For the unreleased film

8/7/2019 For the unreleased film

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For the unreleased film, see Web Cam (film) .

Typical low-cost webcam used with many personal computers

Animated set of x-ray images of a webcam. Images acquired using an industrial computedtomograph .

A webcam is a video camera which feeds its images in real time to a computer or computer network , often via USB , ethernet or Wi-Fi .

Their most popular use is the establishment of video links , permitting computers to act asvideophones or videoconference stations . This common use as a video camera for the WorldWide Web gave the webcam its name. Other popular uses include security surveillance andcomputer vision .

Webcams are known for their low manufacturing cost and flexibility ,[1] making them the lowestcost form of videotelephony. They have also become a source of security and privacy issues, assome built-in webcams can be remotely activated via spyware .

WebcamFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Jump to: navigation , search

For the unreleased film, see Web Cam (film) .

Typical low-cost webcam used with many personal computers

Animated set of x-ray images of a webcam. Images acquired using an industrial

computed tomograph .A webcam is a video camera which feeds its images in real time to a computer or computer network , often via USB , ethernet or Wi-Fi .

Their most popular use is the establishment of video links , permitting computers to act asvideophones or videoconference stations . This common use as a video camera for the WorldWide Web gave the webcam its name. Other popular uses include security surveillance andcomputer vision .
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Webcams are known for their low manufacturing cost and flexibility ,[1] making them the lowestcost form of videotelephony. They have also become a source of security and privacy issues, assome built-in webcams can be remotely activated via spyware .

Contents 1 History

1.1 Early development 1.2 Connectix QuickCam 1.3 Later developments

2 Uses 2.1 Videocalling and conferencing 2.2 Video security 2.3 Video clips and stills

2.4 Input control devices 3 Technology 4 Privacy 5 Effects on modern society 6 Sign language communications via

webcam 6.1 21st Century improvements 6.2 Present day usage

7 Videotelephony terminology 8 See also 9 References

[edit ] History[ edit ] Early development

First developed in 1991, a webcam was pointed at the Trojan Room coffee pot in the CambridgeUniversity Computer Science Department. The camera was finally switched off on August 22,2001. The final image captured by the camera can still be viewed at its homepage .[2][3] The oldestwebcam still operating is FogCam at San Francisco State University , which has been runningcontinuously since 1994. [4]

[ edit ] Connectix QuickCam

The first known commercial webcam, the QuickCam , entered the marketplace in 1994, createdby the U.S. computer hardware and software company Connectix , which later sold its productline to another U.S. company, Logitech , in 1998. QuickCam was originally the design of JonGarber, who wanted to call it the 'Mac-camera', but was vetoed by Connectix's marketingdepartment which saw the possibility of it one day becoming a cross-platform product. It was tobecome Connectix's first Microsoft Windows product 14 months later when QuickCam for
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Windows was launched in October 1995. The Macintosh QuickCam had shipped earlier inAugust 1994, and could only provide 320 x 240 pixel resolution with a grayscale colour depth of 16 shades at 60 frames per second, which would drop down to 15 frames per second if it wasswitched to a less basic 256 bit colour depth. [5]

The QuickCam had earlier started as a graduate degree research project in the early 1990's

between various California and East Coast universities, and was originally designed with an RS-232 serial port connector color CCD camera . Both the Apple and Windows software versionswere sponsored by DARPA and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs . The Windowssoftware version was compiled under both MS Visual Studios and Borland C/C+ compilers for both Windows 3.11 and Windows 95 . Videoconferencing via computers already existed, and atthe time client-server based videoconferencing software such as CU-SeeMe had started tobecome popular.

