall knowingly engage in transportation of timber cut without authority, shall be liable to the penalty prescribed in the rsth Section, and vessels shall be confiscated.-(Sec. x8.)

No person engaged in the lumber business, or

FOREST LEAVES. 19

in any business involving a large consumption of lumber, shall be eligible as Commissioner of For estry. The President may use military and naval forc-e to carry out the provisions of the act.-(Sec. ' 9 20.]

The Need o f Increased Membership,

'7 .1. ~HILE those of us who were concerned in \..l} starting our association eighteen months

ago realized fully that a great work lay be fore us, the plans for carrying out that work were n-ecessarily rather vague. Since then we have had time to consider both what we ought to do and our means of doing it, and each. day has shown only more clearly than we s.aw it before that the first, most indispensable requisite is a lare-e mem-bership. We must increase, and greatly mcrease, our numbers if we are to do any real work at all. A small and "select" Forestry Association may serv-e to amuse its own memberS, but can hardly have much inlluence in the community at large.

It takes but little argument to prove this. We are striving for the estabiishment of a system of forestry regulated by law, and believed in, and therefore upheld by, the people. At present such a thoing is wholly beyond our reach. Any experi-enced forester will tell you, for instance, that only full-grown trees should be cut for lumber, while those of less than, say, fourteen inches in di!'m-eter just above the root should be left standmg. We can easily see the benefit of establishing such a rule by law, but does any one imagine that the legislature would pass such a law, or that, if passed, it would be more than a dead letter. If, however, our association counted its members by thousands, we could go before the legislature and! ask for such a law, and obtain it, and, better than this, our large membership would mean a public opinion throughout 'the State that would see the law enforced.

Take other instances. w., need a forestry cool-mission and permanent forest officers, perhaps a State forest reserve. This means an expenditure of public money, which will never be granted unul the public demand it. When we are numer-ous enouj:h to fairly tepresent the public, we can demand at in their name.

Then another thing, our work needs money to carry it on. We require a permanent agent, per-haps more than one, to spread throughout the State a knowledge of the necessity of forest reform and to arouse the public opinion, on which .we must rely for support. Without more members this cannot be done, but the membership dues, small in themselves, will, if there" are only enough of us, raise a sufficient fund.

How, tben, are members to be obtained? To some extent by systematic work on the P."t of the

membership committee of the Council, but far more effectually by a little personal work on the part of every one of us. This is essentially a mis-sionary association. It exists not so much be-cause we understand the use and necessity of trees, as because so many other people do not. We do not join it for our own pleasure, but for the public good, and we each have a work to do for it. Let every one of us constitute himself a membership committee, a sort of recruitiog.ser-geant among his own acquaintances, and let every member so gained be requested to do the same in !lis turn. Unless we are will in~ to do at least this, we are false to our belief tn the need of a Forestry Association at all.

$uch work is not really hard. It does not take much argument to convince any reasonable person of the advantage, the necessity, of a change in our treatment of forests, and the use of their joining in our movement. We number about two hundred and fifty now, lrut no one supposes that there are only two hundred and fillY. Intelligent people in the: State. The only qualtfications for membership, one dollar and a fair amount of com-mon sense, are easily found, and no one will think the worse of you for assuming that they possess both the one and the other.

Above all, let it be remembered that country members are .especially useful. If they only open their eyes at all, they have the best chance of SCC ing the evils wrought by forest destruction, and they ought to understand the most practical means of preventing them. Whether in town or country, however, all members are useful in swelling the army that is to resist and put down the ignorant and harmful waste and misuse of the gifts of Nature. CHARLES C. BINNEY.

Forestry Meeting in Montgomery County. z::: HE first public meeting of the Montgomery ~ County Branch of the Pennsylvania Fores

try As>;ociation was o~ned on Nov: 4th by Dr. Henry Fisher, m Masomc Hall, Jenkantown, who stated that the object of the Society was to protect the forests of this country from complete depletion as seems to be threatened by the present ;ystem of lumbering and by forest fires. The loss from this latter cause amounts to from $~,ooo,ooo to s,ooo,ooo per an~um in Pennsylvanta.

Edwin Satterthwaate spoke of the trees of Montgomery County, and was followed by Prof. J. T. Rothrock, of the Univ~~ity of Pennsylva-nia, whose subject was the ratsmg of lumber as a means of profit. Prof. Edmund 1: James, of the University, pointed out means whach wonld pre-vent the destruction or forests, and Dr. John Anders talked of the climatic and hygienic advan-tages of wood lands.

20 FOREST LEAVES.

Names Added to Roll of Pennsylvania Forestry Asaociation since L ast Issue of Fores t Leaves .

Dr. George W. E ll is .... . .... us South 17th St. Thos. Will ing Balch, Esq .... 1412 Spruce St. Mrs. George W. Carpenter. Fisher's Lane, Gtn. John H . Ingham, Esq .. . .... 219 South 6th St. T~eodo.re D. Rand, Esq .. .. 15 & 17 South 3d St. M1ss Ahce Wurts .. .... .... .... 248 South 17th St. Mrs. W. W. {ontgomery ... Radnor, Del. Co.,Pa. Miss E. ,L. Lundy ............ 245 South 18th St. Georg~ M. Coates, Esq ...... 1817DeLanceyPlace. Frederck C. Gowen, Esq . .. "9 South 4th St. Henry Budd, Esq ...... 719 Walnut St. Edward H . Coates, Esq . ..... Hancock St., Gtn. Charles 5. Wurts, M.D ..... qos Walnut St.

Forestry Lectures.

7.:: HE Tenth Coun~e of free Michaux Forestry ~ lectures will be delivered io the chapel of

the University of Pennsylvania by P rof. J . T. Rothrock, on Friday evenmgs, December d and 16th, January 6th, 13th and ooth, and Monday, January 23d. The subject is "Among the Trees from Florida to Maine," and the lee tures will be illustrated with about two hundred .and fifty views of forest scenes.

This coun~e is given under the auspices of the American Philosophical Society and the Pennsyl-vania Forestry Association ; and is not intended to be . f~ll course of lectures on Forestry but a de scnpuon of the forest trees of the Atl:mtic Coast. The public is cordially invited to attend.

Annual Meet ing.

7.:: HE annual meeting of the Pennsylvania ~ Forestry 'Al;sociation will be held in the Hall . of the College of Physicians, S. E . corner

Thirteenth and Locust streets, on Friday, De ember 9th, at 8 o'clock, P. M. Addresses will be made by Dr. Roth1ock

President of the Association; Hon. Bernard E: Fernow, Chief of the U. . Forestry Division ; and others. The public is cordially invited to be present.

Membership Notice.

lP)ERSO S desirous of joining the Pennsylvania J.:::' Forestry Association are invited to send their

names to W. W. Montsomery, Esq., Chair-man of Membership Committee, uS S. Fourth

t. Payment of the annual dues (one dollar) m01y be made to him, if preferred. Residents of Mont gomery County should send their names to Dr. Samuel Wolfe, Skippack, iontgomery County; those of Media, to MISS Crace Anna Lewis, Med1a.

A Plea for Pennsylvania.

7.:: HE following letter received from a gentle-~ man at Kane, Pa., explains itself:-

" I received your pamphlets on Forestry with ~real pl~re . . '!'he ~ight of so many names of Phladelph~ans, distingUished for good work, is, I hope, a harbinger of a general awakening on this important subject. My fa ther spent much t ime and money in the endeavor to preserve the forests round the head-springs of our principal streams. Every year the return of Spring is marked by the 311J

22 FOREST LEAVES.

ship at an average of fifty, it will be seen that one hundred trees will be planted yearly, which in a few years would beautifully shade any village in the South.

The kind of trees to be planted might be left to the executive committee, which would perhaps plant the public square in elms, one street in oaks, and others in sweet gums, maples, sycamores, poplars, etc. The beech and the birch (the latter an important element in juvenile education) are handsome trees, but somewhat difficult to tmns-

_plant successfully, and thrive best in high, lati-tudes.

ow as to transplanting. Deciduous trees should be mo\ed before the sap starts, say in December or January; evergreens not later tha.n the first of March. The practical sizes of trees lOr transplanting itre from one to two inches in diameter of the trunk. I have seen trees moved in Washington and Paris of two feet in trunk dil\meter, by means of a strong apparatus, some-thing like what is known in the army, as a "sling"-used for transporting heavy ordnance-by which a large tree is lifted from >ts native bed and moved in a perpendicul.ar position to its new home without stopping its growth; and so the great Bou tie Bofogu, of Paris, which was destroyed by the German armies in 1870, is no"' in its shady luxuriance as it was before the Franco-German war.

