Footnotes

SPRING 2014

Celebrating the success of our modern European graduate programWhat could unite such disparate topics:

German Protestant missionaries establishing model settlements in Ottoman Palestine in the late nineteenth century; East-ern European Jews negotiating with German military officials in devastated Poland during the First World War; one Latvian interwar dictator who got many of his ideas while living as an exile in Nebraska; Nazi race examiners in search of mythical “lost Germanic blood” in occupied Europe; and the Gestapo’s manhunts in the Rhineland at the end of World War II?

Besides the obvious fact that they are fasci-nating, the common denominator is that these topics are being researched by UT modern European history graduate students who have won major international and national fellow-ships. Professor Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius is very proud of his students, who since 2008 have won nine major fellowships, including two Fulbrights (Tracey Hayes Norrell to Poland, Jordan Kuck to Latvia), three DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) fellow-ships (Jacob Hamric, Tracey Hayes Norrell, and Michael McConnell), two US Holocaust Memorial Museum fellowships (Michael McConnell and Bradley Nichols), a Berlin Program fellowship (Bradley Nichols), and a

University of Tennessee Humanities Center fellowship (Bradley Nichols). In addition, Geoff Krempa, working on interwar ultrana-tionalist plots, attended the Junior Scholars Training Seminar of the Woodrow Wilson International Center and won a US Army

Military History Institute grant. Josh Sander, investigating Nazi plans for the Netherlands, won places in two summer seminars, hosted by the Center for Jewish History in New York and the Holocaust Education Foundation Summer Institute at DePaul University.

From the department head

The faculty of the Department of History is grateful for Tom Burman’s

leadership as department head over the past six years. Taking over that

role just when the world economy—and UT—faced a paralyzing reces-

sion, he led the department through some major challenges, the prover-

bial curse of “interesting times.” We have emerged stronger than ever,

with a vibrant faculty recognized nationally for its track record in winning

competitive fellowships. In this issue, you can see a sample of the fasci-

nating and award-winning research we have recently published.

We are fine teachers, too, mentoring some outstanding graduate

students, staying abreast of the latest thinking about effective under-

graduate education, and helping a new generation of Tennessee students

remember all that came before them. As the department’s new head, I

am particularly thankful for all that Tom Burman did to make us one of

the strongest humanities departments at the university, and I look for-

ward to building on this legacy. Thanks for spending some time reading

this newsletter and catching up on what we are doing. You will see why I

am optimistic about the future of our Department of History.

Ernest Freeberg

Above, Jordan Kuck, Josh Sander, Michael McConnell, Vejas Liulevicius, Bradley Nichols, Jacob Hamric, and Geoff Krempa (photo by Kelli Guinn). Inset, Tracey Hayes Norrell, assistant professor of history and geography, Alabama A & M University

2 FOOTNOTES SPRING 2014 3

New facultyTORE OLSSON

Tore Olsson is a historian of the twentieth-century United States, and he is delighted to join the department. He is particularly interested in the impact of the United States on the larger world surrounding it, and he explores that impact through the lens of food and agriculture. Food has always been a key vehicle of globalization: Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic Ocean in search of Indian spices. Olsson looks at the exchange of plants and animals as a window to how the United States exercised power on the global stage during the last 100 years.

Olsson’s current book project looks at the global campaign known as the Green Revolution—the US-led, post-WWII attempt to teach so-called

“scientific agriculture” to poor farmers in the Third World. The book will examine the circuitous path of plant scientists and agricultural experts from under-developed regions in the United States into Mexico, a country long understood as the birth-place of the Green Revolution. In Mexico, the application of US agricultural science during the 1940s and 1950s dramati-cally expanded food and fiber production, but it also had very disruptive effects. Particularly, it uprooted millions of small

farmers who were now unable to compete with modern producers, and sent them packing for large cities. The example of Mexico served as a dress rehearsal for much of the rest of the planet, which rapidly urban-ized in later decades along similar lines.

