For B.Sc. and B.Sc. (Hons.) Classes of all Indian Universitiesand also as per UGC Model Curriculum

E.L. JordanM.Sc., M.A. (Toronto)

Formerly Head Zoology Department,Lucknow Christian College, Lucknow

Dr. P.S. VermaM.Sc., Ph.D., F.E.S.I., F.A.Z.

Formerly Reader Zoology DepartmentMeerut College, Meerut

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© 1965, E.L. Jordan & Dr. P.S. VermaAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied in any material form (including photo copying or storing it in any medium in form of graphics, electronic or mechanical means and whether or not transient or incidental to some other use of this publication) without written permission of the copyright owner. Any breach of this will entail legal action and prosecution without further notice.Jurisdiction : All disputes with respect to this publication shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Courts, tribunals and forums of New Delhi, India only.First Edition 1965Subsequent Editions and Reprints 1968, 70, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012,14th Revised and Enlarged Edition 2013

ISBN : 81-219-1639-9 Code : 03A 251printed in indiaBy Rajendra Ravindra Printers Pvt. Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi -110 055 and published by S. Chand & Company Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi -110 055.

DEDICATEDto

My Respected MotherLate Smt. Gomti Deviwho could not survive

to see the fruits of this labour

Dr. Prem Singh Verma

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Preface To The fourTeenTh ediTion

The dimensions of biology are fast increasing with more and more emphasis on cell biology, molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, electron microscopy, biotechnology and development biology (embryology), etc. Many Indian Universities have already introduced some topics of these disciplines in their under-graduate syllabi. The importance of basic zoology, however, cannot be ignored; most teachers and researchers rightly feel the need for a strong base in general zoology as a prerequisite for all fields of specialisations. Jordan’s “Chordate Zoology” has served a great deal towards the fulfilment of this aim. It has been a national best seller for more than four decades. It was, therefore, found necessary to bring out the same book in more useful and enlarged form. The book has been thoroughly revised and enlarged in this edition. I have retained all that was judged good and useful in the previous edition. However, a number of changes have been made in this edition. Subject matter have been revised and updated in the light of recent researches and new topics have been added at appropriate places keeping in view the changes in the syllabi of various Indian Universities.

New chapters and topics which have been added in the present edition are : (i) Pisces (Fishes) : Labeo rohita (Type study); Comparison of Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes; Dipnoi; Fin System; Scales; Air-bladder or Swim-bladder; Accessary respiratory organs; Parental care; Migration; and Economic importance. (ii) Amphibia : Parental care; Neoteny and Paedogenesis; Origin and Ancestry. (iii) Reptilia : Calotes versicolar (Type study); Snakes : General account; Reptilia: General account. (iv) Aves : Common Flightless birds (Ratitae); Types of beaks and feet or claws; Types of skull palate; Archaeopteryx and its significance; Birds are glorified reptiles; Birds as a flying machine; Aerial or flight adaptations; Migration; and Economic importance. (v) Mammalia : Prototheria (Order Monotremata); Metatheria; Dentition; Aquatic mammals and adaptations; Flying (Volant) mammals and adaptations; Adaptive radiations; Adaptive convergence; Origin and Ancestry; and Economic importance. (vi) Vertebrate Embryology and Comparative Anatomy: Several new topics have been added. (vii) Wildlife in India. (viii) Glossary.

In addition to this, general topics, which are usually asked in the examina-tions, have been thoroughly revised and some new topics have also been added in all the classes of chordates. In the last few years, most of the universities have introduced long answer type, short answer type, very short answer type and multiple choice type (objective type) questions in the examination papers. To cater this requirement, various types of questions have been added at the end of each chapter.

The examination oriented text is written for all students, even for those who do not have a good background in the subject. The language is simple, explanations are clear, and presentation is very systematic. To improve scientific accuracy, about 706 well-labelled diagrams have been included at appropriate

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places. Important words are given in bold face and definitions in italics. Subject matter is error free. Notwithstanding several Indian books on Chordate Zoology or Vertebrate Zoology, I hope the present edition of Chordate Zoology shall serve the purpose of learned teachers and students.

I am thankful to the Management Team and the Editorial Department of S. Chand & Company Ltd., for all help and support in the publication of this book.

I like to express my thanks to the esteemed teachers for sending their valuable suggestions and opinions and shall hope to receive the same in future.

