Forces on Building_2

7/28/2019 Forces on Building_2

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INTRODUCTION

Building is a structural

framework which is designed

to sustain the various loading

type and condition while

maintaining its serviceability

condition.
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INTRODUCTION

The duration which a buildingis able sustain all the loads

exerted on it without

structural failure or

impairment of its aesthetic

appearance is the

Serviceability Duration of a

building.
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INTRODUCTION

The Serviceability Duration of

a building is usually 80-100

years depending on the

design and quality of material

used.
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INTRODUCTION

The design of a building

structure is usually initiated

with the

Consideration on the type and

nature of load acting on the

structure

The estimation of thequantitative magnitude of load

on building.

The transfer mode of load

between its structural elements
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TYPE OF LOAD ON BUILDING

LOAD ON BUILDING

Permanent

Structural weight

Finishing weight

Architectural components

Variable

Variable gravity load

Human occupants

Furnishing, storage,

machinery and equipment

Lateral loading

Fire and WeatheringDeterioration


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PERMANENT LOAD

Permanent load of a building

is the type of load with

magnitude and loading

condition which is relatively

stablethroughout the

service life of the building.
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PERMANENT LOAD

Permanent load of a building

include: The self-weight of the structural components

(Truss, Beam, Slab, Column and FoundationSystem)

Architectural components namely

Cladding

Internal and external partition (Concreteor brick walls)

Ceilings

Finishes of floor and walls of building
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PERMANENT LOAD

The magnitude of the

permanent load of a

building can be

accurately calculated

from the architectural

layout plan and the

preliminary structuraldesign drawing.
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PERMANENT LOAD

The calculation of dead

load is usually performed

in a conservative manner.

So that the design

specification of a

structural element need

not change due to slightalteration of the structural

member size.


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PERMANENT LOAD

The permanent load of a

structural element,

architectural component and

finishing can be calculated

based on:

The volume of the component

considered and; The bulk density of material

used.
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PERMANENT LOAD

Due to the accuracy ofthe

permanent load estimation

and the stable nature of the

load, the design safety factor

used for permanent load is :

1.4x (Total Permanent Load)
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VARIABLE LOAD

Variable load of a

building is the type of

load with magnitude and

loading condition which

is relatively transient and

not constant in

magnitude.
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VARIABLE LOAD

Variable load of a building can be divided into

two subcategories

Variable gravity load

Variable lateral load
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VARIABLE GRAVITY LOAD

Variable gravity load is

the vertical load acting

on a building by:

Human Occupants of

the building

Moveable storage,

machinery andequipments
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The magnitude of the

variable gravity load of

a building cannot be

determined accurately.

However, it can be

conservatively

estimated based onstandard code of

practice (BS 6399-Part

1-Table 1)
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The magnitude of variable

gravity load can sometimes

be determined from the past

experience of the structural

engineer.
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VARIABLE GRAVITYLOAD

The variable gravity load

acting on a building structure

can be determined based on:

The floor use of a building as

specified in the architectural

drawing;

The proposed height ofstorage.

The weight of the moveable

machinery and equipement
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Due to the inaccuracy ofthe

variable gravity load

estimation the design safety

factor used for variablegravity load is higher at:

1.6x (Total Permanent Load)
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GRAVITY LOAD CALCULATION


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VARIABLE LATERAL LOAD

The consideration on the

lateral load on a building is

essential for the design of

tall building structure (>6storey)

The two dominant types of

variable lateral load are: Wind Load

Seismic load
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Wind load

Wind load is induced on a

building by movement of air.

The governing factors that

defines the magnitude of

wind load are

Wind speed

Direction of wind flow with

respect to the building

Altitude of site

Geometry of building
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Wind load

The magnitude ofwind load

will be higher for a higher

wind speed

Similarly the magnitude of

wind load increases with

higher angle of contact

between the direction of

wind flow and the face of the

building.
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Wind load

For a tall building structure,

the wind load varies from

zero at the base of thebuilding to the maximum

magnitude at the top of the

building.

