Points 10 considerBefore you start writirg your essay you sbould make a fui of'tbe pointsfor and agaost,Each paragraph should start with a topic senterce whieh summarizes the topi: ofthe paragraphm topie senterce should be folhwed by supportzg sentences whch justify the argumertpresented in fue topie senterce, by giving examples or reasons. You should use linkilgwords/phrases to presert your justiicatiors (they will be Iisted later).Travelling by train has a lot of advantages (tapie sentenee)First ofall, it is comfortable as trains are spacious so there is plenty of room to walk about:What is more, trains are convenient. For example, you do not have to take any food orbeverages with your, because most trains have a restaurant. Finally, when your travel by trainyour reach your destination fairiy quickly. (supponing sentences)Make sure eaeh paragraph has more thm one senterce.

e.g. One advantage of using a word processor is that it saves time. It is much quicker tomake corrections on one than it is to do them by hand.

Do not use infurrnal sty1e (e.g. short forms, colloquial language; etc.) or strorg larguage toexpress youropinim(e.g. 1know ... , ete.). express your opinion inan mn-emotjonal way (e.g. ltseems that, 1therefore feel; ... , ete.).Well known quotations relevant to fue topic you are writirg about will make your compos tionmore interesting. For example, ifyou are wrting an essay on edueation, a quotation you mayilclude is: "Education is aprogressive discovery of our own ignorance " (Will Durant)

ForandAgainst Essays

A 'for ard against" essay is a formal piece ofwritilg nwhieh you dscussfue advantages and disadvantages of a speeific topie.A good essay offhis type should consist o:f.a) an intrnductory paragraph in which you c1early state tbe tapie to bediscussed, wihn. giving your opzrion;b) a main body in whieh you presert fue poirts for and tbe pointsagainst, in separate paragraphs, supporting your argurnents with examplesand justificatiom.e) a conclusion in whieh you state your opinion or give a bahncedcorsideratjon of'tbe tapie.

Note:Opinon words (1think, 1believe, In my opinion; de.) can only beused iJ. tbe closirg paragraph where you give your opsron on fuetapie.You can :find this type of writing in articles in rewspapers,magazine s, etc.

Introdncticn

Paragraph 1State tapie (sununary ofthe topie Wthout gi.vmgyour opjnion)

Mainbody

Parap-aphs 2 & 3Arglmeds :/Df &justifieations, examplcsand/or reasonsParagraphs 4 & 5Arguments against &justifications, examp les,and/or reasons

Coaeluson

Final paragraphBalancedconsiderationlyouropinim dire ct1y orindrectly

Note: AJthough fuese are "balanced" argumert.s, ifyou feel that either fue for and against sjde isstronger and should be supported, this side should be presented in paragraphs 4 &5, tbus leading fuereader to your conclusion

Useful expresskms and Iinking words/phrases

To Iist points:Firstly, Fjrst ofall, In the frst place, To begjrrstart withSecorrlly, Thirdly, Finally, Last but not least,

To Iist advantages:One/ Amther/ A :fu:rthe:r/An additional (major) advantage of ... E ...'!'re rnainlgreatestlfirst advantage of ... is ...One point ofview in favour of ..It is often suggestedlbelievedlargued that. ..Some/Many people suggest/feel argue that ...Some/Many people are in fvour of/are convinced tha.t ....

To Iist disadvantages:One/Amtber/A :fu:rthe:r/Anadditional(major) dsadvarnage/ drawback of ...'!'re rnainlgreatest/rnost serious/first d sadvantage/drawback of ...Another regative aspect of ...SomelManypeople are against ...One pointla.rgument against ... To introduce points/arguments fororagainst:One (very convincing) pointlargument in favour of ... / agairst ...A:fu:rthe:r cornrnon critjcism of ... / It coull be argued that ...

often claimedlsuggestedIt is widelyargued

generally felt/be lievedtbat ...

some/many/rnost peopk/experts/scientists/s ceptics/critics

support /oppose the v:iew tbat ...

chim/suggest/argue/fueVbel:ieve/agree tha.t ...

are in favour of'against ...offhe op:inion thatlconvinced tlat ...opposed to ...