“PREETI” Dr. P. S. VERMa121, New Mohanpuri Colony,Meerut- 250 001

Disclaimer : While the authors of this book have made every effort to avoid any mistake or omission and have used their skill, expertise and knowledge to the best of their capacity to provide accurate and updated information. The authors and S. Chand do not give any representation or warranty with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication and are selling this publication on the condition and understanding that they shall not be made liable in any manner whatsoever. S.Chand and the authors expressly disclaim all and any liability/responsibility to any person, whether a purchaser or reader of this publication or not, in respect of anything and everything forming part of the contents of this publication. S. Chand shall not be responsible for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of the use of the information contained in this publication.Further, the appearance of the personal name, location, place and incidence, if any; in the illustrations used herein is purely coincidental and work of imagination. Thus the same should in no manner be termed as defamatory to any individual.

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Preface To The firsT ediTionThere are some excellent textbooks of comparative anatomy and anatomy

of vertebrates. It would be presumptive to present yet another book on chordate zoology without any justification. Yet the author feels justified in presenting this book to the students. Firstly it lays down the basic principles of the B.Sc. Zoology course of Indian Universities, secondly it is written in a manner which takes into account the morphology, physiology, histology, embryology, ecology, palaeontology and evolution of chordates. The book is a comprehensive guide though it does not burden the student with unnecessary details, yet it is a clear and complete study of Chordates and it includes not only the study of comparative anatomical structure, but also the origin of structure in terms of its embryology and evolution. The book contains numerous clear and well-labelled figures which make an understanding of the text an easier task.

The first chapter takes into account the geological time chart and the origin and characters of chordates. Then it deals with Protochordata, but it does not take into account the Hemichordata. The Hemichordata in modern zoological literature are now regarded as a separate phylum of invertebrates. Then the Agnatha are described in outline. The next part is a comprehensive account of the comparative anatomy of vertebrates dealing with the development, morphology, and evolution of various systems. This major portion is followed by a classification of vertebrates along with a description of many representative types from each class. Hardly any two books have an identical scheme of classification of animals; in this book the best points of various classifications are taken on the basis of morphology and evolution, and are coordinated into a wholesome system. The last part of the book is devoted to general biology dealing with Heredity, Mendelism, and Evolution.

E.L. JoRDaNLucknow, Ist January, 1965

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Contents 1. Phylum Chordata : an Introduction 1–13 What is Chordata? 1; Chordate animals 2; Three fundamental

chordate characters 2; Characters common to Chordates and higher Nonchordates 4; Comparison between Chordates and Nonchordates 5; Origin and ancestry of Chordata 5; Major subdivisions of phylum Chordata 6; General characters of phylum Chordata 7; Brief classification of phylum Chordata 7; Brief classification of phylum Chordata with characters 8; Phylum Chordata 8; Group A. Acrania (Protochordata) 9; Subphylum I Hemichordata 9; subphylum II Urochordata or Tunicata 9; Subphylum III Cephalochordata 9; Group B. Craniata 10; Subphylum IV. Vertebrata 10; Division I. Agnatha 10; Division II. Gnathostomata 11; Superclass 1. Pisces 11; Superclass 2. Tetrapoda 11; Class 1. Amphibia 11; Class 2. Reptilia 11; Class 3. Aves 12; Class 4. Mammalia 12; Important questions 12.

2. Type 1. Balanoglossus (a Tongue Worm) 14–34 Systematic position 15; Habits and habitat 15; External morphology

16; Body wall 18; Coelom 19; Endoskeleton 20; Digestive system 21; Respiratory system 24; Blood vascular system 25; Excretory system 26; Nervous system 26; Sense organs 27; Reproductive system 27; Development 27; Affinities of Balanoglossus 30; Systematic position and phylogeny 33; Important questions 33.

3. Subphylum 1. Hemichordata : General Characters; ClassificationandRepresentativeTypes 35–40 Definition 35; General characters 35; Classification 36; Representative

types 37; Saccoglossus 37; Ptychodera 37; Cephalodiscus 37; Atubaria 38; Rhabdopleura 39; Important questions 39.

4. Type 2. Herdmania (a Sea Squirt) 41–59 Geographical distribution 42; Systematic position 42; Habits and

habitat 42; External morphology 43; General anatomy 47; Digestive system 48; Respiratory system 51; Circulatory system 52; Nervous system 54; Receptors 55; Excretory organ 55; Reproductive organs 56; Affinities and Systematic Position of Herdmania (Urochordata) 57; Important questions 58.