These methods are too expensive for us, and fortunately they are unnecessary; kindly nature, upplementing any careful labor, will produce

beneficent results in a few years. The first thing to be done is to dig the holes at

least three feet io diltmeter and in depth. Second, get the best trees from the neighbormg forests or swamps, and remove them as gently as possible, transport them carefully to their new borne, set them up as they were, fill in the holes with surface soil and muck, water them onte or twice to settle the soil about their roots, and mulch the ground around them with straw or dead leaves. They should be staked so they will not ' wobble' until they are well rooted, add well rotted stable manure after the trees are in foliage, and, where thtre is no stock law, put tree guards around them.

A comn>on mistake is to plant trees too closely together. Who has not seen a line of trCC'5 so crowded together that oo one bas room for develop ment, and who cannot recall some lordly oak or elm that, free from impertinent crowding, crowns a commanding eminence with its gracious pre sence? I should say, therefore, that oaks and elms should be planted at least forty feet from each other, sweet gums, maples, sycamores, poplan, etc., about thirtyfive fed apart, and smaller trees at less distance. One good watering is about all that is required, except in case of drought, when

occasional watering in the evening, with water that has stood half a day in the aun, is desirable. Of course, as the trees get to growing freely, the more the soil is enriched the better; it will add greatly to their health and vigor.

T rilnming should be resorted to sparingly and with sound judgment, always nsing a well-filed saw where a sharp knife is impracticable. Ever-greens-as magnolias, bays, cedars, junipers, e tc. -are rarely planted in public places, and should never be ''trimmed up. 11 I occasionally see trees in private grounds which, left to themselves, are always agreeable to look at and pleasant to remember. In parks a safe rule is to trim only so far as a tall man can reach with a saw. In public driveways the overhanging boughs must, of course, be above carriages and drivers. Risking the imputation of vanity, I take leave to recall a few instances in my own history which may illus-trate what I have been trying to say. Dunng my boyhood in distant State, I dug up and "toted" on my shoulder quite a number of sugar-maples. They are now over two feet in diameter, and shade a radius of thirty feet. In a lovely village in Southwestern Georgia, about forty years since, we organi1.ed a "Tree Society" something like what I have mentioned, and now the public sq are and streets are densely shaded with noble syca-mores, oaks and elms. Moving to Atlanta in 1858, a small willow-oak came along with the household sluR'. This was planted on the grounds of the late Judge ClaJke (now those of Mr. larsh, on Washington street). This tree was permit-ted and encournj!:Cd to develop itself without "topping " or tnmming. It now shades a space about eighty feet in diam~ter, and in its luxuriant grace is the admiration of cititen and stranger alike. I have heard Mr. Marsh say he would rather lose hiS" So,ooo house than that single tree. Four years since I was placed in charge of the Atlanta Park (a munificent gin from Col. L . P. Grant) , probably because I was supposed to have leisure and might make a little money !:0 a long way. The place was broken and gulhed, partly swamp, and generally covered with a dense second growth of small trees. A line of Confederate fortificat ions ran through the grounds, which in 86 necessitated the destruct:oo of the original timber, to secure a range for ord nance and sharp shooters. This had grown up in an almost impen-etrable thicket of small pines, but by judicious 'care in thinning out and grouping the trees, they have quadrupled in size, making a handsome pine-forest . It was a question of the "survival of the fittest ." The sylvaculture in the park has more than paid for itself by the sale of wood, and last Summer that place of one hundred acres aR'orded a refreshing and healthful shade for from one thous.'\Dd to ten thousand daily visitors.

FOREST LEAVES.

W~at Atlanta has~one with a small expenditure, any v>llage or town 10 the South can do, and in a few years our beloved Southland will become one of the most wholesome and beautiful countries in the world.

Was it not Montaigne who said, " We should cultivate the beautiful; the useful cultivates itself. " - Fr""' an adtirus 6y Hon. Sytifll)l .Ro60, AI Ia IIIa.

Editorial Correspondence.

MSMPKtS, TENN., ovember 23d, t887 . n FORTNIGHT spent in the States of Tennes-) .1 see, Alabama and Georgia, hos been notable

for the hazy atmosphere from forest fires, or in certain localities, for uncomfortable days and nights when the smoke was so dense as to aR'ect the eyes and throat. For several weeks fires have been raging and this city is now suR'ering from the inconvenience of smoke penetrating all the build-ings fro m a succession of fires, which are spread-in destn>ction for five hundred miles along the MISSissippi River. So dense is the smoke that nnigat1on on th~ river is suspended to a consider-able extent after nightfall .

ews comes of hea.vy losses in Arkansas; build-ings, cotton in hales and farm animals are de-stroyed, the loss of which can be estimated. But who can calculate the damage done to the stand-ing timber, which represents so much of future wealth for the territory drained by the bayous and tributaries of the Father of Waters. The loss of Jlroperty and the inconvenience ofthe smQkecom mand columns of space in the newspapers, but had no injury to habitation, crops or stock resulted and no smoke incommoded the people, it is probo.ble that a passing notice only would have been made of forest fires, which have caused such dire havoc in the timber areas.

But fire is not the only enemy which threatens the aluable wooded coun.try of these southern States-and it .is shocking to see the carelessness as to the future exhibited along the tributaries of the Tallahatchie River in northern Missi5.'1ippi-where fine holly trees glorious in their rich verdure, relieved by bright berries, are cut down to give the leaves as food to cattle, or where a white oak tree three and a half feet at the stump and straiJht as an arrow is felled for the purpose of culhng staves from it-fully twothirds being wasted.

Within twenty-five miles of this locality the rail road passes through aclaysoil from which the ro~ts have been denuded, and the surface 1 now barren, cl>l into innumerable gullies by the rush of unre-strained waters, until a scene of veritable desolation in presented.

In central Alabama the long-leaved pine is showing the heavy inroads mode upon it, and it

cannot be long before this portion of the country must awaken to an appreciation of forestry and the necessity of forest preservation and culture.

The necessity for a forestry association in the State of Pennsylvania, roay call the attention of other newly settled sections to the future, which may demand similar action on their part. J. B.

The Silk Crop for The South.

IT is possible to add to the present crops of the planting States a crop not less in its real-i1.ed value to the people who grow it than the

cotton crop is now. The silk crop of Europe has been the chief resource of the northern provinces of Italy and of several districts in France for more than half a century. It is still at the highest posi-tion for those countries, but il cannot be increased and made adequate to supply this country with silk. It cannot be increased for reasons connected with the close occupation of the land here, the heavy taxes, and the embarrassments and restric-tions on theoccupiersofthesoil; the he.wyrentals, and the absolute need of growing as much of food-producing crops as the soil will grow, and the labor of the people will or can take care of.

In the Central and Southern States here, the situation is wholly diR'erent. There is a surplus of land, very lightly taxed, and not encumbered, but almost absolutely out of use, because it will not pay to cultivate it in competition with the West . There is no urgent demand for labor to produce food crops, and no restriction whatever on the freedom of the owners onaod, or the occupiers of the farms, in the few cases where the occupants are not the owners. There is no crushing exaction of tax.es or rentals from tile people, and the only necessity is to produce a crop exchangeable directly for money.

The cotton crop has bad a great position as t,he money-earning crop of the outh, but it does not return the most oece.sary of the expenses incurred in growing it to the small planter or farmer. It does not pay a dollar fO< his labor, and it mpidly exhausts all the fertility of the soil. It cosu largely to prepare for it, and requires long wait-ing to realie what it does yield. Vnluable as it still is to the Iorge planters and on rich lands, it has ceased to be valuable to the greater body of the small farmers, and especially to the eastern States of the South.

But in all these older States both the soil and the climate especially favor the ~rowth of silk. The mulberry >s indigenous, and ll grows freely without regard to the waste of the soil in former cultivation . Any part of tbe country, and all classes of lands, will produce it profusely without cost, and without plowing or other cultivation. The land being practic.tlly free of taxes, the oc

FOREST LEAVES.

cupaotl are free to earn the - they can, and to uae the whole of what they do earn.

After the mulberry trees are IIUIIiciently grown, it is an easy work to turn them into silk-a few days only, not more than a month-'ld the crop of the year is grown and gathered, ready for sale. The cocoons need no preparation of consequence, or none which involves any material cost. If a filature is near at hand tney can be immediately reeled, and the reeled silk is worth five dollars a pound, - not merely the six or eight cents a pound which the ginned cotton brings. The cocoons when gathered are worth eighty cents to one dollar a pound ; but they are not d ifficul t to reel and may be reeled at once, as is done in I taly. The full value of the silk can then be realized . This silk, when reeled, is the most enduring and permanently valuable of all fibres ; as much more valuable for any definite weight than any other, as gold is more valuable than iron.

