Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Monthly Report September 2015 · The laboratory-isolated strain from a bovine clinical specimen collected in March 2015 in Attapea, Laos was genotyped

2015

EuFMD

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation Monthly Report September 2015

Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation September 2015

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Please note that the use of information and boundaries of territories should not be considered to be the view of the U.N. Please, always refer to the OIE for official information on reported outbreaks and country status.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Situation

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Monthly Report

September 2015

Guest Editor Dr. Donald King

Head of WRLFMD, The Pirbright Institute, UK

#I N F O R M A T I O N S O U R C E S U S E D:

Databases: OIE WAHID World Animal Health Information Database FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)

FAO Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i)

Other sources: FAO/EuFMD supported FMD networks FAO/EuFMD projects and field officers

The sources for information are referenced by using superscripts. The key to the superscripts is on the last page.


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Contents

I. GENERAL OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 4

II. HEADLINE NEWS ................................................................................................................................... 5

III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................... 7

A. POOL 1 – Southeast Asia/Central Asia/East Asia .................................................................................... 7

B. POOL 2 – South Asia.......................................................................................................................... 11

C. POOL 3 – West Eurasia & Middle East ................................................................................................ 12

D. POOL 4 – Eastern Africa..................................................................................................................... 14

E. POOL 5 – West / Central Africa .......................................................................................................... 16

F. POOL 6 – SOUTHERN AFRICA ............................................................................................................. 17

G. POOL 7 – South America ................................................................................................................... 24

IV. OTHER NEWS: ................................................................................................................................ 26

V. REFERENCES - Superscripts ................................................................................................................. 27


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Guest Editor’s comments

I have just returned from Hanoi, Vietnam where I attended the GFRA meeting (Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Alliance: http://www.ars.usda.gov/GFRA/). Over three days, we heard about new and exciting tools that can be used to control FMD, as well as initiatives to prioritise and coordinate research projects in different parts of the world. This important work is complemented by the OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network, which coordinates surveillance to understand virus distribution patterns. The Network also works to harmonise laboratory diagnostic testing capabilities of FMD Reference Laboratories (for our latest annual report see: http://www.wrlfmd.org/ref_labs/ref_lab_reports/OIE-FAO%20FMD%20Ref%20Lab%20Network%20Report%202014.pdf. This year’s annual meeting of the Network will be in November and will be kindly hosted by CODA-CERVA in Brussels.

As we all know, the epidemiology of FMD is sometimes unpredictable. Over the past two years, laboratories within the OIE/FAO FMD Network have been closely monitoring the emergence and spread of the O/ME-SA/Ind2001 strain in North Africa (Libya, Tunisia and Algeria) and the Gulf States of West EurAsia (Saudi Arabia, UAE and Bahrain). Sequence data shows that this viral lineage originates from the Indian sub-continent, although the precise transmission routes by which the virus has “escaped” the regions where it normally circulates are not well understood. From a positive perspective, no new FMD outbreaks due to this lineage have been reported since the cases in Algeria earlier this year (in March and April). Although threats to Southern Europe due to this lineage appear now to be subsiding, continued vigilance in these regions is essential to ensure that any new cases are quickly identified. In another related development, recent clinical samples sent to the WRLFMD from cattle in Saudi Arabia have been characterised as serotype A, most closely related to FMD viruses from India [NB: these are “hot off the press” reports and not included in this report, but further details are described on ProMed (http://www.promedmail.org: Archive Number: 20151019.3727949)]. These new cases further substantiate the epidemiological links between countries in the Indian sub-continent and the Gulf States, and raise questions regarding the performance of vaccines that are currently deployed into countries in endemic Pool 3 (West EurAsia).