The initial QuickCam model was available only for the Apple Macintosh , connecting to it via itsserial port , and was sold at a cost of $100. In 2010, Time Magazine designated QuickCam as oneof the top computer devices of all time .[6]

[ edit ] Later developments

One of the most widely reported-on webcam sites was JenniCam , created in 1996, which allowedInternet users to observe the life of its namesake constantly, in the same vein as the reality TVseries Big Brother , launched three years later. [7] More recently, the website Justin.tv has shown acontinuous video and audio stream from a mobile camera mounted on the head of the site's star.Other cameras are mounted overlooking bridges, public squares, and other public places, their output made available on a public web page in accordance with the original concept of a"webcam". Aggregator websites have also been created, providing thousands of live videostreams or up-to-date still pictures, allowing users to find live video streams based on location or other criteria.

Around the turn of the 21st century, computer hardware manufacturers began building webcams

directly into laptop and desktop screens, thus eliminating the need to use an external USB or Firewire camera. Gradually webcams came to be used more for telecommunication, or videotelephony , between two people, or among a few people, than for offering a view on a Webpage to an unknown public.

The term 'webcam' may also be used in its original sense of a video camera connected to theWeb continuously for an indefinite time, rather than for a particular session, generally supplyinga view for anyone who visits its web page over the Internet. Some of them, for example thoseused as online traffic cameras , are expensive, rugged professional video cameras .

[edit ] Uses
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-232http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-232http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-232http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Veterans_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Veterans_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borland_Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_3.11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CU-SeeMehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Macintoshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Macintoshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JenniCamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JenniCamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_(TV_series)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_(TV_series)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin.tvhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_video_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_video_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_video_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-232http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-232http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Veterans_Affairshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borland_Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_3.11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CU-SeeMehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Macintoshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JenniCamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_(TV_series)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin.tvhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_video_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=5


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[ edit ] Videocalling and conferencing

Live birth : in July 2004 a U.S. armed services NCO was able to view the arrival of his new child via a webcam over the Internet.

As webcam capabilities have been added to instant messaging , text chat services such as AOL

Instant Messenger , and VoIP services such as Skype , one-to-one live video communication over the Internet has now reached millions of mainstream PC users worldwide. Improved videoquality has helped webcams encroach on traditional video conferencing systems. New featuressuch as automatic lighting controls, real-time enhancements (retouching, wrinkle smoothing andvertical stretch), automatic face tracking and autofocus assist users by providing substantial ease-of-use, further increasing the popularity of webcams.

Webcam features and performance can vary by program , computer operating system , and also bythe computer's processor capabilities. For example , 'high-quality video' is principally available tousers of certain Logitech webcams if their computers have dual-core processors meeting certainspecifications. Video calling support has also been added to several popular instant messagingprograms .

[ edit ] Video security

Webcams are also used as security cameras . Software is available to allow PC-connectedcameras to watch for movement and sound, recording both when they are detected; theserecordings can then be saved to the computer, e-mailed or uploaded to the Internet. In one well-publicised case, [8] a computer e-mailed out images as the burglar stole it, allowing the owner togive police a clear picture of the burglar's face even after the computer had been stolen.

[ edit ] Video clips and stills

Webcams can be used to take Video clips and still pictures . Various software tools in wide usecan be employed for this, such as PicMaster (for use with Windows operating systems), Photo

Booth (Mac), or Cheese (with Unix systems).[ edit ] Input control devices

Special software can use the video stream from a webcam to assist or enhance a user's control of applications and games. Video features, including faces, shapes, models and colors can beobserved and tracked to produce a corresponding form of control. For example, the position of asingle light source can be tracked and used to emulate a mouse pointer, a head mounted lightwould allow hands-free computing and would greatly improve computer accessibility . This can
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also be applied to games, providing additional control, improved interactivity andimmersiveness.

FreeTrack is a free webcam motion tracking application for Microsoft Windows that can track aspecial head mounted model in up to six degrees of freedom and output data to mouse, keyboard,joystick and FreeTrack supported games By removing the IR filter of the webcam, IR LEDs can

be used, which has the advantage of being invisible to the naked eye, removing a distractionfrom the user. TrackIR is a commercial version of this technology.

The EyeToy for the PlayStation 2 (The updated PlayStation 3 equivalent is the PlayStation Eye )and similarly the Xbox Live Vision Camera and the Kinect AKA 'Project Natal' for the Xbox360 and Xbox Live are color digital cameras that have been used as control input devices bysome games.