In studying US global expansion, Olsson takes very seriously the voices of non-Americans in negotiating campaigns of globalization. The Green Revolution wasn’t just an American imposition upon an unsuspecting Mexico but was shaped at the grassroots by local actors. To document how that played out, Olsson spent more than half a year researching in Spanish-language archives in Mexico—a rarity for US historians. Long-term research abroad is often quite expensive, however, and he was lucky to have won funding from the Social Science Research Council. But as more American historians realize that they have to go abroad to tell the history of the United States, questions of funding will become ever more pressing. Olsson encourages friends of the department to consider sup-porting such research in the future.

CHARLES SANFTIf you ask Charles Sanft how he got

interested in Chinese history, he will probably recite a twice-told tale about how it all started with a geograph-ic distribution requirement at the University of Minnesota. If you press him for something unrehearsed, he may intimate that a translation of the Dao de Jing crossed his path during childhood and primed him.

Whatever the root cause, his initial interest in US history quickly shifted to China. Study of the Chinese language followed and led, in the short term, to a year abroad as part of a reciprocal exchange between his university and Nankai University in Tianjin and, in the longer term, to an obsession that continues today.

He went on to earn a master’s degree in Chinese language and ended up at the University of Muenster, Germany. There he studied the un-derappreciated second-century BCE political philosopher Jia Yi under Professor Reinhard Emmerich, with support from the Heinrich Hertz-Stiftung, a fellowship for non-Germans studying in Germany.

After earning a PhD, Sanft held a two-year post-doctoral position at Kyoto University supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. He then returned to teach for several years at the University of Muenster, where he completed the Habilitation review in 2011 (a process in German universities that requires the submission of a second disser-tation and rigorous review of a candidate’s scholarship and teaching). He returned to the United States and spent a semester at the Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton), followed by a semester teaching and doing research at the University of Minnesota. Last year he taught at the University of Arizona in Tucson. In his debut semester at UT (fall 2013) he taught History of China: China to 1600 and Studies in Asian History: The Death Penalty in a Cross-Cultural Context.

Sanft is interested in how political and government processes worked in China during the time when the Chinese empire was first taking shape. He makes use of transmitted historical and philosophical texts, as well as legal and bureaucratic texts that archaeologists in China have recovered in recent decades. Charles’ first book, Communication and Cooperation in Early Imperial China: Publicizing the Qin Dynasty, was published in January 2014.

When he’s not working, you may find him riding through Knoxville on a bicycle or turning the compost heap in his backyard.

Tore Olsson

Charles Sanft

News from the Center for the Study of War and Society

Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius, director of the Center for the Study of War

and Society since 2008, reports that together with UT Libraries, the

center has won a National Archives grant to digitize its World War II

oral histories. In addition, the late Colonel John Bradley McKinney be-

queathed to the center a generous gift of $100,000. The center hosted

a workshop with Joachim Tauber of the Nordost Institut in Germany.

For the first time, the center’s interns won an undergraduate research

award in UT’s EuReca competition. The center’s AfterWars research

seminar meets regularly. To receive the center newsletter and e-mail

updates on events, please call 865-974-0128 or e-mail csws@utk.edu.

By Catherine Higgs

Happy man

Steve Ash is a happy man. He fell in love with the history of the Civil War—the subject of his scholarly work—at age twelve in 1960. This

youthful obsession led to a still greater love. While a student at Get-tysburg College in the late 1960s, he fell in love with Jeanie. They will celebrate their forty-fourth wedding anniversary in June 2014.

When Steve and Jeanie graduated from college, they headed to Wash-ington, DC, where both worked for the Social Security Administration. The jobs paid well but neither could imagine a lifetime as bureaucrats. After eighteen months, they hit the road in a Volkswagen bus. After a year playing at being hippies, boredom struck. Steve decided to try to turn his childhood love of the Civil War into a career as a historian.

The UT history department accepted him into its graduate program. Knoxville and UT became Steve’s third love: “When I came here in 1973, I felt for the first time like I’d found myself. I was happy; it changed my life.” Jeanie took a job as a newsperson for WIVK radio. For twenty years, she was one of the most recognized personalities in Knoxville, beloved for her humorous interactions with the station’s DJs. She retired in 1994 and opened a business that takes travelers on guided tours to China. The next year the UT history department hired Steve as an assistant professor after a decade spent as a freelance historian and a journeyman lecturer at East Tennessee colleges.

