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For Sustainable Groundwater Management in Asian Citiesfrom Institute for Global Environment Strategies (IGES)
4th World Water Forum17 March 2006
IGES Freshwater Resources Management Project
2
World mega-cities (over 5 million population)1950: only 8 cities in the
world
2015: 31 cities in Asia out of 58 cities
2020: 1 billion in Asia
©National Geographic, Nov. 2002
(By courtesy of Dr. Takizawa, The Univ. of Tokyo)
1950
2000
2015
3
Detail Distributionof Urban Population (over 100,000)
(drawn by Dr. Ohta, Center for Sustainable Urban Regeneration,The Univ. of Tokyo)
4
(Dr. Ohta, Center for Sustainable Urban Regeneration, The Univ. of Tokyo)
Distribution of Urban Population from Africa to Asia
10 million
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Mega-cities in economically developing regions in Asia-Pacific are experiencing mainly five major surges simultaneously:
-Increasing urban population,-Rapid economic growth and centralization,-Unprecedented technological development,-Social and cultural fragmentation, and -Surge of economic globalization
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Urban and peri-urban areas are faced with many kind of threatsto water resources and water environment.
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● case study cities
Sri Lanka● ●
●
●
●
●
Ho Chi Minh
Bandung
Tianjin
Bangkok
Osaka
by Freshwater ResourcesManagement Project,
Institute for Global Environment Sustainability, Japan
International Comparison Study
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Tianjin, China
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Bangkok, Thailand
Dr. Xu He and his team Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University
Dr. Nguyen Phuoc Dan,Ho Chi Min City University of Technology
Dr. Mukand Singh Babel and Ms. Niña Donna Sto. DomingoAsian Institute of Technologies
Dr. Setiawan Wangsaatmaja and his team West Java Environmental Protection Agency
Bandung, Indonesia
Colombo, Kandy, Sri Lanka
Close collaboration with various partners
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Groundwater Problems (1) Quantity
Source: UNESCAP, 2002
Total Land Subsidence (1992-2000)
Groundwater Depletion- Water level drawdown- More difficulty in extracting
water
Land Subsidence- Damage to infrastructure- Flooding- Disturb/deteriorate drainage
systems
Bangkok, Thailand
(by courtesy of Dr.Babel, AIT)
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15%
50%
23%
12%
Industrial Water UseAgricultural Water UseDomestic Water UseEcological Water Use
Beneficial Use of GW (2002)
South part = salt water areas
50% of GW use is for agriculture
All GW use for agricultural is not counted = large different from
the actual use volume?
Groundwater Use and shortage of waterTianjin, China
(by courtesy of Dr. Xu He, Nankai Univ.)
12
52
59
28
55
0 25 50 75 100
Tianjin
Bandung
Bangkok
Ho Chi Minh City
Recent Dependency on Groundwater
Ho Chi Minh City
Bangkok
Bandung
Tianjin
0 25 50 75 100 %
Groundwater has played an important role in development of cities.
Groundwater use / Total water use
(IGES Policy Brief #4, March 2006)
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Tianjin
Bandung
Bangkok
Ho Chi Minh City
15
80
64
57
0 25 50 75 100
(%)
0 25 50 75 100 %
Ho Chi Minh City
Bangkok
Bandung
Tianjin
Industrial Use in Total Groundwater Abstraction
Industrial Use in Total Groundwater Abstraction
Industrial sector consumes the most groundwater in HCMC, Bangkok and Bandung.
(IGES Policy Brief #4, March 2006)
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Bandung, Indonesia
Bangkok, Thailand
Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Correlations between regional GDP and groundwater use
(IGES Policy Brief #4, March 2006)
Under the continuous industrialization, it is necessary to take action to change groundwater use practices in the industrial sector in Asian cities.
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0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
Dec-78 Jun-81 Dec-83 Jun-86 Dec-88 Jun-91 Dec-93 Jun-96 Dec-98 Jun-01 Dec-03
Date
Gro
undw
ater
Use
Cha
rge
(Bt/
m3 )
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
No.
of W
ells
Groundwater Use ChargeRegistered Private WellsPublic Wells
Groundwater Charge
Private Wells
Chronological changes of number of wells and groundwater use charge(Bangkok, Thailand)
(IGES Policy Brief #4, March 2006)
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intensifying abstraction as population and economic growth
reduction of abstraction
introduction of control measures
increasing stress & identification of problems
reducing stress, abatement of problems, rehabilitation of aquifers
stable abstraction with control measures
strict control could cause new problems?(e.g. too much increase of groundwater level)
modest use (no stress)
intensifying abstraction as population and economic growth
reduction of abstraction
introduction of control measures
increasing stress & identification of problems
reducing stress, abatement of problems, rehabilitation of aquifers
stable abstraction with control measures
strict control could cause new problems?(e.g. too much increase of groundwater level)
modest use (no stress)
Industrial Water Supply Works as an alternative water supplier of groundwater(Osaka, Japan)
(IGES Policy Brief #4, March 2006)
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Patchwork in Asia-Pacific Region on water resources- Population density- Climate (Rainfall, Temperature, ………)- Sanitary condition- Measures against disasters (Tsunami, Earthquake, Flooding,….)
Pacific Ocean
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Outputs and outreach
Summary report on Sustainable Groundwater Management in Asian Cities-Recommendations
- Situation analysis on groundwater management of case study cities
- case study report on respective cities with challenges and recommendations (by research partners)
IGES Policy Brief #4, March 2006
Posters in World Water Expo of 4thWWF
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RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT IN ASIAN CITIES
Groundwater management in Asian cities should be dynamic and proactive, considering not only the diversity of hydro-geological conditions but also the policy environment that keeps changing in the course of continuous urbanization and industrial development in Asian cities.
1. General Recommendations2. Recommendations for Respective Beneficial Uses3. Recommendations for Overcoming Barriers to Implementation
Site-specific solution is essential.
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1. General Recommendations
1-1. The optimal combination of different policy measures can maximize the effectiveness of groundwater management. The review and adjustment of existing policy measures is crucial in meeting the changes in the crucial-economic and environmental background of the respective cities.
1-2. Groundwater conservation should be an integral part of urban planning.
1-3. Groundwater management should be designed within the framework of a holistic urban water management policy.
1-4. Groundwater abstraction rights should be assigned to the government sector in statutory form to enable effective groundwater control.
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2. Recommendations for Respective Beneficial Uses
For the Industrial Sector
2-1. Available government resources should be allocated more to water reuse and recycling in industry.
2-2. Groundwater usage changes, wastewater treatment charges and other economic disincentives for groundwater usage can effectively control the demand for groundwater.
2-3. Governments should pay prior attention to groundwater pollution by Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and take the necessary preventative measures.
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For Domestic and Commercial Sector
2-4. Groundwater abstraction by heavy users should be minimized first in places facing excessive groundwater abstraction associated with negative impacts on society.
2-5. Proper guidance on on-site wastewater treatment should be improved for conservation of groundwater quality and the reduction of health risks.
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For The Agricultural Sector
2-6. Groundwater use by the agricultural sector should be controlled to prevent possible environmental impact due to intensive exploitation.
2-7. Fertilizer inputs should be capped to reduce the nitrate contamination of groundwater.
25
3. Recommendation for Overcoming Barrierto Implementation
3-1. Scientific research and monitoring should be promoted by governments and research institutes to obtain reliable information for groundwater policy-making.
3-2. An agency should be established and reinforced to direct the coordination and facilitation of groundwater policy-making and implementation.
3-3. Dialogues among relevant stakeholders should be incorporated in the policy-making and review process as tool for promoting efforts in groundwater conservation.