To add mOR points to the same topic:In addiion (to this), furtbermore, moreover, besides, apart from, what E more, as weH as, not tomention (the fact) tha.t, also, not only ... but also/as wel], both ... aro, there is another side to thejssue/questiorr'argumertt of ...

To make contrasting points:on fue other barr, it rnay be said that, ...bowever, still, yet, o s oppose viewpourbut, nonethekss, rnanypeople (strongJy) disagree ... ,revertheless, even so, clairrrfeekbel.eve ths argumert is Ilcorrect

akbough, though, even though, while, whilst, whereas, despite/in spite of (the fact tha.t), regardlessof'tbe fact tbat

Opponents of. .. arguelbelieve/claim that ...

To introduce example s:for example, for irstance, such as, like, in particular, particuarly, especially,Ths is (clearly) illustrated/shown by fue fact that ...One /A elear/typjcal example of(this) ...

To empbasise a point:Clearly, obviously, it is obvious, natura1ly, ofcourse, indeed

To express reality:In fact, fue fact (of fue rratter) is, actually; in practice, it is a fact that

To make general statements:as a (general) rule, generally, in general, on fue whole, To make partially correct statements:to a eertain extent, in a way/s ense, this :ispartJy true (but), to a limited extent, tbere :issome truth in(ths), :insome cases To explainlclarifY a point: in other words, this/which mears tlat

To express cause: du.eto (fue fact that), on the grounds that, given that, because, as, since To express effects: therefore, thus, as a result/consequence, so, for this reason, if ... were to

Iappen, ... fue effsct/result would be ...To express intention: to, so as to, :inorderto, so that, with fue intentiJnof(+ -irg)

Conclusion expressing balanced considerations/opinion indirectly

In conclusion,On balance,All things considered,Takjrg everything rto aceount/consideratjon,To condude,To sumup,Allinall,FinallylLastly,

t seems that ...tmay be concluded/said tlat ...t is lik:ely/unlikelylpossible thatt is clear/obvious that ...tbere is no/little doubt that ...t canlmust be saidlcla:irnedthat ...alhmgh it most be said that ...t is true to say that ...

Tbere is no absolute arswer to tle question of ...

In conclusion,Allinall,To sumup,

clear/apparent aboveit is plainlobvious from fue

evident foregoing

evidencepointsarguments

Conclusion expressing opinion directly

In conclusion,On balance,All things considered,Takjrg everything rto account/consideraton,To conclude,To sumup,All in all,

t is inmybem:f7opinionthlt ...1(:firrnly)believe/fuellthink tlnt ...1am convinced that ...1am mclined to believe that ...1 (do not) agree thatlwth ...

Excerc :5es:

Read the main body of the for and against essay below (l[l the t~ic: "Discu=the Mew thtst ISIIverMI6 pl't1l1U1les ex~ COIISJUIferism." Theoread the be~s and en~s and say mch of the techniques has been used in each one. FinalIy, replace the bold type wlrds or phrases inthe main b ody with (l[les similar in meaning.

BEGINNINGS ...

1. Whelher it :5 on TV, radio or hoarding; at the side of'the road, advert semeras have become a part of'our lives. Is advertising smpy a means o:in:IDrmlngthe public or does :itencourage consizners to purchase they do not real\> need?

2. Advertisng is a powerful ~ persuasive med:ium You may reel this is an mrusion nyour daily lik, and resent the pressure on you to spendmoney. Others, however, ergoy!he variety whiehthis higIy creative mdusfry bring; to everyday lik.

3. Advertising is an e.fli:ctive way oselling new products, and many peop1e argue that its e:frectiveness bra:i1washes us irto unnecessary spendingOthers, however, disagree, As Jeremy Tunstall sajd, "Advertising can't sello2'l)lproduct; it can ony help to sel a product the people want to buy."

One of the main ar~ents flr advertising :isthat t generateswealth fOr a country. TI is to say, 3Xes paid on goods s01