Small webcam-based PC games are available as either standalone executables or inside webbrowser windows using Adobe Flash .

[edit ] Technology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeTrackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeTrackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_games_supporting_FreeTrackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrackIRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EyeToyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Live_Vision_Camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Livehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Livehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sweex_USB_webcam_PCB_with_without_lens_close_up.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sweex_USB_webcam_PCB_with_without_lens_close_up.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeTrackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_games_supporting_FreeTrackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrackIRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EyeToyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Live_Vision_Camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Livehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=10


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Webcams typically include a lens (shown at top), an image sensor (shown bottom),and supporting circuitry.

Webcams typically include a lens, an image sensor , and some support electronics. Various lensesare available, the most common in consumer-grade webcams being a plastic lens that can bescrewed in and out to set the camera's focus. Fixed focus lenses, which have no provision for adjustment, are also available. As a camera system's depth of field is greater for small imager formats and is greater for lenses with a large f-number (small aperture), the systems used inwebcams have sufficiently large depth of field that the use of a fixed focus lens does not impactimage sharpness much. Image sensors can be CMOS or CCD , the former being dominant for low-cost cameras, but CCD cameras do not necessarily outperform CMOS-based cameras in thelow cost price range. Most consumer webcams are capable of providing VGA -resolution video ata frame rate of 30 frames per second. Many newer devices can produce video in multi- megapixel resolutions, and a few can run at high frame rates such as the PlayStation Eye , which canproduce 320240 video at 120 frames per second.

Support electronics are present to read the image from the sensor and transmit it to the hostcomputer. The camera pictured to the right, for example, uses a Sonix SN9C101 to transmit itsimage over USB. Some cameras, such as mobile phone cameras , use a CMOS sensor withsupporting electronics "on die", i.e. the sensor and the support electronics are built on a singlesilicon chip to save space and manufacturing costs. Most webcams feature built-in microphonesto make video calling and videoconferencing more convenient.

The USB video device class (UVC) specification allows for interconnectivity of webcams tocomputers even without proprietary drivers installed. Microsoft Windows XP SP2, Linux [9] andMac OS X (since October 2005) have UVC drivers built in and do not require extra drivers,although they are often installed in order to add additional features.

[edit ] PrivacyMany users do not wish the continuous exposure for which webcams were originally intended,but rather prefer privacy. Such privacy is lost when Trojan horse programs allow malicioushackers to activate the webcam without the user's knowledge, providing the hackers with a livevideo and audio feed. [citation needed ] Cameras such as Apple 's older external iSight cameras includelens covers to thwart this. Some webcams have built-in hardwired LED indicators that light upwhenever the camera is active.

In mid-January 2005, some search engine queries were published in an on-line forum [10] whichallow anyone to find thousands of Panasonic - and Axis -made high-end web cameras, providedthat they have a web-based interface for remote viewing. Many such cameras are running ondefault configuration, which does not require any password login or IP address verification,making them visible to anyone.

Some laptop computers have built in webcams which present both privacy and security issues, assuch cameras cannot normally be physically disabled if hijacked by a Trojan Horse program or other similar spyware programs. In the 2010 Robbins v. Lower Merion School District "WebcamGate" case, plaintiffs charged that two suburban Philadelphia high schools secretlyspied on students by surreptitiously remotely activating iSight webcams embedded in school-issued MacBook laptops the students were using at home and thereby infringed on their privacy rights. School authorities admitted to secretly snapping over 66,000 photographs,including shots of students in the privacy of their bedrooms, including some with teenagers in
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various state of undress. [11][12] The school board involved quickly disabled their laptop spywareprogram after parents filed lawsuits against the board and various individuals .[13][14]

[edit ] Effects on modern societyWebcams allow for inexpensive, real-time video chat and webcasting , in both amateur and

professional pursuits. They are frequently used in online dating . YouTube is a popular websitehosting many videos made using webcams. News websites such as the BBC can also produceprofessional live news videos. [15]

Webcams can also encourage telecommuting , where people can work from home utilizing theInternet, rather than having to travel to their office.

