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Forces, Energies, and Timescale in Condensed Matter
2004/10/04C. T. Shih
Special Topics on Soft Condensed Matters
Intermolecular Forces
(Long range) Attraction → to condense
(Hard core) Repulsion → to avoid collapse
Isotropic as in the figure? → usually no for soft matters
Type of Forces Two types of bonds: permanent (chemical) bonds an
d temporary (physical) bonds Van der Waals forces: U ~ 2/r6, : polarizability, r: dist
ance. Energy scale ~ 10-20 J ~ 724 K Ionic interactions: Coulomb potential. Energy scale ~
10-18 J Covalent bonds: Energy scale ~ 30~100×10-20 J Metallic bonds: Delocalization of electrons. Energy sc
ale ~ covalent bonds Hydrogen bonds: Energy scale~ 2~6×10-20 J Hydrophobic interactions: Energy scale~ 10-20 J
Intermolecular Forces and Phase Transition
Elasticity: Hookean Solid An ideal elastic solid An applied shear stress (剪力) pro
duces a shear strain in response The shear strain is proportional to she
ar stress The constant of proportionality is the
shear modulus
eG
yxe
F/Aσ
/ :modulusShear
e) small(for ~/ :StrainShear
:StressShear
Viscosity: Newtonian Liquid
An ideal viscous liquid An applied shear stress produces a
flow with a constant shear strain rate in response
The strain rate is proportional to the shear stress, and the constant of proportionality is the viscosity
Newtonian Liquid (conti.) Imagine some liquid sandwiched between
parallel plates of area A separated by a distance y
The plates are moved with a relative velocity v
The force resisting the relative motion of the plates F=Aηv/y
η is the viscosity v/y is just the time derivative of shear strain,
or e’, so it can be written as σ=ηe’
Real Material: Viscoelastic Hookean solid and Newtonian liquid a
re two limiting cases of elasticity and viscosity
The behavior of real materials is in between – viscoelastic
There is a particular timescale to determine which kind of response: elastic or viscous
Relaxation Time
shear-thinning fluid:faster-moving, less viscous
shear-thickening fluid:faster-moving, more viscous