By 1995, Steve was an established author and editor. He quickly became a beloved professor, winning the UT National Alumni Teaching Award in 1999. For Steve, it was mutual admiration. “I really loved teach-ing undergraduates, inspiring them to love history,” he says.

For graduate students, Steve’s goal—with red pen and Strunk and White in hand—was to train them to become publishing historians. So far, four out of the ten PhD students Steve supervised have published their dissertations as a first book.

Steve, meanwhile, published seven books while carrying a full teaching load. A Year in the South (2002) became a bestseller and prompted the funniest e-mail on the best office door in the history department: a plea

from a young man asking Professor Ash to synopsize the book for him be-fore he attended class that afternoon at a different university. That office door captures the essence of this happy man: a lover of blues and rock and roll, good bourbon, jokes—good and bad—and his friends.

In retirement, he will continue to write—his eighth book, A Massacre in Memphis, was published in 2013. Jeanie will travel. Steve’s friends will look forward to joining him, as often as he invites us, for a drink on the Cumberland strip. Knoxville and UT are home.

Steve Ash on writing, teaching, life, and retirement

Humanities Center fellows, 2013–2014The University of Tennessee Humanities Center Fellowships for

2013–2014 include three historians: Thomas E. Burman (see “Faculty fellowships,” page 4), Jacob Latham, and Christopher Magra.

Jacob Latham is completing a manuscript, The pompa circensis and the Urban Image of Rome: Ritual, Performance, and Urban Space from the Late Republic to Late Antiquity, which examines the procession that preceded the immensely popular chariot races in the Circus Maximus—one of Rome’s three great pompae—together with the triumph and the funeral procession. This spectacle attracted enormous crowds, offering an unparalleled opportunity for public munificence, political patronage, and religious devotion as it conducted the gods from the temple of Jupiter to the circus where the wild contests entertained one and all.

Chris Magra’s second book is Poseidon’s Curse: Naval Impressment and the Atlantic Origins of the American Revolution, in which he argues that the British navy’s policy of pressing men and ships into service around the Atlantic to support commerce threatened merchants’ prop-erty and profits. Laborers also resented the navy’s uncompetitive wages and limited employment options. Both groups viewed British actions as a danger to economic freedom, and merchants and workers around the Atlantic signaled their resentment toward British impressment. The British government encouraged the slave and sugar trades by regulating impressment in these enterprises. Elsewhere, American signals went unanswered, which is the reason impressment is listed as a grievance in the Declaration of Independence.

Photo by Jean Ash

SPRING 2014 54 FOOTNOTES

Funded by a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Hu-

manities, Thomas E. Burman will spend 2013–2014 writing a draft

of his third book, The Hounds of the Lord and the House of Islam: Do-

minicans, Islam, and the Scholastic Project, 1220–1320, a study of seven

members of the elite Dominican Order (who sometimes joked that

in their religious zeal they were not so much Dominicans, but Domini

canes, “hounds of the lord”) and their interactions with Islamic belief,

Arab science and philosophy, and the immensely powerful and alluring

Islamic empire. This book will argue that while Arab-Islamic civilization

was impossible for these immensely learned scholars to ignore, their

responses to it were remarkably varied.

Laura Nenzi will spend the spring 2014 semester as a fellow of the

Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton, where she will finish her

second monograph, The Chaos and Cosmos of Kurosawa Tokiko. Kuro-

sawa Tokiko (1806–1890) was a rural teacher, poet, oracle, and political

activist in mid-nineteenth-century Japan. In dealing with politics Tokiko

blended lucid determination with appeals to cosmic forces, portents,

and ghosts. Exemplifying one of the ways in which ordinary individuals

experienced Japan’s transition into the modern age, Tokiko’s story also

illuminates some of the creative strategies women deployed to join in

the political debate.