Webcam use can also have negative consequences. On March 23, 2007, a man named KevinWhitrick committed suicide live on the Internet on a chat room website. [16]

[edit ] Sign language communications via webcamMain articles: Video Relay Service , a telecommunication service for deaf,hard-of-hearing and speech-impaired (mute) individuals communicating withhearing persons at a different location, and Video Remote Interpreting , used where deaf/hard-of-hearing/mute persons are in the same location as their hearing parties

Video Interpreter sign used at VRS/VRI service locations

One of the first demonstrations of the ability for telecommunications to help sign language userscommunicate with each other occurred when AT&T 's videophone (trademarked as the"Picturephone") was introduced to the public at the 1964 New York World's Fair two deaf userswere able to communicate freely with each other between the fair and another city. [17] Variousother organizations, including British Telecom's Martlesham facility and several universitieshave also conducted extensive research on signing via videotelephony .[18] The use of signlanguage via videotelephony was hampered for many years due to the difficulty of using it over regular analogue phone lines coupled with the high cost of better quality data phone lines ,[18]factors which largely disappeared with the advent of high-speed ISDN and IP Internet services inthe last decade of the 20th Century.

[ edit ] 21st Century improvements

Significant improvements in video call quality of service for the deaf occurred in the UnitedStates in 2003 when Sorenson Media Inc. (formerly Sorenson Vision Inc.), a video compression

software coding company, developed its VP-100 model stand-alone videophone specifically for the deaf community. It was designed to output its video to the user's television in order to lower the cost of acquisition, and to offer remote control and a powerful video compression codec for unequaled video quality and ease of use with video relay services. Favourable reviews quicklyled to its popular usage at educational facilities for the deaf, and from there to the greater deaf community. [19]

Coupled with similar high-quality videophones introduced by other electronics manufacturers,the availability of high speed Internet , and sponsored video relay services authorized by the U.S.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_datinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_datinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommutinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommutinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Whitrickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Whitrickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_suicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Relay_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Remote_Interpretinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT&Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT&Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT&Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_New_York_World's_Fairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_New_York_World's_Fairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_Relay_Service&action=edit&section=T-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorenson_codechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorenson_codechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Video_Interpreter_sign_used_at_videophone_stations_in_public_places_where_Deaf_people_can_communicate_with_hearing_people_via_a_Video_Relay_Service_New_Image.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_datinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommutinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Whitrickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Whitrickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_suicidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Relay_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Remote_Interpretinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT&Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_New_York_World's_Fairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_Relay_Service&action=edit&section=T-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorenson_codechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Internet_access


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Federal Communications Commission in 2002, VRS services for the deaf underwent rapidgrowth in that country. [19]

A deaf or hard-of-hearing person at his workplace using a VRS to communicate witha hearing person in London. (Courtesy: SignVideo)

[ edit ] Present day usage

Using such video equipment in the present day, the deaf, hard-of-hearing and speech-impairedcan communicate between themselves and with hearing individuals using sign language . TheUnited States and several other countries compensate companies to provide 'Video RelayServices' (VRS). Telecommunication equipment can be used to talk to others via a sign languageinterpreter, who uses a conventional telephone at the same time to communicate with the deaf person's party. Video equipment is also used to do on-site sign language translation via VideoRemote Interpreting (VRI). The relative low cost and widespread availability of 3G mobilephone technology with video calling capabilities have given deaf and speech-impaired users agreater ability to communicate with the same ease as others. Some wireless operators have evenstarted free sign language gateways.

Sign language interpretation services via VRS or by VRI are useful in the present-day where oneof the parties is deaf , hard-of-hearing or speech-impaired (mute) . In such cases the interpretationflow is normally within the same principal language, such as French Sign Language (FSL) tospoken French, Spanish Sign Language (SSL) to spoken Spanish, British Sign Language (BSL)to spoken English, and American Sign Language (ASL) also to spoken English (since BSL andASL are completely distinct), and so on.

