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For use with Organizational Behaviour and Managementby John Martin and Martin Fellenz
1408018128© 2010 Cengage Learning
GROUPS AND TEAMS
Chapter 7
For use with Organizational Behaviour and Managementby John Martin and Martin Fellenz
1408018128© 2010 Cengage Learning
Definition of a group
• Various definitions but all imply:
More than one person involved
Interaction must take place
Purpose or intention
Awareness
For use with Organizational Behaviour and Managementby John Martin and Martin Fellenz
1408018128© 2010 Cengage Learning
Groups
Groups - social entities of two or more people who interact with each other, are psychologically aware of each other, and think of themselves as a group
Formal groups are typically set up and sanctioned by the organization, and thus have specific objectives that contribute to achieving organizational goals
Informal groups are groups that form through interactions among organizational members
For use with Organizational Behaviour and Managementby John Martin and Martin Fellenz
1408018128© 2010 Cengage Learning
Groups and teams• Katenbach & Smith suggest that difference between
group and team is that of performance and describe the following scale:
– Working group
– Pseudo-teams
– Potential teams
– Real teams
– High performance teams
For use with Organizational Behaviour and Managementby John Martin and Martin Fellenz
1408018128© 2010 Cengage Learning
Groups, teams and organizations
Hierarchical differentiation
Specialism groupings
Activity groupings
Boundary spanning
Professional
For use with Organizational Behaviour and Managementby John Martin and Martin Fellenz
1408018128© 2010 Cengage Learning
Likert’s linking pin modelFigure 7.1
For use with Organizational Behaviour and Managementby John Martin and Martin Fellenz
1408018128© 2010 Cengage Learning
The hierarchy/customer conflict model
Figure 7.2
For use with Organizational Behaviour and Managementby John Martin and Martin Fellenz
1408018128© 2010 Cengage Learning
WHY DO ORGANIZATIONS USE GROUPS?
• Synergy • Social control • Social facilitation
• Potential problems include:• Social inhibition• Social loafing• Sucker effect
For use with Organizational Behaviour and Managementby John Martin and Martin Fellenz
1408018128© 2010 Cengage Learning
Cultural and other factors in
informal group formation
• The need for human beings to function in a social environment and to form relationships of their own choosing
• The voluntary nature of many informal groups offsets the involuntary nature of many formal, organizational groups
• The approach adopted by managers to the running of the organization
• The need for individuals to exert influence and to achieve their formal and personal goals
For use with Organizational Behaviour and Managementby John Martin and Martin Fellenz
1408018128© 2010 Cengage Learning
Tuckman and Jensen’s model of group development
Stage 1 – Forming
Stage 2 – Storming
Stage 3 – Norming
Stage 4 – Performing
Stage 5 - Adjourning
For use with Organizational Behaviour and Managementby John Martin and Martin Fellenz
1408018128© 2010 Cengage Learning
Issues associated with Tuckman’s first four stages of group development
• Figure 7.3
For use with Organizational Behaviour and Managementby John Martin and Martin Fellenz
1408018128© 2010 Cengage Learning
Recent group development model
Based on: Gibson & Earley, 2007; Gibson et al., 2009:
•information accumulation (perception and storing of information)
•interaction (retrieving, exchanging, and interactively structuring information)
•examination (meaning is socially negotiated and evaluated)
•accommodation (members integrate information, make decisions and take action)
For use with Organizational Behaviour and Managementby John Martin and Martin Fellenz
1408018128© 2010 Cengage Learning
Communication patterns in groups• Figure 7.4
For use with Organizational Behaviour and Managementby John Martin and Martin Fellenz
1408018128© 2010 Cengage Learning
The nine Belbin team roles• Plant: Creative, imaginative, unorthodox. Solves difficult problems
• Resource investigator: Extrovert, enthusiastic, communicative. Explores opportunities. Develops contacts
• Co-ordinator: Mature, confident, a good chairperson. Clarifies goals, promotes decision making, delegates well
• Shaper: Challenging, dynamic, thrives on pressure. Has the drive and courage to overcome obstacles
• Monitor/evaluator: Sober, strategic and discerning. Sees all options. Judges accurately
• Teamworker: Co-operative, mild, perceptive and diplomatic. Listens, builds, averts friction, calms the waters
• Implementer: Disciplined, reliable, conservative and efficient. Turns ideas into practical actions
• Completer: Painstaking, conscientious, anxious. Searches out errors and omissions. Delivers on time
• Specialist: Single-minded, self-starting, dedicated. Provides knowledge and skills in rare supply.