Elsewhere, serotype Asia-1 has been recently detected (at RRLSEA Pakchong, Thailand) by antigen-ELISA in samples collected in Cambodia [based on new data presented at the GFRA meeting last week]. These are the first reports due to this serotype in Southeast Asia since last cases in 2006 for samples collected from Vietnam. Sequence analysis for these latest samples is pending, but this will hopefully reveal links to previous FMD cases due to the serotype in the SEA region.

http://www.ars.usda.gov/GFRA/

http://www.wrlfmd.org/ref_labs/ref_lab_reports/OIE-FAO%20FMD%20Ref%20Lab%20Network%20Report%202014.pdf

http://www.wrlfmd.org/ref_labs/ref_lab_reports/OIE-FAO%20FMD%20Ref%20Lab%20Network%20Report%202014.pdf


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I. GENERAL OVERVIEW Pools represent independently circulating and evolving FMDV genotypes; within the pools, cycles of emergence and

spread occur that usually affect multiple countries in the region. In the absence of specific reports, it should be assumed that the serotypes indicated below are continuously circulating in parts of the pool area and would be

detected if sufficient surveillance was in place (Table 1).

Table 1: List of countries representing each virus pool for the period 2010 – 2015

POOL REGION/COUNTRIES – colour pools as in Map SEROTYPES

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SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA Cambodia, China (People's Rep. of), China (Hong Kong, SAR), China (Taiwan Province),

Korea (DPR), Korea (Rep. of), Laos PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Russian Federation, Thailand, Viet Nam

O, A and Asia 1

2 SOUTH ASIA Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka O, A and Asia 1

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WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST Afghanistan, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq,

Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine Autonomous Territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan,

Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan

O, A and Asia 1

4 EASTERN AFRICA

Burundi, Comoros, Congo D. R., Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen

O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3

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WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Afr. Rep., Chad, Congo D. R.,

Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Biss., Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone,

Togo

O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2

6 SOUTHERN AFRICA

Angola, Botswana, Congo D. R., Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe

{O, A}*, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3

7 SOUTH AMERICA Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela O and A

Egypt, Libya and Congo D. R. (highlighted in bold) are indicated as being in multiple pools, since they have evidence of FMDV originating from 2 or more pools in the past four years. * ONLY IN NORTH ZAMBIA AS SPILL-

OVER FROM POOL 4 Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus pools: world distribution by serotype in 2011-2015


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II. HEADLINE NEWS

POOL 1- SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA Laos PDR 1 – The laboratory-isolated strain from a bovine clinical specimen was identified by the WRLFMD as FMDV serotype A/ASIA/Sea-97. Myanmar 2 – The Southeast Asia Foot and Mouth Disease Campaign reported in September 2015, two FMD outbreaks in cattle herds that occurred in August 2015 in Mandalay, Myanmar, caused by serotype O. Thailand 1 – Bovine and water buffalo samples collected in Thailand during 2014 and 2015 were genotyped by the WRLFMD as FMDV serotype A/ASIA/Sea-97. Other bovine samples collected in the same country during the same period were genotyped as O/SEA/Mya-98. Vietnam 1 –Swine and bovine samples collected in Vietnam during 2015 were genotyped by the WRLFMD as A/ASIA/Sea-97 while another bovine sample collected in 2015 was identified as O/SEA/Mya-98. POOL 2 - SOUTH ASIA India 3- For September, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, India, reported the detection of FMDV serotype O among the bovine and buffalo clinical samples examined. POOL 3 - WEST EURASIA & MIDDLE EAST Saudi Arabia1 – FMDVs isolated from two bovine epithelial/tongue samples collected on the 15th of September in lzdahair District, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, was genotyped as A/Asia/unnamed, most closely related to FMD viruses from India. Last report of FMDV A in the country was in 2011 for which genotyping is not available. Further details information relative to the event will be reported in the October issue. Pakistan 4 - One hundred eighty-five FMD outbreaks were reported during September 2015 throughout Pakistan, within the Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease Project, caused by FMDV serotypes, A, Asia 1 and O. POOL 4 - EASTERN AFRICA Ethiopia 5 – The National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Ethiopia, examined bovine samples from an FMD outbreak in which serotype SAT 2 was detected. Kenya 6 - The Foot-and-Mouth Disease Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya detected FMDV serotypes A, and SAT 1 in the bovine samples examined. POOL 5 - WEST/CENTRAL AFRICA Cameroon 7 - The Laboratoire National Vétérinaire (LANAVET) was involved in the epidemiological investigations of FMD outbreaks in the Adamaoua Region of Cameroon. Nigeria 8 - The National Veterinary Research Institute examined twelve bovine epithelium samples of which four resulted positive for FMDV SAT 1. POOL 6 - SOUTHERN AFRICA Botswana 9 – Following a first FMD outbreak that started on the 3rd of August 2015, another episode occurred on the 15th of August 2015, involving cattle in Ngamiland, Botswana.