A Video Interpreter (V.I.) assisting an on-screen client. (Courtesy: SignVideo)

Multilingual sign language interpreters , who can also translate as well across principal languages(such as to and from SSL, to and from spoken English), are also available, albeit less frequently.Such activities involve considerable effort on the part of the translator, since sign languages aredistinct natural languages with their own construction , semantics and syntax , different from theaural version of the same principal language.

With video interpreting, sign language interpreters work remotely with live video and audio feeds, so that the interpreter can see the deaf or mute party, and converse with the hearing party,and vice versa. Much like telephone interpreting , video interpreting can be used for situations inwhich no on-site interpreters are available. However, video interpreting cannot be used for situations in which all parties are speaking via telephone alone. VRI and VRS interpretationrequires all parties to have the necessary equipment . Some advanced equipment enablesinterpreters to control the video camera remotely, in order to zoom in and out or to point thecamera toward the party that is signing.

Further information: Sign language

[edit ] Videotelephony terminology
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Videophone calls (also: videocalls and video chat ),[20] differ from videoconferencing in that theyexpect to serve individuals, not groups. However that distinction has becoming increasinglyblurred with technology improvements such as increased bandwidth and sophisticated softwareclients that can allow for multiple parties on a call. In general everyday usage the termvideoconferencing is now frequently used instead of videocall for point-to-point calls betweentwo units. Both videophone calls and videoconferencing are also now commonly referred to as avideo link .Webcams are popular, relatively low cost devices which can provide live video and audiostreams via personal computers, and can be used with many software clients for both video callsand videoconferencing .[21]

A videoconference system is generally higher cost than a videophone and deploys greater capabilities. A videoconference (also known as a videoteleconference ) allows two or morelocations to communicate via live, simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. This isoften accomplished by the use of a multipoint control unit (a centralized distribution and callmanagement system) or by a similar non-centralized multipoint capability embedded in eachvideoconferencing unit. Again, technology improvements have circumvented traditional

definitions by allowing multiple party videoconferencing via web-based applications.[22][23]

Aseparate webpage article is devoted to videoconferencing .

A telepresence system is a high-end videoconferencing system and service usually employed byenterprise-level corporate offices. Telepresence conference rooms use state-of-the art roomdesigns, video cameras, displays, sound-systems and processors, coupled with high-to-very-highcapacity bandwidth transmissions.

Typical uses of the various technologies described above include videocalling or videoconferencing on a one-to-one, one-to-many or many-to-many basis for personal, business,educational, deaf Video Relay Service and tele-medical, diagnostic and rehabilitative use or services. New services utilizing videocalling and videoconferencing, such as personal videocallsto inmates incarcerated in penitentiaries , and videoconferencing to resolve airline engineering

issues at maintenance facilities , are being created or evolving on an on-going basis.

[edit ] See also List of webcams for use on personal computers Robbins v. Lower Merion School District : U.S. legal action by parents against a

high school board for invasion of privacy Video camera Video Relay Service Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony

[edit ] References1. Solomon Negash, Michael E. Whitman. Editors: Solomon Negash, Michael E.

Whitman, Amy B. Woszczynski, Ken Hoganson, Herbert Mattord. Handbook of Distance Learning for Real-Time and Asynchronous Information TechnologyEducation , Idea Group Inc (IGI), 2008, p. 17, ISBN 1599049643 , ISBN
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_clienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_clienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_clienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipoint_control_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipoint_control_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipoint_control_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepresencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Relay_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Relay_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemedicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemedicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemedicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telerehabilitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telerehabilitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance_checkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance_checkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbins_v._Lower_Merion_School_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbins_v._Lower_Merion_School_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Relay_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Relay_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=16http://books.google.com/books?id=Cz4aIXq5z8YChttp://books.google.com/books?id=Cz4aIXq5z8YChttp://books.google.com/books?id=Cz4aIXq5z8YChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1599049643http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781599049649http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Internet_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_clienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_clienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipoint_control_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepresencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Relay_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemedicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telerehabilitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance_checkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance_checkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbins_v._Lower_Merion_School_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Relay_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=16http://books.google.com/books?id=Cz4aIXq5z8YChttp://books.google.com/books?id=Cz4aIXq5z8YChttp://books.google.com/books?id=Cz4aIXq5z8YChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1599049643http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781599049649


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9781599049649 . Note costing: "students had the option to install a webcam on theirend (a basic webcam costs about $40.00) to view the class in session."