5. Subphylum 2. Urochordata : General Characters, ClassificationandRepresentativeTypes 60–70 General Characters 60; Classification 61; Representative types

62; Molgula 62; Botryllus 63; Ascidia 63; Ciona 64; Clavelina 64; Pyrosoma 64; Doliolum 65; Salpa 67; Oikopleura 69; Important questions 70.

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6. Type 3. Branchiostoma (= Amphioxus) The Lancelet 71–90 Systematic position 72; Geographical distribution 72; Habits and

habitat 72; External features 72; Body wall 74; Skeleton 75; Atrium 75; Coelom 77; Digestive system 78; Respiration 82; Circulatory system 83; Excretory system 85; Nervous system 86; Sense organs (Receptors) 87; Reproductive system 88; Important questions 89.

7. Subphylum 3. Cephalochordata : General Characters, Primitive, Degenerate and Specialised Characters and

Affinities 91–95 General characters 91; Primitive, Degenerate and Specialised

characters of Branchiostoma (Cephalochordata) 92; Affinities of Cephalochordata 93; Important questions 94.

8. Protochordata : General and Comparative 96–107 What are protochordates? 96; Significance of protochordates 97;

Comparison of three protochordate subphyla 97; General comparison of three protochordate subphyla at a glance 97; Comparison : Habits and habitat of three protochordate types 98; Comparison : External features of three protochordate types 99; Comparison : Digestive system (Alimentary canal and associated glands) of three proto- chordate types 99; Comparison : Pharynx of three protochordate types 101; Comparison : Food and feeding mechanism of three protochordate types 102; Comparison : Excretory system of three protochordate types 103; Comparison : Nervous system of three protochordate types 104; Comparison : Circulatory system of three protochordate types 105; Comparison : Reproduction of three protochordate types 106; Important questions 106.

9. Subphylum 4. Vertebrata : General Characters, origin and ancestry of Vertebrates 108–119 What are vertebrates? 108; Chordate versus vertebrates 109; General

Characters of subphylum Vertebrata 109; Diversity of vertebrates 110; Selected characters of classes 111; Phylogeny or Evolutionary history of vertebrates 111; Origin and ancestry of vertebrates (chordates) 113; Important questions 119.

10. Class 1. ostracodermi (Extinct) : General Characters, ClassificationandRepresentativeTypes 120–124 Occurrence 120; Important features 121; Classification 121; Biological

significance of ostracoderms 123; Inter-relationship and affinities 123; Important questions 123.

11. Type 4. Petromyzon (The Lamprey) 125–139 Systematic position 126; Distribution 126; Habits and habitat 126;

External features 127; Anatomy and physiology 128; Body wall 128; Muscular system 129; Skeleton 129; Digestive System 130;

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Respiratory system 130; Circulatory System 131; Nervous system 131; Sense organs 132; Excretory system 132; Reproductive system 133; Life history 133; Ammocoete larva 134; Metamorphosis 134; Comparison between lamprey and hagfishes 134; Summary of characters of cyclostomes: Affinities of cyclostomes 136; Important questions 137.

12. Class 2. Cyclostomata : General Characters, ClassificationandRepresentativeTypes 140–143 General characters 140; Classification 141; Representative types 141;

Important questions 143.

13. Class 3. Placodermi (Extinct) : General CharactersandClassification 144–146 Earliest jawed vertebrates 144; Occurrence 145; Important features

145; Classification 145; Biological significance 146; Important questions 146.

14. Type 5. Scoliodon:ACartilaginousFish(TheDogfish) 147–194 Systematic position 148; Distribution 148; Habits and habitat 148;

External features 148; Skin 151; Exoskeleton 151; Endoskeleton 153; Musculature 159; Locomotion 160; Coelom and viscera 161; Digestive system 163; Respiratory system 166; Blood vascular system 168; Nervous system 176; Receptor organs (Sense organs) 180; Urinogenital organs 186; Reproduction 189; Economic importance 191; Important questions 191.

15. Type 6. Labeo rohita : Rohu (a Bony Fish) 195–212 Systematic position 196; Distribution 196; Habits and habitat 196;

External Features 196; Body wall or Integument 197; Exoskeleton 197; Endoskeleton 197; Digestive system 203; Air-bladder (Swim-bladder) 205; Respiratory system 205; Blood vascular system 207; Nervous system 208; Urinogenital system 210; Economic importance 211; Important questions 212.