This is similar to the nature

of wind speed variation over

the height of the building.
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Wind load

For building located at high

altitude site, the average

wind speed passing thebuilding will generally be

higher, hence, a higher

imposed wind load.
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Wind load

The magnitude of wind load

is also strongly governed by

the plan geometry of thebuilding.

Building with well designed

dynamic geometry will have

lower dynamic drag

coefficient, hence, lower

magnitude ofwind load.
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Seismic load In an event of earthquake,

there are two main types of

ground wave generated

namely: P-Wave: Compressional waves

that are longitudinal in nature.

This is the first wave that arrive

at the seismic station first dueto its higher velocity, hence,

called the primary wave. This

type of wave does not trigger

massive ground movement.
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Seismic load In an event of earthquake,

there are two main types of

ground wave generated

namely: S-Wave: Transverse wave that

displace the ground

perpendicularly to the

direction of wave propagation.
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Seismic load Seismic load is induced on a

building by the ground

movement triggered by an

earthquake.

The ground movement is

usually induced by the

propagation of the S-Wave

within the ground mass from

the epicenter of an

earthquake.
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Seismic load The governing factors that

defines the magnitude of

seismic load are

Total mass of a building

Magnitude of earth vibration

The natural frequency of a

building structure
http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=T8Mrj3LftWei9M&tbnid=Fb_DlONRpnWSDM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/seismic_load&ei=_9lGUbSoIMXliAel9YAY&psig=AFQjCNH2LZHrHr5NJiv1ddrVzLy-XeqzIw&ust=1363684210992819


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Seismic load

The magnitude ofseismic

load will be higher for a

heavier structure

Similarly the magnitude of

seismic load increases with

the higher magnitude of

earth movement (Measured

in Richter Scale)
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Seismic load

The natural frequency of a

building structure is the

vibration frequency of the

building when set to vibrate on

its own with a small

displacement.

A building will vibrate with

maximum amplitude of

vibration when the frequency

ofseismic movement is similar

to its natural frequency.
http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=sRgGglZpWf-5DM&tbnid=kCdKVn0xo64F7M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.posterus.sk/?p=13941&ei=0dpGUf3eEoaZiQf5j4CIAw&psig=AFQjCNF-9Y5eWa6-SdIw8_vcaOFiGrSCTg&ust=1363684397393057http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=VHFZKoW-pBQt8M&tbnid=pWFIkpzSnpruuM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.mace.manchester.ac.uk/project/teaching/civil/structuralconcepts/Dynamics/freevibration/vibration_pra2.php&ei=jtpGUbT9NueViAfDjoFA&psig=AFQjCNEz9qnqto_cnhH8FUt3HAJzmbRxMw&ust=1363684361696114


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Seismic load

The large amplitude of

building vibration may result

in the failure of buildingsystem and final collapse of

the building under seismic

load.
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Seismic load

The common measures taken to

mitigate the seismic load on

building structure are:

Reduction of the self weight of a buildingusing timber as construction material.

The use of high ductility steel structure for

building construction.

Design of a robust lateral restrain for tall

building structure Installation ofseismic isolation system

VA IA L LA AL LOA
http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=ddsIM8XOUn7rWM&tbnid=0KVX1-BqSnwsZM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.qrbiz.com/buy_Vertical-Seismic-Profile-Software&ei=JtxGUaa5F4uRigf1w4HQCw&psig=AFQjCNHKVrWWUGGxRSboEar7Qj4ZLDq6mg&ust=1363684770876490http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=w9VtEvESCyFV9M&tbnid=EACp5Ccbe2nklM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube_(structure)&ei=CNxGUd7eBaSSiAf4q4HwCw&psig=AFQjCNERzQzhz03p6CxY1ZlXGVpx_RH4ZA&ust=1363684740500772http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=_3x2HZJIXydFDM&tbnid=73fDPaKlBvuJFM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://shanborun666.en.made-in-china.com/productimage/poFxiGyYZqVe-2f0j00LCRtouQPvBrO/China-Industrial-Steel-Buildings-to-Nigeria.html&ei=zttGUc_yL4eciQev6YGYCA&psig=AFQjCNH-nlfRD6tBcGLiK8WHvqtbqLnyHw&ust=1363684677652045http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=ronsfpokUYiIWM&tbnid=VOuuud97mFO8eM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.treehugger.com/sustainable-product-design/summerhouse-by-ullmayer-sylvester-architects.html&ei=gdtGUfDhI6SiiAfV1IGADA&psig=AFQjCNGkJB68gjNJgx8Su6U_Lj6qwiIJGQ&ust=1363684603507029


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Seismic Isolation System

The seismic isolation system is a

sophisticated structural system

which is installed in between theground columns and the

foundation of a building.