There is not the least practical difficulty in producing silk in any vill.age, or on any furm. o machinery is needed , and not a dollar need he paid for any tools or fixtur . Light feed ing frames may be made by any man or intelligent boy, of light boards, if they are at hand , or o( branches of t rees. Shelter from storms must be had, of course, and care must be taken to avoid wetting or chilling the young worms. The eggs must be kept in a cool and dry place until the leaves appear. It is not proposed to give precise directions here, but only to assure all intelligent persons that there is nothing more required than every such person can readily learn. If a mistake is made in some process once, it may be easily corrected the next time.

The writer of this note has had a lifetime of experience in the public service, and a thorough knowledge of the cultivotion and resources of the country for a long period , and of the South par ticularly, since 1851. Then the best realiu.tion from the cotton crop was still very imperfec t, because cotton was very little manufactured. Now manufacturers of cotton in the South are general and prosperous, but to grow cotton is no longer possible, with profit, on the worn lands of the eastern States South.

Still more, the circumstances of tbe country a re greatly changed, and an immense consumption of ra silk has been established. The present demand takes 500,00 pounds per n10nth, or 6,ooo,ooo po,unds per year, worth S3o,ooo,ooo. The imports of raw silk for November, r886, were 546,o35 pounds, value h,645,174 lf half of this we:re no grown here, it would cost the merest trifie to the growers beyond their time, and would be a net profit of almost its full value. It would be so much directly added to the national resources, and it would all come to thoee ho have no other resource to convert their time into money.

The Bamboo Tree.

7 ~RITJNG from China, a correspondent of \JJ the L6er World says that the Chinese

have developed the culture of the bamboo tree very wonderfully. They can produce a per fectly black as well as a yellow bamboo. The emperor of China has one officer whose duty is to look aner his bamboo gardens. This valuable tree is found in all tropical and sub-tropical regions, both in the eastern and western hemtspheres. An attempt has been made in England, and with some success, to raise a dwarf species found a t an alt i tude of u ,ooo fee t in the Himalaya Mountains. The New World furnishes bamboo of the greatest diameter. The stems are usually very slender, but in the northwestern part of South Amerirn is found one species with a diameter of 16 inches. The Chinese put this plant to a greater variety of uses than any other people. Some kinds of it when it first shoots up from the ground are used as a vegetable as we use asparagus, or it can be pickled in vinegar or made into delicious sweet tnto.ts. The plant bas to be thirty years old to blossom, and then it bears a great profusion of seeds and dyes. These seeds may be used like rice, and a kind of beer may be made from them. In r812 se ere famin e in portions of China was prevented by the sudden blossoming of a great number of bamboo lrees. T he stems of all the variet ies are remarkably b licaceous.) One tind fou nd in java is so hard that it strikes fire when the hatchet is appl ied to it . This has only a very slender stem, which is polished and used as stems for tobacco pipes. This prote.>n tree furnishes material for houses, boats, cordage, sails of boats, telescopes, aqueduct pipes, water-proof thatching, clothing, water~wheels, fences, chairs, tables, bookcases, boxes, hats, umbrellas, shields, spears and paper. The pith is used for lamp-wicks, so there is no part of it that cannot be used for some-thing. F rom some of it exquisite carvings inlaid wi th gold and siler are cut, that exceed in beauty the ivory carvings for which the Chinese are so famed . Recently it has been put to another use. Mr. Edison has found that the carbonized fibre of the bamboo fo.trnish the best material for the incandescent electric lamp and has made use of it in his system of lighting. In Burmah and Siam whole ci ties are built from bamboo. Those houses are made in pieces, lashed together, and raised on posts several feet high. _ ;.._ __ _

APPLE, peach, pear, plum and cherry trees, set alnj!' boundary lines of farms, interfere very little with cultivation, and their fruit is pro-duced almost without cost after the tre are well established, while, at the same time, they may aerve a useful purpose as screens to milt gate the f(!rce of drivtn g storms.

Philadelphia, February, 1888.

PENN YLV

CONTENTS. 1 .t\n A~ rnr Activity . . u:; Synop!'l :!li of Addr~s at

Dcoe:mber )lr.tting..... .. 25 Amendmenu. Referttd to

CommLuee.... . . .. . -:6 Meeting of J'e:nnsylvit\il\ A~ric:uhu raJ Socic.C)' . .. . ... .... 26 \h.t:tin~i in Detaw,.rt :.nd Uuckl Countic:s....... ... .. .. 'l1 Spotre 1 h~ Trees in CitiC'S . .. .... .. . ... 27 Prof. Rne: hrotk's l .c:ctures ..... . .. ... ......... . ... . .... .. ... . 27 T he Cnni~R a11J F~JI'tJI-A "r.w Jcum:il.l.. ......... . .... . :27 Suggestions in kr.laaion to Fl)rt~lr! "" "'"'- 'l1 The Mill Rhcr Oi.safitcr.. ....... .... ..... ... ............ .. .. 30

~~o:.:z.:c~"C::!:y ~;~;;~g::: ~~ : ~~: : ::::: ~:: :::::::::: : :: ~! "l'he Yellow Plne..... .... ............................. ........... 32 Tra.n{llantio~ 'l"r~......... ........ .... ... ..... ... ... . .. ... ... 33 FQI'dt l)evllMIIlioo in jap3n.............. ............... ...... 33 \Vhal l ntcteit hu the farmer in Forestry?....... ... ..... 33 [.-f!a,es by the: \V:.y!li'ide... .. . . . . .... ............ ............... 34 W'-5hing aw11y the: l..and ror want of F"orc:tt~.. . ........ .. . 3S E.ncour:~.ge-met~t or T tte-Pl :mtine:. ....... . ........ ...... ...... 3.5 Items or l nte.~ .. .. .... . ... . ...... . ....................... . ... .. J6

G ORE T LEAVE offers its readers a rtsume !:" of the proceedings of the Pennsylvania

Foresu y Association a t the Annual Meet-ing, and at a ubsequent adjourned meeting. A summary of the meeting of the Pennsylvania Board of griculture is also offered, and, in addi tion, notice i made or one of the meetings of the lontgomery ounty Branch. F rom the data presented , our readers ,.ill see thnt the friends of rorestry in Pennsylvania are ac tiVe, and that we start the year r888 with an evident inten tion and earnest desire to accomplish scone lasting result . Ma y the enthusiasm spread and all the members of the Association and reade rs of FoREST LuvES take decisive steps to help along this moem.ent.

\Ve commend to our readerS, for fa vorable con~ idcration, the fornlation of county branch organ -

izations, believing that in this way, better than irt any o ther, can the strength of numbers be se-cured. With a large membership we can accom pli h what is next to impossible for a small organ ization to attain.

Publlthed fi)r 1bc

lA FORE TRY A OCI TIO 1

The time rapidly approadu:s when tree maiming -generally recogni1.ed, though improperly, as tree trimming-win become general. \Vith the early spring. men with s..1.ws, axes and shears go about the streets of our cities loJllling off branches with evident relish but app.1rcntly without skill, 1 ~avi ng gaunt, spectrelikc trunks to o.ttMt their want or knowledge of the business. Strong pro-tests may a. batt if they do not correct this evil.

Arbor Day is approoching, and Mch mcn1ber of our organization should prepa re to recognize it n som appropriate way. We hope that the A o dation may see its way cle3r to take a prominent part in Arbor Dny celebration in r888.

Z:: HE opening address at th< meeting of the ~ Association on December 9th w delivered

by the presiding officer, Prof. J. T . Roth-rock. He spoke of the great importance of tree planting, and of ho,~ it could b

FOREST LEAVES.

ing done in Nebraska, but warmly endorsed his statements as to the importance of such work when well done. He described the extent and worth, commercial and climaticJ of the government timber bnds, this splendid property of the nation, which, neglected by Congres., or so managed as only to invite spoliation, was fast being shorn of its ines-timable forest wealth by the robberies of lumber companies and individuals. Avalanches and land slides, with great loss of life, were becoming common among the mountains, which had lost the protection of their natmral covering. France, he continued, was finding out how costly such sins against nature were sure to prove, and was to-day spending enormo us sums in reforestation, to keep Frts of the country from being rendered un-tnhabitablc by floods, avalanches, drought a nd malaria. To prevent the same r-ell delivered an address on " Our Forests,'' at Sellersville, Bucks County, to an

audience of about 300 people. Much interest ~ manifested in this subject in llucks County, and 1t is probable that a county branch will be organ-ited in the near future .

7~ W. MONTGOMERY, Esq., will de!iv~r \JJ. an address on "Forests and Btrds: 1 hetr

Import3nce in Pennsylvama/' in the Sul'ldd)'Sare mere alarmists painting in vivid colors the death and destruction which are to follow when our forests and our timber ore gone, but ~hat they totally fail when they undertokc t.o devt.se (?f3C 1ical means for averting th~ calo.mty wluc~ ts. to come. While I do not beheve that tbe ObJCctlon is well founded, it evidL"Iltly behooves thP. advo. cates of forestry to step forward a~d present then case in as strong a light as posstble.. In .broef, that case is this: 'l'he marvelous rap1dtly m the increase of our population, and the eo.nset]u~nt demand for lumber aod wood, for voroOUS; pur-poses are n1aking such drnfts upon our umber lands

1 thot it will not be long before the supply

will be exhansted in all the old settled par.ts o~ the country. The natural process of re-forestmg IS so slow and uncenain tlat but little value can be derived fron> it unless it is supJ>lemented by the fostering care .of n~an. .