16. SuperclassPisces:GeneralCharacters,ClassificationandRepresentative Types 213–236

General characters 213; Classification 214; Class 4. Chondrichthyes 215; Classification of Chondrichthyes 215; Some representative types of Chondrichthyes 216; Class 5. Osteichthyes 219; Classification of Osteichthyes 219; Some representative types of Osteichthyes 223; Lobe-finned fish 223; Lung fish 224; Ganoid fish 226; Advanced ray-finned bony fishes 228; Important questions 235.

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17. Superclass Pisces and Fish : General account 237–267 Comparison of Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes 237; Dipnoi 239;

Fin system 245; Scales of fishes 249; Air-bladder or Swim-bladder 251; Accessory respiratory organs 255; Parental care in fishes 259; Migration in fishes 261; Economic importance of fishes 263; Important questions 266.

18. Type 7. Rana tigrina (Common Indian Bull Frog) 268–330 Systematic position 269; Habit and habitat 269; External features

271; Skin 274; Endoskeleton 276; Digestive system 284; Respiratory system 296; Blood vascular system 300; Arterial system 304; Venous system 306; Lymphatic system 307; Blood 308; Nervous system 311; Receptors 318; Urinogenital system 324; Important questions 329.

19. Class6.Amphibia:GeneralCharacters,ClassificationandRepresentative Types 331–341

General characters 331; Classification 332; Representative types 334; Important questions 341.

20. amphibia : General account 342–349 Parental care in Amphibia 342; Neoteny and Paedogenesis 345; Origin

and Ancestry of Amphibia (Tetrapoda) 346; Important questions 349.

21. Type 8. Uromastix hardwickii (The Spiny-Tailed Lizard) 350–390 Systematic position 351; Habit and habitat 352; External features

353; Skin or Integument 355; Exoskeleton 355; Endoskeleton 356; Skeleton of Varanus 356; Digestive system 369; Respiratory system 372; Blood vascular system 374; Arterial system 377; Venous system 379; Nervous system 381; Sense organs 384; Urinogenital system 387; Excretory system 387; Male genital organs 388; Female genital organs 389; Copulation and fertilisation 389; Important questions 390.

22. Type 9. Calotes versicolor (The Garden Lizard) 391–404 Systematic Position 391; Natural history 391; External features 392;

Digestive system 393; Respiratory system 394; Blood vascular system 395; Arterial system 396; Venous system 398; Nervous system 399; Excretory system 402; Reproductive system 402; Important questions 404.

23. Snakes : General account 405–414 External features 406; Hearing 406; Feeding mechanism 406; Poison

apparatus 407; Biting mechanism 409; Swallowing mechanism 410; Snake venom 410; Types of venom 410; Treatment 411; Distinction between poisonous and non-poisonous snakes of India 411; Key for identification of poisonous and non-poisonous snakes of India 413; Important questions 414.

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24. Class7.Reptilia:GeneralCharacters,Classificationand Representative Types 415–437 General Characters 415; Classification 417; Representative types 419;

Turtles and tortoises 419; Sphenodon 422; Lizards 424; Snakes 427; Non-poisonous snakes 427; Poisonous snakes 429; Crocodilia 432; Important questions 436.

25. Reptilia : General account 438–443 Origin of reptiles 438; Adaptive radiation in reptiles 440; Dinosaurs

440; Important questions 443.

26. Type 10. Columba livia (The Common Rock Pigeon) 444–503 Early history (Origin) 444; Characteristics of Aves 445; Systematic

position 446; Habit and habitat 447; Distribution 447; External features 448; Skin 450; Exoskeleton 450; Muscular system 459; Endoskeleton of Fowl (Gallus) 462; Coelom and viscera 475; Digestive system, 476; Respiratory system 479; Circulatory system 483; Arterial system 486; Venous system 487; Nervous system 490; Sense organs 493; Endocrine glands 498; Urinogenital system 498; Urinary or Excretory organs 498; Male reproductive organs 499; Female reproductive organs 499; Copulation 501; Important questions 501.

27. Class 8. aves (The Birds) : General Characters, Classification,andRepresentativeTypes 504–520 General Characters 505; Classification 506; Representative Types

511; Archaeopteryx 511; Common Birds of India 513; Important questions 520.