The seismic isolation system is

usually made ofrubber block,

laminated rubber or roller unit.

http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=qVPqRiO-aJYJPM&tbnid=vUHAhhbp7hyEMM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.toda.co.jp/english/tech/structure.html&ei=wNxGUaCsEcuYiAe5nIGIDg&psig=AFQjCNHKVrWWUGGxRSboEar7Qj4ZLDq6mg&ust=1363684770876490http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=7tinKizvkOj09M&tbnid=wP5cONkjZ10juM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.hazama.co.jp/english/architectural/medical/p18.html&ei=rtxGUcjBGaiciAfr24G4Bw&psig=AFQjCNHKVrWWUGGxRSboEar7Qj4ZLDq6mg&ust=1363684770876490http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=x0gIfLLP-QaF_M&tbnid=CimQ3BWkphsoSM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.okumuragumi.co.jp/en/technology/building.html&ei=c9xGUc3wMfCziQfDs4DIDA&psig=AFQjCNHKVrWWUGGxRSboEar7Qj4ZLDq6mg&ust=1363684770876490


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Seismic Isolation System

The mechanism of seismic load

mitigation:

Alteration on the natural frequency ofa building

Partial detachment of the base of the

building from the ground, hence,

minimizing the transfer of groundvibration to the building mainframe

structure.

Dampingof the buildings vibration

FIRE AND WEATHERING LOAD ON
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FIRE AND WEATHERING LOAD ONBUILDING

Fire and weathering are not

physical load exerted on a

building structure.

However, the event of fire in

a building and the corrosive

action of weathering agents

will cause deterioration tothe load bearing capacity of

the structural elements of a

building.

http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=ncorTwHIfPzKsM&tbnid=koEPEDSVER-5GM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.nachi.org/inspecting-visible-masonry.htm&ei=Nt5GUavkEYWZiQe7vIHYDw&psig=AFQjCNG5JCxLWknugssq8rpZ9UUuBti9_A&ust=1363685298293210http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=MR0T9ECjASNiaM&tbnid=whoNwHSOHoWk0M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://thehamsterdam.com/2011/12/08/top-5-thoughts-i-have-at-work-that-im-not-sure-everyone-else-has/building-on-fire/&ei=At5GUYKrBK7uiAe6lIDADQ&psig=AFQjCNGxzQRvBIw3XmNzG5P3c-8qZ7LJnw&ust=1363685240926850


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Hence, due consideration

shall be given to the design

of a building structural

mainframe to remain stableduring the event of fire.

This is to ensure adequate

time allocated for theevacuation of the building

occupants

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Similarly, for steel structure, BS

EN1993 and EN1994 prescribe a

standard surface treatment

procedure for fire resistance.

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For reinforced concrete structure,

BS 8110 prescribe a minimum

concrete cover thickness of 25

mm for RC structural element toremain in serviceability condition

for 2 hours in the event of fire.

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The most common weathering

deterioration that may affect

the load bearing capacity of a

building is the corrosion of steelmembers and reinforcements.

The corrosion of steel may

reduce the load bearingcapacity of a structural element

by 20-40 % according to the

severity of corrosion.

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Hence, the British Standards

BS 8110 prescribe a minimum

concrete cover depth of 20

mm for RC structural member

to prevent corrosion of steelreinforcements.

For RC structural subjected to

marine exposure and groundwater exposure, the minimum

concrete cover depth required

is 40 mm.


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Thank you

Presented by

DR CHEAH CHEE BAN | SENIOR LECTURER

SCHOOL OF HOUSING BUILDING AND PLANNING

Documents

Forces on Building_2