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Forensic Drug Analysis
60 % of Forensics Lab work is drugs
85-90% of all Criminal Cases involve drugs
Addiction Physical vs. Psychological addiction Physical
– causes withdrawl symptoms– Ex: Alcohol, Narcotics, Depressants
Psychological addiction– Dopamine release; satisfies an
emotional need– Ex: Cocaine, PCP
Classification of Drugs Opiates/Narcotics
– Reduce sensation – sleep like state – morphine, heroin, codeine, fentanyl– Both physically and psychologically addictive
Stimulants– Stimulates, speeds up, the central nervous
system (CNS)– high energy, euphoria– amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine– Psychologically addictive
Classification of Drugs Hallucinogens
– Alters perceptions, “gen”erates illusions– LSD (acid), PCP(angel dust), MDMA
(Ecstasy), Mescaline (peyote cactus), Marijuana (THC), hallucinagenic mushrooms (psilocybin)
– Most neither physical nor psychological dependence
Depressants
–Depress CNS, drowsiness, slowed response
–Barbiturates(Phenobarbital), Ethanol
–Valium (diazepam), Xanax (alprazolam)
–Physically and psychologically addictive
Controlled Substances Schedules
– I: No approved medical use LSD, Heroin, Psilocyn, Psilocybin, Marijuana, MDMA, Mescaline, Methaqualone
– II: Medical use, severely addictive Methamphetamine, Cocaine, Codeine, Morphine Hydrocodone, Hydromorphone, Methylphenidate Meperidine, PCP, Phenmetrazine, Oxycodone, Oxymorphone, Butyl nitrite, Amobarbital, Secobarbital, Pentobarbital
– III: Medical use, somewhat addictive Morphine & Codeine in mixture, Opium,
Pentobarbital (Mix) Anabolic Steroids (1991)
Controlled Substances II– IV: Medical use, low addictive potential
Xanax & Valium Ephedrine Codeine cough syrup Phenobarbital
– V: OTC Mixtures of analgesics and opiates Propylhexedrine (decongestant)
Analysis Sequence Observations
- Rock like, powdered, wet Screening Test
- A presumptive test used to reduce the number of possible identities of an unknown substance
– Duquenois-Levine Color test THC screening….. Marijuana and Hashish Drops added to vegetation, turns purple color
Screening for Marijuana
Confirmed at the Lab Chromatography = separation of
mixtures– Thin Layer (TLC)– Gas chromatography (GC)– Liquid chromatography (LC)– Paper chromatography
Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)Marijuana is a mixture of compounds
Components spread out in solvent
TLC of Marijuana
Components of various sizes and solubilities travel further
Under the scope: Marijuana Green Plant Material
– Must be dry, in paper– Microscopic Examination
Look for “Bear Claw” cystolythic hair on top surface of leaf
Color Screening Tests for other drugs
Marquis Test – ex: Nark II Primary presumptive test used for ecstasy testing.
Also used to test for cocaine, opiates (e.g.
methadone, heroin), and methamphetamine.
– Purple Opiates– Orange to brown Amphetamine & Meth– Blue Ecstasy– Red Aspirin– Pink cocaine
1. What kit do investigators use to identify a type of drug?A. Mark II B. Nark II C. Dark II
2. True or False?Investigators taste a drug sample to identify what it is.
3. What color would morphine or heroin turn after the reaction?A. Black B. Brown C. Purple
4. How long did the investigator have to agitate the sample?A. 12 seconds B. 20 seconds C. 60 seconds
5. What type of drug was the test sample? A. Morphine or Heroin B. Ecstasy C. Amphetamine or Meth
Watch the video and then answer the questions.Video Link: http://www.aetv.com/crime-360/video/index.jsp?bcpid=1459183602&bclid=1459293923&bctid=1620577030
1. What kit do investigators use to identify a type of drug?A. Mark II B. Nark II C. Dark II
2. True or False?Investigators taste a drug sample to identify what it is.
3. What color would morphine or heroin turn after the reaction?A. Black B. Brown C. Purple
4. How long did the investigator have to agitate the sample?A. 12 seconds B. 20 seconds C. 60 seconds
5. What type of drug was the test sample? A. Morphine or Heroin B. Ecstasy C. Amphetamine or Meth
The answers are …
Microcrystalline test Chemical reagent is added which causes
crystals to form Crystals have different shape depending
upon what drug
Cocaine Methamphetamine
Infrared (IR) Drug “Fingerprinting”
Spectral comparison of Prozac with a fluoxetine hydrochloride (10 mg) lactose-formulated product – a knock-off.
Substance is dissolved in solutionIR waves sent thru the mixtureReflect back a “fingerprint” of the substance(s) in the mix
Infrared (IR) Drug “Fingerprinting” continued
Spectral comparison of Prozac with a fluoxetine hydrochloride starch-formulated generic product.
Drug Testing in the Body Urine is most common Immunoassay
– Based on antigen-antibody binding specificity
– Antibody produced by injecting antigen (drug) into rabbit
– Antibodies will bind to drug in urine Confirmation done w/TLC
False positives in Immunoassays
Poppy seeds and Vicks 44 for opiates Decongestants for amphetamines Benadryl and numerous cough syrups
for PCP
Heroin
marijuana