28. aves (Birds) : General account 521–552 Flightless birds (Ratitae) 521; Origin of birds 526; Origin of flight in

birds 528; Birds are glorified reptiles 529; Birds as a flying machine 530; Modes of flight 532; Flight or aerial adaptations of birds 534; Beaks of birds 537; Types of feet or claws in birds 539; Palate in birds 541; Migration of birds 543; Economic importance of birds 549; Important questions 552.

29. Type 11. Oryctolagus (The Rabbit) 553–641 Distinguishing characters 554; Systematic position 554; Habit and

habitat 555; Distribution 555; Enemies 555; Economic importance 555; Important adaptations 556; Rabbit and hare 556; External features 557; Locomotion 559; Integument 559; Endoskeleton 564; Axial skeleton 564; Appendicular skeleton 574; Coelom and viscera 577; Digestive system 579; Respiratory system 594; Blood vascular system 599; Heart 599; Blood vessels 603; Arterial system 603; Venous system 605; Hepatic portal system 607; Blood 607; Lymphatic system 608; Nervous system 609; Central nervous system 609;

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Peripheral nervous system 613; Autonomic nervous system 616; Sense organs 617; Urinogenital system 626; Excretory system, 626; Reproductive system 629; Endocrine system 633; Important questions 639.

30. Class9.Mammalia:GeneralCharacters,Classificationand Representative Types 642–673 General characters 642; Classification 643; Representative types 651;

Important questions 672.

31. Subclass Prototheria (order Monotremata) 674–681 Distinctive characters 674; Habit and habitat 674; External features

675; Exoskeleton 675; Body cavity 675; Endoskeleton 675; Digestive system 677; Respiratory system 677; Circulatory system 677; Excretory system 677; Nervous system 678; Receptors 678; Reproductive system 678; Development 678; Classification of Prototheria 679; Affinities of Prototheria 679; Important questions 681.

32. Infraclass Metatheria (order Marsupialia) 682–688 Distinctive characters 683; Distribution 683; Habits and habitat

683; External features 683; Exoskeleton 683; Body cavity 683; Endoskeleton 683; Digestive system 684; Respiratory, circulatory and excretory system 684; Nervous system 684; Reproductive system 684; Development 684; Classification of Marsupialia 685; Distribution of Metatheria 686; Affinities of marsupials 687; Systematic position 688; Phylogenetic consideration of Metatheria (Marsupialia) 688; Important questions 688.

33. Mammalia : General account 689–712 Dentition in mammals 689; Aquatic mammals and adaptations 697;

Flying (Volant) mammals and adaptations 700; Adaptive radiation in mammals 702; Adaptive convergence in mammals 704; Origin and ancestry of mammals 706; Economic importance of mammals 708; Important questions 712.

34. Introduction to Vertebrate Embryology 713–726 Historical review 714; Modern embryology 715; Scope of embryology

716; Gametogenesis 716; Embryonic development 716; Types of eggs 717; Classification of eggs on the basis of amount of yolk 717; Fertilisation 719; Cleavage 720; Stages of embryogeny 722; Morula 722; Blastula 722; Gastrula 722; Organogeny 723; Derivatives of germ layers 723; Important questions 725.

35. Development of Herdmania 727–733 Gametes 727; Fertilisation 728; Presumptive areas 728; Embryonic

or prelarval development 728; Larval development 729; Tadpole larva 729; Retrogressive metamorphosis 730; Embryological significance of Ascidian tadpole 732; Important questions 733.

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36. Development of Branchiostoma (Amphioxus) 734–747 Gametes 734; Fertilisation 735; Presumptive areas 736; Early

embryonic development 736; Cleavage and blastulation 736; Gastrulation 737; Fate of germ cells 738; Formation of notochord 738; Formation of neural tube 738; Development of mesoderm and coelom 740; Further development of coelom 740; Differentiation of myotome 740; Development of head 742; Development of gut 742; Hatching of larva 742; Post-hatching development 742; Metamorphosis 746; Important questions 746.

37. Development of Frog 748–761 Spawning 748; Fertilisation 749; Cleavage and blastulation 749;

Presumptive areas 750; Gastrulation 750; Neurulation 753; Notogenesis 754; Post-neural or pre-hatching development 756; Post-hatching development of tadpole 756; Metamorphosis 758; Important questions 760.