Julie L. Reed is the 2013–2014 David J. Weber Fellow for the Study

of Southwestern America at the William P. Clements Center for South-

west Studies at Southern Methodist University. Reed will be completing

her manuscript, Ten Times Better: Cherokee Nation Social Services,

1829–1907. This work examines the rise of social service institutions as a

means to deliver social services traditionally administered by clans and

extended families. In addition to serving individual Cherokee’s needs,

the Cherokee Nation used these institutions to protect Cherokee sover-

eignty when allotment and Oklahoma statehood threatened.

Shellen Wu has been awarded a Luce/ACLS fellowship for 2013–2014

and will spend time in China researching her second book, Geography

and the Fate of Chinese Civilization: The Rise of Geopolitical Discourse

in Twentieth Century China. It explores China’s recent diplomatic “soft”

rising, which has affected East Asia and the wider world. Territorial

disputes, including the controversy over the Senkaku/Diaoyutai Islands

between China/Taiwan and Japan, have attracted a great deal of

media attention, but the coverage of these issues frequently mentions

the term “geopolitics” without any sense of its historical context, an

oversight she plans to address by studying the roots of geopolitical

discourse in twentieth-century China.

practice, celebrations, and resistance and rebellion. The book summariz-es recent monographs on the colonial experience, supporting them with anecdotes from the authors’ archival research in Guatemala. Preference is given to the experience of Africans and their descendants, the least-stud-ied of the peoples of three continents who came together to create Latin America.

Robert (Jeff) Norrell has published a novel, Eden Rise (2013), in which Tom McKee, a white college freshman, returns to his Alabama home in 1965 and becomes embroiled in civil rights conflict that splits his family, his town, and his own identity. McKee’s powerful family is not prepared for the effects of the Selma march. John Gregory Brown, writer-in-residence at Sweetbriar College, says Eden Rise “offers a dramatic and beautifully written examination of racial injustice and violence in the South during the tumultuous 1960s,” and that Norrell

“demonstrates that he’s not merely a profound-ly insightful historian, he’s a first-class novelist as well.”

Denise Phillips is the author of Acolytes of Nature: Defining Natural Science in Germany, 1770–1850 (2012). Phillips’s book offers a history of the concept “science” within German-speaking Europe, exploring how changes in German culture and society affected ideas about scientific knowledge. The Germans

started using a modern concept of science several decades in advance of other European nations, and Phillips’s research explains the reasons for

their precocious adoption of this category. In Armies of Heaven: The First Crusade

and the Quest for Apocalypse (2011), Jay Rubenstein retells the story of the First Crusade in a way that draws forth the apocalyptic motiva-tions and beliefs that underlay the unprecedented brutal battles that it spawned. In 1096, tens of thousands of warriors from France, Germany, and Italy, marched east with the goal of reclaiming the city of Jerusalem for Christendom. Their mission, later known as the First Crusade, reached its

culmination four years later and in the process inaugurated a new kind of warfare: holy, unrestrained, and apocalyptic.

Communication and Cooperation in Early Imperial China challenges longstanding notions of the Qin dynasty, China’s first imperial dynasty (221–206 BCE). Using new information afforded by the expansion of Chinese archaeol-ogy in recent decades, Charles Sanft concen-trates on cooperative aspects of early imperial government, and especially on the communica-tion necessary for it. Sanft links together events and actions that past scholars have viewed as separate and explains them as comprising a set of early media for mass communication over the whole of the realm, toward the goal of successful governance.

Steve Ash’s most recent book is A Massacre in Memphis: The Race Riot That Shook the Nation One Year after the Civil War (2013). It is the first book-length study of the horrific, three-day-long Memphis riot of 1866 during which rampaging white mobs murdered forty-six black men, women, and children; assaulted, robbed, and raped many others; and burned down every black church and school in the city, along with many dwellings. One of the most sensational events of the post–Civil War era, the riot spurred Congress to take action to protect the South’s ex-slaves and helped launch Radical Reconstruction.