Besides their d1rect commerc ial value, forests arc of marked benefi t in that a hey are the m~l efficient conservators of our " 'ater supply that t is possible to have. I do not ref~r to the much disputed questions of the effect winch forests have upon the absolute omount o f rain which falls, but to the protection which they give to our str~an~s, and to the conservation o( our walc.r supply .n Its general sense. Regarding this I thmk there tS no

doubt. . r lf, then, forests ha ve this d ouble fuuctton o

supplying one of the most useful of the r~w pro-ductions of the country, and of regulatmg '" water distrihution1 wh.a.t can. 1Je done ~o;war~ keeping them in the mo.t servtceable cond oHon.

There are two wnys: FirSt, lO allow and encourage by care and atte ntio n a second. g rowth of timber; and second, to pla.nt tr~ll:aeb w\, t\~ e t dangers. moreover, there is a pos.ibility that the toroal control and wtll be ass1st { \~ r':.,. St;l ingenuity of man and d iscover ies yet to be made, Farlow, Prof. A. S. Packard, ~ r. m. . 1 es, rna make the ro:e,. products of much less value and a host. of conlrlbutors. fhe paper w.'11 . be tlul~ the now are 1 'hi< looking forward inao published by the Gard~n and For~ ~bhs~ong J the dista~t future (distnnt\o us 1 mean) is not an Company, Tribune Uuilding, New or ' at our easy matter but it seems scarcdy possible for the dollars per annum. '

FOREST LEAVES.

pe_culinr protective ag"ney of forests to be sup-phed by other means than by the forests them-selves. . If, then, we grant that the probabilities are all on favor of the perpetual need o( forests, what more can be done toward their production than nature is doing alone.

We find that, as a very frevel suggestion. It will enteen to hunters, and (wotst of all) one hundred probably be said that much of this mountain land is and two to malice. May tbe efforts to bring so stony as to be totally unfit for any kind of vege- about a better public sentiment in this respect be tat ion, and that it would be impossible for trees redoubled, until we shall no longer be compelled to grow there. This is doubcless very true of some to record such humiliating facts as these. Still pl:roes, but the areas of this kind are very much onothcr objection arises in that the length of time fewer and smaller than is generally supposed. I required to get any return from money invested m3intain that wherever it is possible to get tr.ees in planting and caring for trees os so great that started so as to m~ke a slight shade and protec- few would be willing to run the risks. The diffi-tion, there the accumulations of decaying leaves culty, however, is rather in the feeling th~t it is and branches and the disintegrations of the rocks not perfectly plain that at the expiration of " will soon make a soil ur(.ace, thin perhaJ'", but given time there will be volue in the investment, thick enough to continue the life of t.he trees, a.nu and not th3t long time is tequired. The time: is thickening as they grow. There os conclusove no longer than in some other business projects, but evidence that much of w'hal is now the barr,en, this is to most men an entirely new idt:t. Many do shifting rock of our sandstone ridges was once not believe that forest !lees can be grown as fruit covered with a very fair growth of trees, but upon trees in a nursery, or as ordinary field crops are their removal, or even without that, fire h3.S swept grown. in and so thoroughly removed every vestige of Then: is a fallacious idea that forest trees so organic matter that it will take a generation be- impoverish the soil on which they llrow that a fore any tree growth can be established again. second crop of the same or similar konds cannot F urther, it will be said that this danger from fire be grown until some years have cla1JOCd and the is so great and so constant that it rende.s nny soil has been oble to recuperate. Expenmental artificial planting on a large scale and on our j>lantations which would be of great service in mountain lands utterly impmcticable. This is showing what is possible in this direction arc few indeed the most formidable objection that can be and far between. For these and similar ...,ason.s ra

1sed. Any one acquainted with the facts must be men are slow to take stock m such an enterpnse,

forced to admit its value. 1t is a cause of great althou~h 1 apprehend there ore some ;-vho wou!d regret when we consider that these destruc-tiv~ be wilhng _to trade ofT .some unproducuvc.st~c~ m fires are so often originated by selfish and mah- more $peCtous entei]lrlSCS an~ run _the. nsks m a cious pe'!"ns. :rheonly S\oggestion I can offer on I forestry company. llut what 011the umc mvolved?

30 FOREST J.EAVI?.S.

It will \oary "idely, according 10 the kinds of trees, arrest and have punished the poacher upon either.

the soil and suuation. I have presented some figures II may be that in this way we may have Introduced

based upon the while pine. They indicate that it into this country something of the spirit and will be at least lifiy to sixty years before timber method of forest economy as it has been so long of much value can be obcaincd. On better soil I prncticed in Europe, but which in its entirety believe this time would be considcrnbly reduced . oeems not adapted to our American condition.s. .>.sa type of a more rapidly growing tree which is Still another suggestion. lly way of familiar-

probably better adapted to our mountain land, izing people with forest-tree planting, as well as particularly the poorer p.~rts of it, we may take the for rtaSOns before mentioned, special effort should

chestnut. Over a considernble part of the bar be made in roadside planting, not only on Arbor rens before nomed the chestnut grows naturally, Day, but on other days. When we see how n10ch and occasionAlly nne mAy Rnd small tracts of is added to our coun1ry roads whete this pmctice

young chestnut timber which is rapidly making a 1s already common, we wonder why it is not more

record for ittclf. In aiL cases here at least this is popular elsewhere. ln part the reason is four.d in sprout growth, and hence the trees are seldom a> that our system of allowmg our highwoays to be the

>traight and symn>etrical or as high as they would common foraging ground for domestic animals

be if they had orig;nated like the pines. The simply nites destruction of anything pla~ted

best of these trees are one foot in diameter near I thereon, unleso extrn and diSproportionate expense the base and arc nbout twenty-five years old. Th~ is laid out in protecting the trees by boxe.. In val~ of the chestnu~ for posts, and the ease wuh this re11ect, ru. in that of the forest fires, may we wh1cb new trees spnng up from the stump, make not hope that we shall soon sec such a change in

it feasible to cut comparatively small trees to ad public sentiment that e'en the poor man's cow

vantage. Upon some soil, it is probable that black may lose the opportunity of worrying the life out walnut will prove the best tree, and on the higher of the prudent man's trees. Allegheny plateau west of us, the sugar maple I am well aware that I have presented nothmg and beech seem well adapted; but of these par really new on this subject to tha.c who are familiar

ticular tree& I have only a general idea and CAnnot with it, but l trust that I may have presented

speak in detail. It bas always seemed to me that some things in somewhat of n new light, and nt

the long time necessary to fully realize on an tracted the attention of some who are or wh may

investment in forest planting would not be an be so situated that they ean undertake some work of

insuperable obje the great good also of their own organization for the preservation or game and fish. Let any one of the companie$ which buy or lease tracts of land for sporting PUI'JlOIOS, not only pre-serve and protect the exisung timber-which I believe they do because of 111 relation to the game -but abo reseed and replant areas as large as their means will permit, and it will not be loog before we shall have some fairly definite knowl-edge of the rate of growth of diffe~nt kinds of trees, their value, etc., and some acelltnt exam-ples wbieb individual land O"'Ders will be willing to follow. A gamekeeper is, or necessity, some thing of a fore$ter, and if game preservers should become a feature in our State it would seem fe:u ible to have them serve na instructors in forest economy, and their keepers to have under their special care the trees '"" well as the gam~, and to

The Mill River D isaster in Massachuaeu-. and W ho W as to Blame for it .