For use with Organizational Behaviour and Managementby John Martin and Martin Fellenz
1408018128© 2010 Cengage Learning
Features of effective and ineffective groupsDimension Effective group Ineffective group
1 Atmosphere Informal, comfortable, relaxed
Indifference, boredom, tension
2 Discussion Participative, pertinent to task Dominated by a few people, drifts off point
3 Objectives Understood and accepted by all
Lack of clarity, not fully accepted by individuals
4 Active listening Members listen to each other, contribution to debate and ideas
Pushing of own ideas, no evidence of building on others, talking for effect
5 Disagreement Brought into the open and resolved or accepted
Not resolved, suppressed by leader, perhaps warfare domination is the aim
6 Decision making By consensus Premature decisions and actions before full examination. Simple majority voting
7 Criticism Frank but not personal Embarrassing, tension producing. Involves personal hostility, destructive approach
8 Feelings Expressed on group activity as well as ideas. Few hidden agendas
Hidden, not thought appropriate to group activity
9 Action Clear allocation and acceptance
Unclear in allocation, lack of commitment to achieve result
10 Leadership Not chair dominated, ‘experts’ lead depending on circumstances, no power struggles
Chair dominated
11 Reviews Self-consciousness about present operations, frequent reviews
No discussion of group maintenance issues
For use with Organizational Behaviour and Managementby John Martin and Martin Fellenz
1408018128© 2010 Cengage Learning
GROUP CONTROL AND ROLE THEORY
• Rules - explicit informal agreements or formal statements about acceptable and unacceptable behaviour
• Norms - implicit and informal expectations for behaviour within social entities
• Expected role – what the organization expects the individual to do in relation to their role
• Perceived role – what the individual understands their expected role to be
• Enacted role - reflects what the individual actually does in carrying out the tasks for which they are responsible
For use with Organizational Behaviour and Managementby John Martin and Martin Fellenz
1408018128© 2010 Cengage Learning
Manifestation of team processes in action and transition phases
• Figure 7.5
For use with Organizational Behaviour and Managementby John Martin and Martin Fellenz
1408018128© 2010 Cengage Learning
Group process dimensions• Table 7.5
For use with Organizational Behaviour and Managementby John Martin and Martin Fellenz
1408018128© 2010 Cengage Learning
The components of the role theory - Handy (1993)
• Role set
• Role definition
• Role ambiguity
•Role incompatibility
• Role conflict
• Role overload/underload
• Role stress
For use with Organizational Behaviour and Managementby John Martin and Martin Fellenz
1408018128© 2010 Cengage Learning
Role set for a university lecturer • Figure 7.6
For use with Organizational Behaviour and Managementby John Martin and Martin Fellenz
1408018128© 2010 Cengage Learning
GROUP COHESION
Factors which contribute to the level of cohesion developed within a group include:
•Environmental factors
•Organizational factors
•Group factors
•Individual factors
For use with Organizational Behaviour and Managementby John Martin and Martin Fellenz
1408018128© 2010 Cengage Learning
GROUP COHESION• Figure 7.7
For use with Organizational Behaviour and Managementby John Martin and Martin Fellenz
1408018128© 2010 Cengage Learning
Relationship between group cohesion and group performance
•Figure 7.8