2. CoffeeCam , University of Cambridge.3. Spiegel CoffeeCam 4. "Happy Birthday Fogcam" by Anjuli Elais in Golden Gate XPress , September 30,

20045. Edwards, Benj. History of Video Calls: From Fantasy to Flops to Facetime , PC World

Magazine , June 17, 2010.6. Ha, Peter. Computing: Connectix QuickCam , Time Magazine , October 25, 2010.7. "Plug pulled on live website seen by millions" by Oliver Burkeman in The Guardian ,

January 3, 20048. "Serial burglar caught on webcam" BBC News , February 16, 2005, retrieved

January 3, 20069. Linux 2 6 26 Linux Kernel Newbies 10. "Google exposes web surveillance cams" by Kevin Poulsen, The Register , January

8, 2005, retrieved September 5, 200611. Doug Stanglin (February 18, 2010). "School district accused of spying on kids via

laptop webcams" . USA Today . http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/02/school-district-accused-of-issuing-webcam-laptops-to-spy-on-students/1 . Retrieved February 19,2010.

12. "Initial LANrev System Findings" , LMSD Redacted Forensic Analysis, L-3 Services prepared for Ballard Spahr (LMSD's counsel), May 2010. Retrieved August 15, 2010.

13. Holmes, Kristin E. (August 31, 2010). "Lower Merion School District ordered to payplaintiff's lawyer $260,000" . Philadelphia Inquirer.http://www.philly.com/inquirer/local/pa/20100831_Lower_Merion_School_District_orde

red_to_pay_plaintiff_s_lawyer__260_000.html . Retrieved September 20, 2010.14. ".". Main Line Media News. September 18, 2010.http://mainlinemedianews.com/articles/2010/08/31/main_line_times/news/doc4c7cfdad3e059461146296.txt . Retrieved September 20, 2010.

15. Live radio studio webcams 16. Kevin Whitrick commits suicide while broadcasting video 17. Bell Laboratories RECORD (1969) A collection of several articles on the AT&T

Picturephone (then about to be released) Bell Laboratories, Pg.134153 & 160187,Volume 47, No. 5, May/June 1969;

18. ^ a b New Scientist. Telephones Come To Terms With Sign Language , New Scientist ,19 August 1989, Vol.123, Iss.No.1678, pp.31.

19. ^ a b Fitzgerald, Thomas J. For the Deaf, Communication Without the Wait , The NewYork Times, December 18, 2003.