7 "':: H 0 is to blame if the land owners in any part \JJ of the United St.,tes, prompted by greed or

because of ignorance, cut down the forests near the head waters of some ri,er, thereby cau ing to dry up the springs feeding the river that furnish~ the water power required by mills and factories, and the millen and manufat:turers are therefore obliged to build torage reservoirs "hich are so constructed or attended to as to give way when there has been an unusually heavy rainCall or when melting sno"' suddenly fills them beyond their caJ>IICIIy? In such a cue, are the mill owners and the engineer vho constructed the reservoir alone to be blamed, or do not the land owners who denuded the land of forests come in for a share of the moral, if not legal responsibility 1

Such a breaking of a peared, and at the same time I heard of the reaervoirS'. I cannot help bringing these facts together, and I, for n1y part, neer have doubted the fact, and others, I 7 ,,"'::H.\ T is Forestry? It is the same thing as believe, were of the same opmion, namely, that \JJ =~~;riculture: a bu,in.,... The difference i> this dam break and the disaster resulting from u only m the kind of crop and in the manner

had their primary cause in the culling down of of treoting the crop. It is the production of a

the forests. And a terrible dis.uter indeed it was, wood crOJI we ore after. Tlus i5 the crOJl which

for fron1 seventy to one hundred lives were lo.t, a crows, or can be mode to grow, oo parts of the number of grist mills and saw mill~. a large "oolen tarm "h1c~ are useless for other c~ps. It 11 a mill, a silk m11l and Hayden & Gere's brass works, slow-growmg crop, 10 be sure, l!ut. 11 grows wh1le

the largest establishment of thi> kind then existing you :tre a.leep, and y~n ~ pnt. 1t1nto the ground

in the United States, were utterly destroyed. The I but once, where It wll thnve "1thont further care rich meadows along the Mill r1ver were covered for ma~y years; a_nd .if properly st~rted it needs

with a deep layer of stones, gravel and s.~nd, and no hoeng, no cultivating, no worrymg ~ho~lt t~e

rendered sterile for several years. The loss suf weather. And when you come- to reap n, 11 w11l

Cered by the ton of \Villiamsbu'l: through the prove to yield a profit from ground that would

destruction of roads, bridges and fiver w~b, was otherw~ have been. left not ~nly uoprod~ctive

alone estimaled at $1oo,ooo, and the Lq!'sloture but u.nSJghtly. A p1ece of thufiy young umber of Massachuseus granted the town a subsidy beauhfies " ~orm and enhance. Its ~orket value.

amounting to this sum. The damage done to the lit costs but little more than a~ occasonal day of industrial estAblishments mentioned amonn~ed to e~joyable wo~k t~ cover unsghtly waste cor~ers

many hundred thou.sand. ~ollars and . senously wuh trees. Don. t figure on the J~rofit o~ t~c !tcks

impeded the proverbal "J""' of enterpnse of the th.u you arc gomg ~o cut.. There IS. >nd~recl sturdy raOntancouly by the seed fr.,m

State of Penn)lvania as that which thirteen years the old trees and aft~rward ~elp the young g"!wth

ago caused this terrible disaster in M.'lSSOchuselll? to m.~ke. the best timber 111 the shortest .time. It may, in fact, exist at any place where there are N;>ture w11l reproduce the forest and grow umber

industrial establishments requiring water power. ~thout care 1f allowed by man, but she takes

rhe old adoge says "An ounce of prevention. is ti~e, and time is money, at le.ut to a coreful

worth a pound of cure." Rul how IS prevenuon manager.

!12 FOR(,;ST LEA YES.

M ontcomery County M eetint:.

7.:: H ROUCH the exertions of Professor }. ~ Shelly Weinberger, Vice-President of the

Montgomery County Dranch of the l'enn sylvania Forc::.try Association, a la rge and suc-cessful public meeting in the intem;ts of Forestry was held in the Chapel of U rsinus College, at Collegeville, on Friday bsl, February 3d, at8

Professor Weinberger, in opening the meeting, made a short and humorous speech, and WM greeted with much 3ppl.ause.

Dr. Fisher gave some statistics, showing the condition of our timber and wood supply, and the need of forestry regulation, and was followed by Dr. J. M. Anders, who touched upon the various phases of the Forestry qa .. tion and gave numerou> IOStanc;es tO prove that rorest prc~rvation and c.uhi vation could be made profitable in this country.

Dr. Samuel Wolfe, ~cretnry of the Montgoon-ery County llranch, cl06ed the meeting with a few pointed remarks. There "as singong by Col-legeville quartettt, in the Intervals of the odd......,., and after the meeting a number of new members were enrolled.

The Yellow Pine.

IT may be of interest to those wbo are not already faoniliar ,.;th its culture to know some-thing of the cultivat ion of that most valuable

of our conife,..,._the Yellow Pine. Nature has apparently selected this evergreen to inhabit many of our mountain plateaus, where others o( the species nrc found only SJ>aringly. Our mountains contain a soil composed of .andy loam, which is well ada)>tod fo1 the yellow pine. It will grow well in sand if it contain moiSture, but in valleys where the soil is g~eralty deeper lttld better, it will grow in a shorter time to a larger size. J~ut it bas often come under my observation that yel-low pines which have gTown on mountains are tougher, harder, and far more durable thon those which have grown in valleys.

This tree is the only one of the conifers tllat has a tap or centre root, con~uently transplant ing is attended with more doffic:ulty than with others of this species. The tap root, which is generally very long, must never be shortened, or the young tree injured in ony way when Irons Jllanted, nnd the whole length of the tap rootonust be put into the soil,rather deet)Cr than it was before.

'l'he yellow pine bloom m spenahle. The place ts made in such n wny that a lottie depression of one or two inches 1S left in the sml This w11l catch the leaves, etc., car-ried by the wind, and abo retam the moisture. The distance between the seeding places are mode from three to five feet each way, and in an equ-later.tl triangle; in this wny lhe soil is shaded '-luic'ker lhan l( sown in nny other manner. On hills and mountain slopes the seed place muot be made leel- From six to eight kernels are sown on the loose soil and pressed down well with the foot. A litclc soil, to the thickness of the seed, is now thrown over it, to protect the seed from birds and to procure dar'kness. )( a few leaves or dry weeds are near by, these may be thrown over the seeding place also, as they at the same time will help to prevent the surface from becoming crusty and Tetain moisture--

All that is oecessar)' now is precaution .gain.t fire ; nature will do the rest. ln six )'~11 the young yellow pine will probably _sba~e t~e soil-In twelve or fifieen years a thtnnmg IS com me need. This opcrotion must be done so as to leav.t the soil constantly shaded. The inferior ones, such, for instance, M have grown up too slender, must be cut out in order to procure more room for better de...,lopment of stronger roots for those that remain. If this is properly observed a yearly revenue may be had until the crOJl is ripe -say in one century.

CF-oRov. O-no l'RAe-roouus.

"One tndividual in Cali forma lw planted a grove four m1les long. One lady bas had ovtr three tholl.nd trees planted in various States in the interest of the silk culture; the Northern Pacific grows the ties nnd 1leepers for its own use, along the line of the road ; nnd New Zealtwd has1.1 A r6Qr ba.J. What will Pennsylvania do?"

FOREST Ll~i\ YES.

Trans planting Trees.

CC l iS' trnnsplonting trees, one of the most import-ant precautions is frequently entirely 0\1Cr looked; thntis, to have the tree, when tmns-

plnnted, in the some position"' to the points of the compass as before removal. The south side of the tree is exp06ed to the direct rays of the sun, while the nonh is more or less protected from them. Noturc accommodotes it~lf to thiS clwlged con-dition, and the dilference in development in many trees on the south and northside11is obvious to ordt nat)' observation. When the sonth ide of a tree is turned to the north, each side finds itself in a posi-tion for which nature has made no preparation, ond death follow almost as cen.11nly a if the top were put in the ground and the root> turned up to the sky. The wollow and ~> will gr~w if planted upside do\\'n, and many trers will grow with the south side turned to the north; but with tree' difficult to tr:.n.,pl.mt a.t be;t, it is n mo\lake very apt to be fatal to turn the oouth side to the north, and the older the tree, the greattr the danger from changing sodes 10 transplant ing. u-sd~11t(fit Awunla11.

Forest D e vasta tion in Japan.

7.:: HE P"/'11/nr Sdenu AF~>ntltlf pubJi.,hes the ~ folio" mg e'Ctroct from a pr\ate leuer from

Japan: "The Japanese hae sent out mony stud~nts to Europe to study rorestr)', and have therefore the reputation of posse.,"'ing forests; but nothing of thnt- the 01ountaios nrc bare, and the forests burned down, ju~ as tl1cy are in the eastern part of the Rocky Mountains. Americans might take a ft.uful w2rning in rega.rd to the future pros-pect of their great WClit; only the l.1ndscape will be still more desolotc there, bcrau-.c the land is so divided into small holdings that no forest will be roised. Volcanic eruptions in JRJ)an hove buried, 100 or more years ogo, whole forem of Soot:ll', "' the Japanese call their species of Sequoia. They are again dug up, and people \\Onder at their >ile and the fine Broin of the wood, that has become gray, for wh1ch enormtK sums are paid for cobinet-work, but they are not procticol enough to consider tho! a careful culture might now cover the n1ou11tnins again with the ~t~me wealth. Per haps alrudy, 1n fifty yean., Americo will have reached the s.tme stage; a few monsters of the fore.t wm be admired, and it II hardly apJlC.U' credoble that the anceston. in their greed and ignor~nce burned down these pnceless trea:.ures for iln ephemcml gain, and e,cn where not the slightest gain could be obtained by the wanton destruction. The United Stotei possess still the finest forests of the globe, but in the land of h>Ste,

hurry and greed, anything wh1ch onnot be turned into money at short notice is destro)ed. A little more forethought might benefit not only the future but obo the presenl gener:uions. Where the land, freed rrom forests, is U'>Cd for aqricultum) purposes, this forest destruction has a fmr excuse; but where enormou tract> of land are denuded for stock-raising, tlte very means will defeat the end; Mock cannot be rai.sed without ater, and -..ater ill not grow; and, with the do,.,ppoarance of moisture and for~ts, h:trd) tough v:uaeties of grass will alone cocr the mountain ,lopes. Japan is the land of inundations, and the effects of foresl8 upon moisture are here most strikingly illustroted. Every thunder shouer ~ntb its whole quantity of water without delay to ~~ rhcn :md the~, and -. ithin a few hour. a mountaon v.,ner has seen a dry channel, r;lj;ing torrent and a little brook occupying the "'me bed; thuu of ocres of good lnnd alo11g th(.-se numerou~ mountain stream~ ccnusc the forc..-sts nrc lack iag which \\ou ld ret~ln lht; _n1oi-.turc and allow it oaly graduolly to -=k the mtr ond ocean. We cannot realie enough the consehe imprO\C>I~ oddund end of time that the main bu,inoss of the day allows, espt;"Cia.ll)r in "'inter time.