In spring 2013, Ernest Freeberg published The Age of Edison: Electric Light and the Invention of Mod-ern America, a history of the social and cultural impact of electric light. The Washington Post has called the book “a captivating intellectual adven-ture that offers long-forgot-ten stories of the birth pangs of the electrical age that are amusing, surprising, and tragic.” Freeberg has been sharing his findings with au-

diences across the country, including appearances on National Public Radio and C-Span.

Catherine Higgs is the author of Chocolate Islands: Cocoa, Slavery, and Colonial

Africa (2012), which traces the early-twentieth-century journey of the Englishman Joseph Burtt to the Portuguese colony of São Tomé and Príncipe—the chocolate islands—through Angola and Mozambique, and finally to British Southern Africa. The English chocolatier Cadbury Brothers had hired Burtt to determine if the cocoa it was buying from the islands had been harvested by slave laborers forcibly recruited from Angola—an allegation that became one of the grand scandals of the early colonial era and which echoes still in the early twenty-first century.

In Bloody Breathitt: Politics and Vi-olence in the Appalachian South (2013), Robert Hutton offers an account of the inter-section of power and brutality between the Civil War and the Progressive era in one tumultuous community. In the late 1800s, Breathitt County, Kentucky, seemed to be the quintessential “feud” locale, a remote mountain anomaly bereft of New South progress. In fact, Breathitt County’s violent history reflected

events far beyond its borders. “Feud,” and all it entailed, was only one of many deceptive names for killing that continue to distort the causes of violent death all over the globe.

Ann Jefferson is co-author of Daily Life in Colonial Latin America (2011), a book in the Greenwood Press daily life series. Chapters explore people’s daily activities in the areas of work, school, affective life, home life, religious

Recent books by faculty

Faculty fellowships, 2013–2014 Detroit strong: Cynthia Griggs FlemingFreedom at Midnight is the working title of

Cynthia Griggs Fleming’s fourth book, one of several projects she plans to pursue when she retires from the university this spring.

Freedom at Midnight is an oral history of the rise, decline, and remaking of Detroit through the eyes of its black citizens. Detroit, with its booming automotive industry, was the birthplace of the American middle class, Fleming argues. The city holds particular significance for African Americans. Detroit’s codename on the Underground Railroad was “Midnight.” Real “freedom,” Fleming contends, emerged only after Henry Ford introduced the five-dollar day for auto workers in 1914. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Detroit emerged as the most important industrial city in the United States. African Americans found good jobs that allowed them to own their houses, send their children to competitive schools, and retire on secure pensions. This was the Detroit where Cynthia Fleming was born in 1949 and which

shaped her sense of herself as “Detroit Strong.”Fleming graduated from Cass Technical

High School, then the second-highest-ranked public secondary school in the United States, in 1967. She planned to study chemistry in college. The Civil Rights Movement pushed her toward history. A member of an extended family of teachers, ministers, and professionals, Fleming traces her educational roots to the late nineteenth-century South. Her grandfather was principal of Camden Academy in Alabama, which served as a feeder school for Knoxville College. Fleming returned south to attend Knoxville College—the seventh member of her family to do so. After a brief stint as one of the first African American flight attendants for Delta, she spent a year in Liberia with the Peace Corps. In 1977, she became the first African American woman to graduate with a PhD in history from Duke University. Fleming joined the history department at UT in 1982 after four years of teaching at Morehouse College.

At UT, Fleming served as chair of the African and African American studies program from 1987 to 1997. She lectured widely throughout the country on civil rights, past and present, and wrote a dozen journal articles and three books. Soon We Will Not Cry: The Liberation of Ruby Doris Smith Robinson (1998) exam-ined the history of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee in the 1960s. In the Shadow of Selma: The Continuing Struggle for Civil Rights in the Rural South (2004) and Yes We Did? From King’s Dream to Obama’s Promise (2009) explored the development of black leadership between King’s death and President Obama’s election. Researching and writing Freedom at Midnight is but one passion for this Renaissance woman, a talented teacher, scholar, and devotee of fine cars and the art of dressage. We look forward to celebrating its publication as we celebrate her three decades of service to the Department of History.