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Malawi 9 – An FMD outbreak occurred on the 4th of August 2015 in cattle in Shire Valley, Malawi for which serotyping of virus still pending. Zimbabwe 9 – Outbreaks continue to occur during August and September 2015, in the three distinct FMD episodes that were first reported between April 2014 and June 2015, involving cattle of various areas of Zimbabwe. POOL 7 - SOUTH AMERICA Latin America 9- No outbreaks reported. COUNTER *** 45 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST OUTBREAK IN SOUTH AMERICA WAS REPORTED *** 133 MONTHS SINCE THE LAST SEROTYPE C OUTBREAK WAS REPORTED


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III. DETAILED POOL ANALYSIS

A. POOL 1 – SOUTHEAST ASIA/CENTRAL ASIA/EAST ASIA Laos PDR 1 The laboratory-isolated strain from a bovine clinical specimen collected in March 2015 in Attapea, Laos was genotyped by the WRLFMD as A/ASIA/Sea-97. Most closely related field virus to this isolate is A/TAI/17/2014 with a sequence identity (seq. id.) of 99.84% while most closely related reference virus is A/TAI/7/2003 (HQ116312) with a seq. id of 93.71%. Previous diagnosis of the same genotype was carried out in cattle samples collected during 2014, while last outbreaks that occurred in the country were reported in May 2015, two of which were identified as being caused by FMDV serotype O, while the other outbreak was not sampled. Further details of the results of serotyping, genotyping and of VMSD tests conducted by the WRLFMD, cited within this report, will be given in the forthcoming WRLFMD Quarterly Report (July - September, 2015). Myanmar 2

Two new FMD outbreaks were reported by the Southeast Asia and Mouth Disease Campaign to have occurred in two villages of Mandalay, Mynamar in which cattle were involved. Summary of animals involved is reported in Table 2, while location of ongoing (five) outbreaks is presented in Map 2. The National Laboratory carried out the diagnosis using ELISA and FMDV serotype O was found responsible for both outbreaks. Current control measures are: movement control inside the country, vaccination in response to the outbreaks, disinfection of infected premises/establishments and quarantine. Both outbreaks are already reported as resolved. Table 2: summary of the number of cattle involved in the FMD outbreaks reported in August 2015 in Mandalay, Mynamar.

Map 2: Location of FMD outbreaks reported as ongoing during September 2015 in Mandalay, Mynamar (SEAFMD).

Start Date End Date Species Susceptible CasesApparent

morbidity rateDied Destroyed Slaughtered

19/08/2015 10/09/2015 1,274 52 4.08%20/08/2015 11/09/2015 700 45 6.43%

Not reportedCattle


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Russian Federation 10 During September 2015, the Russian Research Institute for Animal Health (FGBI-ARRIAH) examined 2,293 sera for the presence of FMD antibodies for post-vaccination monitoring purposes. Other ongoing activities reported by the laboratory are studies on the immunobiological properties of FMDV serotype O and the provision of support in the form of materials and advice respectively to the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and to the Veterinary services of the Russian Federation Subjects. Last reports of diagnosis of FMDV in Russian Federation were in March 2015 and genotyping of the referred strains identified these as FMDV serotypes A/Sea-97 and O/Mya-98. Thailand 1 Sixteen samples collected in Thailand during 2014 and 2015 from cattle and water buffaloes were genotyped by the WRLFMD as FMDV serotype A/ASIA/Sea-97. Other eight samples, all collected from cattle of the same country during the same period were genotyped as O/SEA/Mya-98. Summary of genotyping results are reported in Table 3. Table 3: Summary of genotyping results of samples positive for serotypes A and O, collected from cattle and buffaloes in Thailand, during 2013 and 2014.