N"o\v it i\ po..,;.iblc that ,.-ou can get for the tim tx.r which lour grandfather hos left you, un-touched, sso or Soo per 3.C."re, from a hungry 3iiaW mill man. l>o n come at ontt the old trees, th.1t it h.u token one hundred or more years to grow i and, Ill mn~ Cast'S out or ten, hat is len 1 A u;elcss piece of grouno.l, which reduces con-siclerably the volue of the foclds lying near. l.lad you, insteod, con ... idcrcd thi" \\ood lot as o. s:.vmgs bank from which you could draw in interest ev~ry year h>t you need, taking c-are that the young growth "-a..' Jl_roperly protected 01gaanst cattle and fore, and agllmt damage from mfcrior kinds of trees, you wot1ld have a better kind of investment than the loo!IC dollars which r

34 FOREST LEAVES.

There is no imagination in this; these are occur reoces everywhere, and experience is growing in this country which shows that the forest is a useful regulator of water supply; the water reser-voir of the farn>.

rhe farmers must have more interest in keeping a proper proportion of the countrr under forest cover than any other class of ciuzeos, for they depend, in their business, greatly upon a proper water supply, and for thi the forest does admi-rable service.

"Many or the State Agricultural College~ and Stations have begun to make a swdy of tree culture and its conditions, and tree planting will have an increased interest as time passes. J n a plot of two acres connected with the Michigan College Farm, they have growing two hundred and fifteen species of trees and shmbs. The planting was begun only a dozen years ago, and yet few things have given greater satisfactin for the outlay of time and money than these studies in selecting nnd growing trees.''

You are, or ought lo be, husbandmen, not only of the soil, but of the water capital of the world also. Do you realize that each acre of your " fields requires from one to two million gallons of water to do its duty in growing crops during the seo!'On? B. E. FER NOW.

Leaves by the Wayside.

"The Fore.try Branch of the Agricultural De-partment of Ontario, distributed eight thousand Reports and inserted seven hundred articles and letters in the newspapers or the province; two hundred journals le nt their assistance; addresses \vere madt' in many loc.'\lilics, a.nd m~ny places in North America vis1tcd for information.

"The GovernmeM or Ontario proposed w tbe lumber men to share th~ expense of a >ta!T detailed during the summer to prevent forest fires a.nd to make known and enforce the provisions of the fire act. The lumber men acceded, and over forty persons have been S employed during last sun>-mer, with \'ery great benefit."

Residents in the vicinity of l'asadena and Santa Monica, c. I.' have o!Tered I() the State Board of Frcstry two tracts f land, one f fifty acres and one of a hundred and twenty ncres, on condition that the Board wilt use them as experimental stations nnd plant them with " fresh trees. u

Ge.utANV teaches horticulture in her schools. A small nur..,ry is attached to nearly every com-mon school, and the children are taught t grow trees and vines from grafts. and cuttings, as well as t plant the seeds and watch the various stages of growth. It would be of great advantage if such system could be introduced here.

THE report of the California Bard of Forestry 5hows wtl-attested focts that the strippings of the wOds from the steep mountain slopes in that State have already brought many of the evils pre-dicted; streams turned to wasteful torrents in one season and dry the next; failing springs; the soil washed from the mountains t fill up the val-leys, and table londs bare of every green thing that were a few yenrs ago covered with growth of shrubs.

THE strongest wood in the United Smtes, ac-cording to Prof. Sargent, is that of the nutmeg hickory of the Arkansas region, and the weakest the West Indian birch. The most elastic is the tamarack, the white r shell-bark bickory standing far below it. The least clastic, and the lowest in specific gravity, is the wOd of the Fi&us ana. The highest specifliC gravity, upon which in general depends value as fuel, is attained by the bluewOd of 'fexas (Com/alia o6uvnla).

A QUEER phase of railway industry is a railway tie nursery m the southern part of the State of Kansas. Jt is the largest artificial plantalion of forest trees in North America, and ts owned by the Southern Pacific Railro.1d. The different sections h~we been planted respectively, two, four and six years. One-fourth is planted with the Ailanthus, the rest with tlle Catalpa, and a few of White Ash. Those first planted are now about twenty-five feet in height, the last about twelve. Some of the taller are seven inches through the stem. There arc in all about 31ooo,ooo or trflon in full vigor on tl>ese plantatins. Out of these trees will come the railway ties of the future.

DISCUSSING grnned v:trieties of fruit trees, a. writer in Harper' r .Afagazitu says: " This oppor tunity t() grow di!Terent kinds of fruit on one tree imparts a new and delightful interest to the orchard. The proprietor can always be on the lookout for Smething new and fine, and the few moments required in ~aftin~ or budding make it his. The opJrroundings. The for-est tree has grown in the shade, and the hot sun f the open air is not friendly to its tender bark, while on the other hand, though it has often been remarked th31 they should be taken from nenr the outskirts of tile bush; it is often a mwer of n con-siderable loss of time to procure them. 'l'here -and this is one of the greatest objections to the bushprocured sapling-the roots are few and spreadin~, mnning far ov~r the suo face of the for-

est ground, so that onlf a smoll ]>art of the root can be secured. On the contrary, the nursery srownsapting,purposely tr,\nsplanted se\'eral times, obtains each time a better and more fibrous root, so that when placed in the field success in growth is: far more certain. For these re3Sons I have known many persons, in planting trees, rather pur chase from a nursery than take such as were to be had free from freSt or field.

What is suggested is that a large puMic nursery should be established, where trees of all sorts should be grown from seed, transplanted fre-quently till gOd roots are secured, and then given free to those who would undertake to plant and take care of tbeon on their farms. Three or four 01en employed during the season could 'row, care for and send awa)' millions of trees--trees, too, which wuld. all be likely to grw and nourish.

36 l'O RI::ST LE VES.

Items of Interest. Thooe receiving the saplings would, no doubt, be glad to pay the freight, which would generally be no large amount. h is not at all doubtful that by 4o,ooo have been g ranted by the lri h lloard this means~ every year, large nurnbc-rs of tretS of \\rorks for .r re-foresting" a part of the west would be planted throughout the late. of Ireland.

Under it the great advantage gained WOllld be Over 6,500,000 feet of lumber are re9uired to as follow.: Farmers ar often wi ll ing to spare build ne mile of snow sheds along the hoe of the land for a plantation, say a wide belt of trees, or Canadian Pacific Railway-where avalonches are enough to fill some spare piece of land not fi t for threa tened. much else. They can in summer fallow this, or T he raising of fore l trees is regorded as one of prepare spots in it, if it be broken land, and would the most profitable industrie in Southern Cali-ofien do it. If they can at once procure nursery fornio. The eucalyptus, pecan, black walnut, trees eno1~h to covtr this sufficiently close to keep k ld h cherry and many other \'arclles have a qutc the groun shaded, the operation wou e, ten 10 growth and are very profitable to the planter. one, a. :s;uccess. ~f they have to trn~t ~o the strag~ glingrootcd aphn&" of the forest, tl 15 not at all Horticulture is taug_h1t in the co~modn schools so t:errain a one. or Ccrnlany, the pup1 s bemg re9.mre to Uud,

~uch nurseries are conHuon in other countries. gra.fr, trnn.spla~l, pl.1n~ seed!:i, cutttng;;, etc., and Jn Pru\Sia., in 1ss4, the GO\'l!rnmcnt distribut:d they nre giVen n~strucuons ~n. the :iUb)~t of. plant (ree 25,000,000 of ~dJing~. l.a.s1 _ye::.r .Bohemia growth1 ad..'\ )lUll tOn or vanetU'!:S lO SOil, chlll3lC1 di>tributcd nearly s,ooo,ooo, of wluch about hJlf I etc.. . . a million were dectduous and the re.t contferons. 1 he drought tn some States decreased as 1l ex-Next year twice that number will be given away tended toward the fo""'t . The importance of by the Bohemion Government. Styria is making preserving the forests as an nid to a supply of rain a similar distr-ibution. u. tralia hns, in the last during the growing season cannot be too strongly few years, diDlribnted Sooo worth or trees, e37h urged. The farmers in each ~tion should rorm costing about one and a hall cents. There ts, clubs for the purpose of protectmg the forests. probably, no other plan of assistance so ch~np, Tucson, rizona, has taken the right plan for nor, if properly mannged, any other so effecttvc. getting tree planted. The authorities have offered -071/ario FortSfry R

88 FOREST LEAVES.

humidity, relle

FOREST LEA YES.

