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English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine Science and Technology

for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

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Page 1: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

English for Vessel Traffic Serviceits Features and Efforts for Standardization

Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D.Tokyo Univ. of Marine Science and Technology

Page 2: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Outline

• What is Vessel Traffic Service (VTS)?• Entering Tokyo Bay• Features of VTS English• Questionnaire Results from VTS Operators• Communication Failure Examples• Standard VTS phrases

Page 3: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

VTS Information Service for Safe Navigation

in Heavy Traffic Areas

• Pilot/Tug Arrangements• Traffic/Weather Information• Risk of Collision/Grounding• Berth/Anchoring Information• Emergency Assistance

Page 4: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Seven VTS areas

• Tokyo Bay• Nagoya Port• Ise Bay• Osaka Bay• Bisan Seto• Kurushima Strait• Kanmon Strait

Page 5: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

EnteringTokyo Bayvia Uraga

Traffic Route

Page 6: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine
Page 7: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Pilot

Page 8: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

From Pilot Station to Berth

• Report ETA at Pilot Stationpilot ladder (port or starboard)boarding speed, drafts forward and aft

• Report ETA at Traffic Route Entranceorder of entry, traffic information

• Report ETA at Port Entranceberthing instructions

Page 9: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine
Page 10: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Features of VTS Communication

• Context Rich/Dependent (Routine Exchange)• Limited Vocabulary items• Strongly Goal Oriented• Closed Loop Communication• Non‐natives speakers with various accents• Noise

Page 11: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Technical Vocabulary

• Nouns  port/starboard side,  hull, rudderlet go anchor, slip anchorAnchor is aweigh/foul.

• Adjectives/AdverbsMan overboard!   after draft,  go aground

• Verbs are usually taken from ordinary English with a special maritime meaning

Page 12: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Questionnaire Study Goal

• To identify  cause(s) of radio communication difficulties

• as perceived by experienced Japanese VTS operators

• based on a questionnaire.

Page 13: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Participants

• 28 VTS operators in 7 VTS areas in Japan• Age:  40‐60• Gender: All male except 1• Average Service Time: 7 (0.5 – 28) years

Page 14: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Question 1

• Which of the following 16 nationalities of seafarers have you had communication with in English over the radio?American, Australian, British, Chinese, Croatian, Filipino, Indian, Indonesian, Korean, Malaysian, Russian, Singaporean, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese. 

• Add any nationality if needed

Page 15: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Question 4 

Q:  How do you usually tell the nationality of theperson you are talking with? How easy is it?

A:  Phonetic characteristicsSegmental  substitutionsIntonation

A:  Flag State, Destination, Crew List• Most are quite sure about Chinese, Koreans, Russians, Filipinos, and Americans

Page 16: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Responses to Q1• Chinese 28 • Korean 28 • Russian 26 • American 20 • Filipino 20 • Vietnamese   17• Indonesian   15 • British   14• Australian   10 • Indian   10

• Malaysian   9• Thai   9 • Ukrainian   7 • Singaporean   6• Croatian   1 • Turkish   0

• Cambodian   2• Dutch   1 • German   1 • Myanmar   1

Page 17: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Question 2

How easy/difficult was their English? Rate the English on a 7‐point scale

1 = very easy to understand7 = very difficult to understand

Page 18: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Difficulty Rating Results

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Page 19: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Question 3What makes the communication with the speakers you pointed out above difficult? Choose the factor(s) from the following:

(1)  radio equipment  (2)  vocabulary used  (3)  speed of speech  (4)  foreign accent (5)  others 

Write comments if you have any.

Page 20: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

# of Respondents choosing each factor

Equip. Vocab. Speed Accent Other

Russian (5.81) 3 3 6 15 3

Chinese (5.14) 5 1 13 6

American (4.90) 1 11 2

British (4.29) 2 7 1

Page 21: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Comments on native speakers

• Speak too fast.• Messages too long with redundant and unfamiliar expressions.

• Lack of respect/Arrogance• Lack of communication strategy

e.g. repeating the same words/expressionswhen asked to “say again.”

Page 22: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Comments on non‐native speakers

• Phonetic Impressions• Attitude Problemse.g.  Get easily upset when not understood.

Say OK without understanding.• Proficiency Variations

Higher‐rank officers  = better English

Page 23: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Demonstrations   (Non‐native )

• Foreign Accent 1  • Foreign Accent 2    • Foreign Accent 3

Page 24: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Demonstrations  (Native)

• Native 1  (Fast)    • Native 2  (Fast and too many words)   • Native 3  (Successful!)  

Page 25: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Question 5

What efforts do you make to promote good communication on the radio? 

A:  Ask to speak more slowly.A:  Use different words/phrases.A:  Ask to spell.A:  Confirm. (You mean ・・・.  Right?)A:  Speak slowly.A:  Repeat.

Page 26: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Question 5

What would you like to say to the person  whose English is difficult to understand?

A: Speak slowly, clearly, word by word.A: Use short sentences.A: Use standardized expressions/SMCP.

Page 27: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Suggestions for Successful Communication

• It takes two parties for miscommunication to take place. The key is mutual efforts.

• Improve pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary.• Keep your messages short, yet to the point.• Slow down, and repeat if necessary.• Try different words/phrases if not understood.• Use standardized expressions (SMCP)• If crucial, never, never, never give up.

Page 28: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Standard MarineCommunicationPhrases (SMCP)

The IMO SMCP includes phrases which have been developed to cover the most important safety‐related fields of verbal shore‐to‐ship (and vice‐versa), ship‐to‐ship and on‐board communications. The aim is to get round the problem of language barriers at sea and avoid misunderstandings which can cause accidents. 

Page 29: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Supplementing SMCP

• SMCP is a minimum requirement.• There are important messages not covered by SMCP

• SMCP contains long phrases that can be simplified

• How about a separate set of Standard VTS phrases?

Page 30: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Principles for Standard VTS Phrases• Simple words/phrases• Simple grammatical structure• Provide a working list of words/phrases and simple rules to put them together so mariners can create new phrases using known words and grammar

• Include alternative words/phrases in case the message does not get through

Page 31: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Simplification

• SMCP Rig the pilot ladder on port side, 3 meters above water. Make a boarding speed of 6 or 7 knots.

• How about?Request.  Pilot ladder, port side 3 meters above water. Boarding speed, 6 or 7 knots.

Page 32: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Alternative words/phrases

• One of my crew has suffered heart attack. He is in critical condition. We need medical assistance immediately.

SHOULD THE COMMUNICATION FAIL, TRY

• Chief engineer has had heart attack.  Heart attack.  His heart is NOT beating.  His heart has stopped and he is dying. Send a doctor, repeat, we need a doctor as soon as you can.

Page 33: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Conclusion

• Standard VTS phrases with simple words and grammatical structures will contribute to safer navigation in congested areas.

• Not only non‐native speakers but also native speakers should realize the importance of standardization and the use of simple, short phrases.

Page 34: for Vessel Traffic Service its and for - WIDE Project · English for Vessel Traffic Service its Features and Efforts for Standardization Naoyuki Takagi, Ph.D. Tokyo Univ. of Marine

Thank you for your attention.