20. PC Magazine. Definition: Video Calling, PC Magazine website. Retrieved 19 August2010,

21. Solomon Negash, Michael E. Whitman. Editors: Solomon Negash, Michael E.Whitman, Amy B. Woszczynski, Ken Hoganson, Herbert Mattord. Handbook of Distance Learning for Real-Time and Asynchronous Information TechnologyEducation , Idea Group Inc (IGI), 2008, pg. 17, ISBN 1-59904-964-3 , ISBN 978-1-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781599049649http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/coffee/coffee.htmlhttp://www.spiegel.de/static/popup/coffeecam/cam2.htmlhttp://xpress.sfsu.edu/archives/life/001905.htmlhttp://www.pcworld.com/article/199112/victorian_scifi.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_World_(magazine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_World_(magazine)http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2023689_2023703_2023628,00.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazinehttp://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,1115262,00.htmlhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cambridgeshire/4272041.stmhttp://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/01/08/web_surveillance_cams_open_to_all/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/01/08/web_surveillance_cams_open_to_all/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/02/school-district-accused-of-issuing-webcam-laptops-to-spy-on-students/1http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/02/school-district-accused-of-issuing-webcam-laptops-to-spy-on-students/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Todayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Todayhttp://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/02/school-district-accused-of-issuing-webcam-laptops-to-spy-on-students/1http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/02/school-district-accused-of-issuing-webcam-laptops-to-spy-on-students/1http://lmsd.org/documents/news/100503_l3_report.pdfhttp://lmsd.org/documents/news/100503_l3_report.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballard_Spahrhttp://www.philly.com/inquirer/local/pa/20100831_Lower_Merion_School_District_ordered_to_pay_plaintiff_s_lawyer__260_000.htmlhttp://www.philly.com/inquirer/local/pa/20100831_Lower_Merion_School_District_ordered_to_pay_plaintiff_s_lawyer__260_000.htmlhttp://www.philly.com/inquirer/local/pa/20100831_Lower_Merion_School_District_ordered_to_pay_plaintiff_s_lawyer__260_000.htmlhttp://www.philly.com/inquirer/local/pa/20100831_Lower_Merion_School_District_ordered_to_pay_plaintiff_s_lawyer__260_000.htmlhttp://mainlinemedianews.com/articles/2010/08/31/main_line_times/news/doc4c7cfdad3e059461146296.txthttp://mainlinemedianews.com/articles/2010/08/31/main_line_times/news/doc4c7cfdad3e059461146296.txthttp://mainlinemedianews.com/articles/2010/08/31/main_line_times/news/doc4c7cfdad3e059461146296.txthttp://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/webcams/bbclondon_studio_webcam.shtmlhttp://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/article1560877.ecehttp://www.porticus.org/bell/pdf/picturephone.pdfhttp://www.porticus.org/bell/pdf/picturephone.pdfhttp://www.porticus.org/bell/pdf/picturephone.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientisthttp://tech2.nytimes.com/mem/technology/techreview.html?_r=2&res=9906E1DC163FF93BA25751C1A9659C8B63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Timeshttp://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=video+calling&i=61765,00.asphttp://books.google.com/books?id=Cz4aIXq5z8YChttp://books.google.com/books?id=Cz4aIXq5z8YChttp://books.google.com/books?id=Cz4aIXq5z8YChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1599049643http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781599049649http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781599049649http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/coffee/coffee.htmlhttp://www.spiegel.de/static/popup/coffeecam/cam2.htmlhttp://xpress.sfsu.edu/archives/life/001905.htmlhttp://www.pcworld.com/article/199112/victorian_scifi.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_World_(magazine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_World_(magazine)http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2023689_2023703_2023628,00.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazinehttp://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,1115262,00.htmlhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cambridgeshire/4272041.stmhttp://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/01/08/web_surveillance_cams_open_to_all/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/02/school-district-accused-of-issuing-webcam-laptops-to-spy-on-students/1http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/02/school-district-accused-of-issuing-webcam-laptops-to-spy-on-students/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Todayhttp://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/02/school-district-accused-of-issuing-webcam-laptops-to-spy-on-students/1http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/02/school-district-accused-of-issuing-webcam-laptops-to-spy-on-students/1http://lmsd.org/documents/news/100503_l3_report.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballard_Spahrhttp://www.philly.com/inquirer/local/pa/20100831_Lower_Merion_School_District_ordered_to_pay_plaintiff_s_lawyer__260_000.htmlhttp://www.philly.com/inquirer/local/pa/20100831_Lower_Merion_School_District_ordered_to_pay_plaintiff_s_lawyer__260_000.htmlhttp://www.philly.com/inquirer/local/pa/20100831_Lower_Merion_School_District_ordered_to_pay_plaintiff_s_lawyer__260_000.htmlhttp://www.philly.com/inquirer/local/pa/20100831_Lower_Merion_School_District_ordered_to_pay_plaintiff_s_lawyer__260_000.htmlhttp://mainlinemedianews.com/articles/2010/08/31/main_line_times/news/doc4c7cfdad3e059461146296.txthttp://mainlinemedianews.com/articles/2010/08/31/main_line_times/news/doc4c7cfdad3e059461146296.txthttp://mainlinemedianews.com/articles/2010/08/31/main_line_times/news/doc4c7cfdad3e059461146296.txthttp://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/webcams/bbclondon_studio_webcam.shtmlhttp://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/article1560877.ecehttp://www.porticus.org/bell/pdf/picturephone.pdfhttp://www.porticus.org/bell/pdf/picturephone.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientisthttp://tech2.nytimes.com/mem/technology/techreview.html?_r=2&res=9906E1DC163FF93BA25751C1A9659C8B63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Timeshttp://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=video+calling&i=61765,00.asphttp://books.google.com/books?id=Cz4aIXq5z8YChttp://books.google.com/books?id=Cz4aIXq5z8YChttp://books.google.com/books?id=Cz4aIXq5z8YChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1599049643http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781599049649