7.::::: HE Pennsylvania Forestry AJ;sociation bas ~ addressed the following circular letter to the

Board of Publication of Philadelphia:-" Gent/nHe11.-'fhe Council of the Pennsyl

vania Forestry Association respectfully beg to call your attention to the Proclamation of ~overnor Beaver, which appoints the 27th of Apnl as Arbor Day. Sin~ the Governor strongly urges the observance of the da)' by public 5

[sEAL.) JAMES A. BEAVER. By the Governor:-

Cu.ARLES W. STONE, Secretary of tlu C4mlnoltWtallh.

Increasing the Durability of Timber.

OUR people waste a large amount of tim!>"r and of lobor by lo.cl< or care for the tnn ber after it is cut. Rott;ng of timbers and

fence postS necessitate not only the cutting of a larger quantity of wood but also the labor of re-placing the same oftener, tban if the wood could be made to last longer.

There are some mles in the handling of Jimber which are too often overlooked, and which should be observed by everybody who uses wood in places where it cannot be kept dry or wholly sub-merged.

There is also much unintelligent use of paints and other coatings, applied in the hope of pre serVing timber, when it shoul.d have been well known, that by painting green or badly-seasoned timber decay is hastened rather than P.revented.

While to many it may be imposstble to apply the more complicated and expensive methods of wood preservation which recommend themselves to large consumers o~ wood mate_rial,_ knowledge of the following constderatoons w1ll atd the small consumer to handle his material to better advan-tage, to utilize forest products more thoroughly and intelligently, and to make them last from two to three times as long as when not observed.

DtCAV OF WOOD.

1. Decay of wood is due to fermentation o~ the sap, induced probably by the. growth of eoth~r bacteria or fungi. These organosms need for the1r development warmth and moisture, _besi~es the nitrogenous substances and salts con tamed tn sola tions in the sap.

To prttJtnl the growth of these ferments, there-fore the sap in the wood must be dissolved (lee~hed) or dried out, and moisture be prevented from entering again.

FOREST LEAVES.

THI U.NNIR OF USI IN;hiJIIICIS DURABILITY OJ ' Tl.._-~ . 'l'imlet plac.ed eii.tif~ under water or deep

in soil (dfain pipes) ~ill practically not decay, nor is it liableJtOJro\'IWhen kept absolutely dry, a.way from the inBuences of humid atmosphere.

Wood generally decays in proponion to the warmth of the temperature.

Hence on northern exposures, in cool valleys, on high elevations in northern countries, the dura-tion of wood is longer than when placed under opposite influences.

1 wood is used in contact with the ground, decay proceeds the more rapidly (~ginning at the pomt of contact with the soil) the looser, moister, and warmer the soil, and cs~ially the greater the liability of dlange from dry to wet ; therefore timbeT willla..tOt longer in heavy, always moist clay, than in loose, alternately moist and '!ry san_d or gravel, or in warm1 comparatively dry hme sods.

Rooms without ventilation induce decay, pro-ducing the dry-rot (which 6nt appears in white patches changing into brown or gray). Ventila-tion, drying-out, and isolation from moisture will cure this defect.

NATURAL FACTORS INFILU&NCllfG DURABILITY.

3 Sound mature trees yield more durable tim-ber tha_n either young or very old trees. Maturity \S the lime when t rees have ceased to grow vigor-ously, which is indicated by the flattening of the crown, dyingout of branches in the crown, and by the change of color of the bark. Maturity may ~ reached, according to circumstances, by the same species when the diameter is only a few inches or when it is as many feet. The small tree on arid soil or overtopped by others from its birth, "?Y ~ as old ?r olde:r than a tree of greate:r ~tmcn&Jons growng und{r !PO~ fovorable condi.-ttons. or two ?ieces of ''" ""'" /u'Ni the heavier is the .more dur_able, alt~ougb absolute weight of two dtlferent kmds of umber does not determine their relative durability.

Hean-wood, as a rule, can resist deterioration longer than sap-wood, becaUJC it contains less sap; but when the sap-wood is well seasoned and heavier, this dill'erence disappears.

The site bas al'l influence on durability in so far as it inftuences the formation of heavy wood ..

QwitMj-grMIJtl lrard--ds with wide annual rinp, and sltno/ygr""'" tiJIIi/n-s with narrow (yet not too narrow) rinp, and "tapped" pines (on tbe tapped side) yield, aa a rule, the most durable wood, other conditions ~ing equal.

Coniferous wood from compa.ratiely poor soils, high altitude, and dense forest, bard-woods from rich, deep, warm soils and ioolated ?OSition, are most durable.

The resinous substances in conifers form an cle-ment of protection ~inst decay.

4 The following hst of trees comprises IDOl! of those of common occurrence which have been found to be the most durable. Without means of determining the exact relative ft!ue oC tbe ditrerent apecies, it has ~en possible only to give a series which in general proceeds from the m061 durable to less durable ones.

.\STJ:JtN RANGE.

Conifers: Red Cedar,JNIII'jerru Virri'"- L.;. White Cedar, C!uuluuyparls sp/ulerDitlea, Spach.; Arbor-Vttae, T!Uiya ntidmlalis, L.; Bald Cy-pRSS, Ta.udium dislit!Uim, Rich.; Long-leaved Pine, Pinus palusln's, Miller; Red Pine, Pillus rw'nosa, Ait. ; Cuban Pint, Pi11u.t OJ~m~i1, Griseb. ; Short-leaved Pine, Piflus mill's, M.ichx.

Broad-leaved Trees: White Oak, Quer

FOREST LEAVES.

In a885, t11U INitUMd Ewrtlptall Lard shoots were planted on the Howell Tract.

In 1887, oiU /luntsattd EurqjetJII Lanius, from one to two feet high, and ,.. tMIUa11d $&qttll Pilus, of the same siie, were set out on the Howell Tract.

The tree plantation on the James Howell Tract along the northwestern bank of the No. 2 Reser-voir of the Girard Water Company has been fenced to keep out cattle, to prevent the theft of the Larch trees, for which some zstbetic but not over-scrupulous visitors had manifested a decided appreciation, and to secure the water of the reset vo~r from trespass and pollution. Both banks of the stream flowing into the reservoirs of the Girard Water Company, reaching a thousand yards from the stream on either side and extend-mg half a mile above the upper reservoir, were enclosed by fencing this year. During the next season the fallen timber and brushwood nn this will be removed and the ground put in condition for raising a growth of timber. Several thousand Larch and Pine shoots will be . set out in this enclosure next spring.

Robert Douglas, of Waukegan, Illinois, from whom all our trees have been obtained, bas planted three millions of Catalpa and Ailanthus trees on a thousand acres of land in Kansas for the Kansas City, Fort Scott and Gulf Railroad Company. He plants in ro"" four feet apart and four feet apart in the rows. In his report to the company, of October ast, t88s, he states that " they were planted ciOtely to avoid the necessity of pruning. The trees will prune each other. Even the si -year old trees are now twenty feet high and hae their side branches already smothered and dead up to one-half their height, so that it would be a gteat waste of time, if nothing worse , to prune them the first ten feel from the gtound ; and it must be apparent to any one that it would be very costly to prune them up the next ten feet ; but in" three more years the next ten feet will be pruned by the same process as the first. The living side br~nches are a great advantage lo the trees, sup-port the trunk, fill up and shade the spaces between the 1rees, shading out weeds and retain-ing the moisture. The branches already dead-and tlreJ an /lu only ones tlral equid be rem1Jf1td witMul aehlal damJJgt to lilt trus- would cost as much for pruning and removing as the full cost of furnishing the trees, planting and cultivating them until I he present time. These dead branches will fall off gradually, so that, when the trees are sixty fet high, they "ill show a trunk of forly feet without a limb, and, as may be seen in the native forests, the branches will have decayed gtadually and assisted in furnishing nutriment to the living trees. ''

Tbe European Larch seems the best suited of

any we have yet tried to our soil and climate, and will furnish a timber well adapled for mining purposes.