38. Development of Chick (Fowl) 762–777 Fertilisation 763; Structure of egg of hen 763; Cleavage and

blastulation 764; Presumptive fate maps of blastula 766; Gastrulation 766; Formation of primitive streak 767; Formation of neural tube (Neurogenesis) 769; Formation of notochord and mesoderm 769; Formation of somites 769; Formation of coelom 770; Folding of embryo 771; Flexure and torsion 772; Extra-embryonic (Foetal) membranes of chick 772; Development of extra-embryonic membranes 772; Hatching 775; Important questions 775.

39. Development of Rabbit 778–785 Egg 778; Fertilisation 779; Early embryonic development 779;

Cleavage 779; Blastocyst 779; Implantation 780; Gastrulation 781; Neurulation 782; Development of extra-embryonic membranes of rabbit 782; Development of amnion and chorion 782; Development of allantois 783; Development of yolk-sac 784; Important questions 784.

40. Placenta and Placentation in Mammals 786–794 Mode of origin and types of mammalian placentae 787; Chorio-

vitelline placenta or chorionic placenta or yolk-sac placenta 787; Chorio-allantoic placenta or Allantoic placenta 787; Classification of chorio-allantoic placenta 788; Morphological classification of placenta 788; Classification of placentae according to the distribution of villi on chorion 789; Classification of placenta according to histology 790; Classification of placentae according to the mode of implantation 791; Physiology of placenta 792; Important questions 793.

41. Integument and its Derivatives in Vertebrates 795–814 Structure of skin 795; Functions of integument 796; Derivatives of

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the integument 797; Epidermal derivatives 798; Epidermal glands 798; Epidermal scales and scutes 800; Horns 802; Digital structures 803; Feathers 804; Hair 805; Dermal derivatives 806; Integument in different classes of chordates 809; Protochordata 811; Cyclostomata 809; Pisces 809; Amphibia 810; Reptilia 811; Aves 812; Mammalia 812; Important questions 813.

42. Endoskeleton in Vertebrates 815–845 Dermal bony skeleton 815; Endoskeleton 815; Functions of

endoskeleton 816; Bone 816; Axial skeleton 818; Skull 818; Skull in various classes of vertebrates 824; Cyclostomata 824; Chondrichthyes 824; Osteichthyes 824; Amphibia 824; Reptilia 825; Aves 825; Mammalia 826; Vertebral column 826; Vertebral column in fishes 831; Vertebral column in tetrapoda 832; Amphibia 833; Reptilia 833; Aves 833; Mammalia 834; Sternum 834; Pisces 835; Amphibia 835; Reptilia 835; Aves 835; Mammalia 835; Appendicular skeleton 835; Origin of appendages 835; Origin of girdles 837; Girdles and limbs in tetrapoda 837; Limbs 837; Origin of pentadactyle limbs 838; Girdles and limbs in Tetrapoda 838; Muscles 842; Swimming in bony fishes 843; Swimming in snakes 844; Important questions 845.

43. Coelom and Digestive System in Vertebrates 846–858 Coelom 846; Digestive system 849; Buccal cavity 850; Pharynx 853;

Oesophagus 853; Stomach 853; Small intestine 855; Large intestine 856; Digestive glands 857; Important question 858.

44. Respiratory System in Vertebrates 859–866 Respiratory organs 860; Gills 860; Lungs 862; Mechanism of

respiration 864; Accesory respiratory organs 864; Important questions 866.

45. Circulatory System in Vertebrates 867–880 Parts of circulatory system 868; Evolution of heart in vertebrates

869; Single-chambered heart 869; Two-chambered heart 870; Three-chambered heart 870; Four-chambered heart 872; Modification of aortic arches in vertebrates 872; Aortic arches in vertebrates 873; Cyclostomata 873; Pisces 873; Amphibia 873; Reptilia 873; Aves 874; Mammalia 874; Venous system 875; Modifications of veins 876; Lymphatic system 877; Spleen 879; Important questions 880.

46. Nervous System in Vertebrates 881–896 Nervous system and its functions 881; Anatomy of nervous system:

The neuron 882; Divisions of nervous system 883; Functional divisions of nervous system 884; Kinds of neurons 884; Development of central nervous system 885; Comparative account of brain in vertebrates 888; Cyclostomata 888; Elasmobranchi 889; Osteichthyes (Bony

Chordate Zoology

Publisher : SChand Publications ISBN : 9788121916394 Author : E L Jordan & Dr. P.S.Verma

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