—Catherine Higgs

6 FOOTNOTES

By Tom Chaffin, director and editor of the Correspondence of James K. Polk

The James K. Polk Presidential Papers Project

The James K. Polk Project is pleased to announce the publication of Volume 12

(January–July 1847) of the Correspondence of James K. Polk. This latest installment in the Polk series, published by the University of Tennessee Press, documents a critical seven months in one of America’s most transforma-tional presidencies.

A former Tennessee governor and con-gressman, Polk was the eleventh US president (1845–1849). Many of the new volume’s letters chronicle his prosecution of the Mexican War, a conflict that, along with his 1846 acquisition of what is today’s Pacific Northwest, increased by one-third the size of the United States. The letters—gathered from the Library of Congress and other repositories, most of them until now unpublished—also lift the veil on the personal life and business affairs of one of the most pri-vate men ever to occupy the presidency.

While many letters document the Mexican War, others reveal less familiar foreign-policy interests under Polk, including Hawaii, Cuba, and Europe. Still others concern Polk’s business and personal affairs. Volume 12 also introduces several editorial changes to the series—includ-ing the inclusion of birth and death dates for all individuals identified in the volume’s notes. An-other change concerns additional information on slaves referred to in the volume’s letters.

As I write in the volume’s introduction, much of the correspondence in the Polk series—letters

in earlier volumes, those in the new volume, and those to appear in future volumes—deals with Polk’s purchases and sales of slaves: “Unto themselves these letters tend to yield few details regarding the identities of the slaves. Moreover, the extant Polk historiography, most of it fo-cused on policy issues, also tends to shed scant light on the identities of these individuals.”

To bring more light to such matters, assis-tant editor Michael Cohen and I located and acquired photocopies of many primary-source documents—sales contracts and probate-court records, in addition to Polk’s letters—related to Polk’s business affairs. Those documents allow us in this and future volumes to present essential biographical information for many of the slaves—including, in many instances, birth and death years. Through this research, we hope to enhance the value of this series to social historians and to historians of the African American experience.

Two more volumes are planned to complete the Polk series. Michael and I have resumed the Polk Project’s canvass for unlocated letters. The project works from copies of original documents; thanks to the Internet and other media (and sheer happenstance), many letters to and from Polk can be and have been located since the series’ original documents’ canvass, conducted during the 1960s. Thus, Volume 12 contains and future volumes will include letters located during this renewed search. Our plans

also call for Volume 14—the final installment of the series—to include a compendium that pub-lishes in full, or otherwise summarizes, letters located too late for inclusion in their chronolog-ically appropriate volumes.

Finally, we’re pleased to announce that the Polk Project has launched a new website: polkproject.utk.edu.

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o The LeRoy P. Graf Undergraduate History Endowment, which supports programs and projects in undergraduate education

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Fellowship in the fields of American colonial history and legal history

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For more information, visit history.utk.edu/alumni-supportThe University of Tennessee is an EEO/AA/Title VI/Title IX/Section 504/ADA/ADEA institution in the provision of its education and employment programs and services. A project of the Department of History with assistance from the Office of Communications of the UT College of Arts and Sciences. Banner images: Paris, Bib. nat. de France, MS ar. 384, fol. 237r: Riccoldo da Monte di Croce’s copy of the Qur’an in Arabic with his notes in Latin in the margin; Women’s March on Versailles, 1789; “Testing Insecticides on Corn for Thrip Control,” Undated, Rockefeller Foundation photo album “Entomological Research to Control Damaging Insects in Mexico.” Rockefeller Foundation archives, Rockefeller Archive Center, Tarrytown, NY. REV 13-075. PAN E01-1048-001-14.

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The UT history faculty: (front row) Monica Black, Dan Feller, Chad Black, Margaret Cook Andersen, Laura Nenzi, Ernest Freeberg, (second row) J. P. Dessel, Tore Olsson, Lynn Sacco, (back row) Luke Harlow, Jay Rubenstein, Charles Sanft, Jacob Latham, Bob Bast, Catherine Higgs, and Vejas Liulevicius