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59904-964-9 . Note costing: "....students had the option to install a webcam on theirend (a basic webcam costs about $40.00) to view the class in session."

22. Lawson, Stephen. Vidyo Packages Conferencing For Campuses , IDG News Service,February 16, 2010. Retrieved via Computerworld.com's website, February 18, 2010

23. Jackman, Elizabeth. New Video Conferencing System Streamlines Firefighter

Training, Peoria Times, Peoria, AZ, February 19, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2010;

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Webcams

v d e Computer-mediated communication

Online chat Online discussion Communication software Collaborativesoftware Social network service

Asynchronous conferencing

Email Electronic mailing list FidoNet Usenet Internet forum Shoutbox Bulletin Board System

Synchronous conferencing

Data conferencing Instant messaging Internet Relay

Chat LAN messenger Talker Videoconferencing Voice chat VoIP Web chat Web conferencing

Publishing Blog Wiki

v d e Basic computer components

Input devicesKeyboard Pointing device (Joystick Light pen Mouse Touchpad Touchscreen Trackball ) Microphone Scanner Webcam

Output devices Monitor Speakers Printer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781599049649http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9157818/Vidyo_packages_conferencing_for_campuseshttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9157818/Vidyo_packages_conferencing_for_campuseshttp://peoriatimes.com/articles/2010/02/19/news/news06.txthttp://peoriatimes.com/articles/2010/02/19/news/news06.txthttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Webcamshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Computer-mediated_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Computer-mediated_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Computer-mediated_communication&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Computer-mediated_communication&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-mediated_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-mediated_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_discussionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_conferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_conferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_mailing_listhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FidoNethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoutboxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_conferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_conferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_conferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAN_messengerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_conferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Basic_computer_componentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_computer_componentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Basic_computer_components&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Basic_computer_components&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointing_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_penhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchpadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trackballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Output_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_speakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781599049649http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9157818/Vidyo_packages_conferencing_for_campuseshttp://peoriatimes.com/articles/2010/02/19/news/news06.txthttp://peoriatimes.com/articles/2010/02/19/news/news06.txthttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Webcamshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Computer-mediated_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Computer-mediated_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Computer-mediated_communication&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-mediated_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_discussionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_conferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_conferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_mailing_listhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FidoNethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoutboxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_conferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_conferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_conferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAN_messengerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talkerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_IPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_chathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_conferencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Basic_computer_componentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_computer_componentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Basic_computer_components&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointing_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_penhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchpadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trackballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scannerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Output_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_speakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer_(computing)


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Removable datastorage

Floppy disk Compact Disc ReWritable / DVD Drive USBflash drive Memory card

Computer caseCentral processing unit RAM Video card Sound card Motherboard Power supply Hard drive Networkinterface controller

Data portsEthernet Firewire (IEEE 1394) Parallel port Serial port Universal Serial Bus (USB)

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Categories : Computing input devices | Film and video technology | Privacy |Technology in society | Teleconferencing | Videotelephony | Webcams | World WideWeb

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Documents

For the unreleased film