Curiosit ies of California Redwood.

t::JLTHOUGH wide planks of redwood occa-) J. sionally attract attention in the Eastern mar-

kets, but few persons o'utside of California know the giganlic dimensions in which redwood lumber may easily be obtained from mills which possess machinery capable of sawing it. We re-member seeing once a solid redwood plank five feet wide, which was the admiration of the build-ing portion of the town for a time, but, according to the Cahjor11ia Artltilul, this was small compared with some to be had in the vicinity of the redwood forests. Not long ago the managers of a State Fair in California sent circulars to the saw-mills, inviting exhibits or redwood planks. In response to this, a certain mill sent a" good-si:r.ed '' plank, which measured six feet in width. Hearing of this, the proprietors of another mill worked up some planlr.s eighty inches wide, and sent samples for exhibition ; and soon afterward a third estab-lishment, the McHay mill, forwarded a lot of perfectly clear, sound planks and boards, varying m width from ten 10 eleven feet. If there were any special demand for such enormous pieces of thts unrivaled timber, they would be more fre-quently seen, but 1be wood construclion of the world has for a thousand years been based on lhe assumption that sawed sticks measuring more than twelve inches in breadth or depth of section would be costly, and difficult to obtain ; and a new sys-tem must be made to suit the materials of the Pacific coast, or the redwood logs will continue 10 be subdivided into pieces approaching in size the Eastern lumber. On the other side of the water the standard of size for framing timber is still smaller than with us. If we are not mistaken, few medi:eval cathedrals on the Continent cont2.in a stick larger than eight inches square in croso-sec-tion, and, although English timber was of larger dimensions a thousand years ago, there would be little difference now.

Another article in the Ca/ifqnria Arelrilettgives a sugges1ion which Ought to be valuable. A gen-tleman, who has worked redwood of all sorts, has found, as might bt expected, that the lumber from the root, or from the trunk just above the root, is far more besutiful in figure, and more suitable in other respects for the manufacture of furniture, than that taken from the upper part of the tree. In consequence of this obserVlltion, be bas been accustomed to visit farms in the redwood district, from which the timber bad been cut, and otTer to remove the stumps. These, in most cases, have been left in the ground, the cost or extracting

FOREST LEAVES.

them, or blowing tbem to pie

FO~ LEAVES.

ONCE we had some bard feelinp qaiDIC the

" bloated capitalilto " who were buying up pooblic timber lands in the South co bold for

future opecalation instead of for immediate deftl opment, but we have ch11111ed our notion. If all the capital and energy that hu been, and can, and will be, put into the manufacture of Southern timber were employed at once and eontin--'y, the supply would be exbaolled before we could construct a bottom that would bold prices. AI Ions u Southern timber lands were worth nothinr and could not be sold for anything, our people were u well able to bold them as anybody, and did for a century or so. But now that they are worth from two to ten dolla11 and up per acre, we would feel bound to slash down the trees if we could not oell them otanding. The Southen~ people are acting very much like the Indians did about the land-could not all'ord to bold them after they got to be worth something.

Every evil has ill eompenoation in good. It il all right and for the best, perhaps, that wealthy men, firms and ayndicates shall buy up and bold for the future a large J;>Ortion of Southern otauding timber. Greed for ga~n will do in the future what poverty and Jack of demand has done in the put-praerve our forests.-s..J.knr .L~~-

Tim ber LanAI A ct Abueee.

7.:::: HE California Stale Board of Forestry hal ~ addreaoed a memorial to Congreso praying

for an act to " preserve the remnants of the forest~" in that State, which are suft'ering de struction auder section 2330 of the Re1riaed Statutel and tbe Act or June Jd, 1878, providins for the aale of timber lands. Under theae the General Land Office r~~linp and inatruction1, it appears, allow to locat011 of mining claims " the exclusive right of ~on to the ou rface groaad included within the linea of their location," aad "also the rifbl of posoeo~ion to the timber grow-ing thereon. ' The State Board uya :-

"Under this ruling parties in the mining coun ties, at the eo11 o f - dlllar,' Recorder's fee, obtain pcosetoOry title and t.< for almoat any other trees, except Scotch and White Pines.

The Larch should not be planted u a forest tree lOUth of 4o dqreea. It il perfectly hardy in Minnesota, Dakota and Canada.

The Wild Black Cherry is one of the most rapid growe11 of aU our valuable Northern hard wood forest trees, making lumber aiiDOIC equal iD valow to the Black Walnut; grows freely on any dry land, even if too poor for agrieultural purpoael, healthy, of uprigh t growth and easily transplanted.

FOREST LEAVES.

The Ruaian Mulberry growo rapidly when young, and makes a good wind-break.

The European Alder U. a large tree of very rapid growth, and U. adapted to land too wet for other forest trees; also growo well on dry land.

The Yellow and Canoe Birch are both valu-able timber trees, perfectly hardy in Minnesota, Dakota and further north.

The America White Ash is one of the most valuable and profitable trees for forest planting. The Massachusetts Board of Agriculture have offered very liberal premiums to encourage the planting of this tree within that State.

Prof. Budd, of Iowa, says: "A grove of ten acres, thinned to six feet apart, containing twelve thousand trees, a.t twelve years were eight inches in diameter and thirty-five feet high; the ,Previous thinnin~ paying all expenses of plantmg and c:ultivauon.

"Ten feet of the bodies of these trees were worth, for making bent stuff, etc., forty cents each, and the remaining top ten cents, making a total of 6ooo as the profits of ten acres in twehe years, or a yearly proftt of sso per acre."-Nortltroji' s .Ec0110111ic Tru Plattling.

The Western Catalpa. is very hardy up to 42 degrees ni>rtli latitude. It is more upright aDd symmetrical in its growth and hardier than the Common Catalpa (C. bipsiwitks,) which w>ll not endure our Western winten north of 40 degrees.

We have personally examined into and foul>d positive proof in numerous cases of this timber having stood as fence posts for a great number of yean without decay. lts great durability, its tenacity of life, the ease with which it U. trans-planted, and its rapid growth, make it, in o"r opinion, one of the most profitable trees for forest growth south of 42 degrees. - Common Locust.-We have ex.amined this tree thoroughly in New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada and generally through the dry regions of the West, where it makes a better 11rowth witho..t ie in a drr place, where woter will not accumu-late, and m one where vermin wilt not disturb rhem. Chestn,.ts, which are very apt to get too dry, may be preserved in sand, as mentioned above.- Weslern FariiUI'.

Roadside N ut Trees .

A $UGC&STION WHICH LOCAL PLANTERS WAY PROf'l"t" DV.

S UPPOSE the people of the older States, when laying out their highways through the coun-try, and streets in villages, fifty or .hundred

yean ago, had planted hardy nut-bearmg trees 1nstead of the maples, elms, ca~al~, pop!-11 and similar kinds now seen on every s1de, do1ng ser-vice only for shade and ornament. .Yes, suppose it bad been suggested that nut trees hve to a great age, are handsome, afford as good shade as other kinds besides bearing seeds that are valuable as food, ',_nd suppose these sugge1tions had been acted! upon by a lar4e majority of those who were about p13nting waystde t.rees.

60 FOREST LEAVES.

It certainly requires DO great stretch of irnagi nation to - what would have been the result. Rows o( (ruitrul and noble shellbark hickories would now be growing in hundreds of New E ng land viii~ instead or insect-infested elms, pop-lars and lindens, the wood of which is down, not worth one-fourth umuch when cut as hickory, or, in fact, that of any of the walnuts. It is tme that the small boy might have enjoyed the nuts from these trees, and occasionally loitered by the way when going to or coming from school, in order to fill his pockets, still, the ~on or such treas-ures usually gives more pleasure than their cost in time. What might have been now may be real-ized twenty-five or fifty years hence, if those who are about planting street trees in cities and villages, and along the highways in the country, will plant the ~ nut bearing tr~ instead or tbc other kind, which yield nothing of value, and do not o.trord any better shade than trees bearing delicious fruits or nuts.-Oreluud alii/ Garde11.

Old Ro~an W a ter Wheel.

Z:: HE 1fli,.u,.;q and Mi.Uq .f1J111'7U1/ presents ~ a photograph of a water wheel whtch was

unearthed on reopening an old part of tbe Rio Tinto Company's mine, in Spain. These mines, as is well known, were worked by the Romans, and formed one or their principal sources or copper supply two thousand years ago. This par ticular wheel was unearthed on reopening an old part of the workings which aved in about fifteen hundred years ago, and shows one of the methods adopted tn theae primiti.-e times to unwater their deep workings. This wheel is 14}:( feet in diam-eter, and was found at a depth o( 4o7 feet belcw the Sttrface. It is only one of many which have been uncovered at vanous depths-

It is made entirely of wood put together with keys a