Vietnam 1 Swine (1) and bovine (2) samples collected in Vietnam during 2015 were genotyped by the WRLFMD as A/ASIA/Sea-97 while another bovine sample collected in 2015 was identified as O/SEA/Mya-98. Summary of genotyping results are reported in Table 4. Table 4: Summary of genotyping results of samples positive for FMDV serotypes A and 0, collected from cattle and pigs in Vietnam during 2015.

Strain Identification

Date of collection

Species sampled

Locality of sampling

Genotype Most closely related field virus (% seq. Id.)

Most closely related refrence visus (% se. Id.)

VIT/1/2015 Swine Ninh A/VIT/3/2014 (99.84)VIT/2/2015 Kan A/VIT/8/2014 (99.84)VIT/3/2015 Son La A/VIT/3/2014 (100)

VIT/4/2015 Apr-15 Long An, O/SEA/Mya-98 O/VIT/18/2014 (99.53)O/MYA/7/98 (DQ164925)

(91.86)

A/ASIA/Sea-97

Cattle

Apr-15A/TAI/7/2003

(HQ116312)(92.73 - 93.05)

Strain Identification

Date of collection

Species sampled

Locality of sampling

Genotype Most closely related field virus (% seq. Id.)

Most closely related refrence visus (% seq. Id.)

TAI/5/2014 Jan-14 Chiang Mai A/TAI/4/2014 (99.84)

TAI/6/2014 Jan-14 Lop Buri A/TAI/9/2014 (99.37)TAI/7/2014 Jan-14 Kihiri Khan A/MAY/17/2013 (99.21)

TAI/8/2014 Feb-14Water Buffalo

Yasothon A/TAI/1/2014 (99.53)

TAI/9/2014 Feb-14 Surin A/VIT/62/2013 (99.69)TAI/12/2014 May-14 Chai Nat A/TAI/14/2014 (98.74)TAI/14/2014 Jun-14 Krabi A/TAI/5/2014 (98.90)TAI/15/2014 Jun-14 Saraburi A/TAI/16/2014 (99.94)TAI/16/2014 Jun-14 Lamphun A/TAI/15/2014 (99.94)TAI/17/2014 Jul-14 Kanchanaburi A/LAO/1/2015 (99.94)TAI/18/2014 Jul-14 Saraburi A/TAI/15/2014 (99.69)TAI/21/2014 Aug-14 Ratchaburi A/TAI/17/2014 (99.94)TAI/1/2015 Jan-15 Lamphun A/TAI/16/2012 (98.11)TAI/3/2015 Jan-15 Chiang Mai A/TAI/17/2014 (99.94)TAI/4/2015 Jan-15 Ratchaburi A/TAI/3/2015 (99.94)TAI/5/2015 Jan-15 Ratchaburi A/TAI/3/2015 (99.69)

TAI/10/2014 Mar-14 Nan, O/MAY/2/2014 (99.69)

TAI/11/2014 Apr-14 Lampang O/MAY/9/2014 (99.53)TAI/13/2014 May-14 Pathom O/MAY/2/2014 (99.37)TAI/19/2014 Aug-14 Narathiwat O/TAI/11/2014 (99.53)TAI/20/2014 Aug-14 Khiri O/MAY/9/2014 (99.53)

TAI/6/2015 Feb-15 Saraburi O/MAY/2/2014 (98.75)TAI/7/2015 Feb-15 Lamphun O/MAY/2/2014 (99.37)TAI/8/2015 Feb-15 Phitsanulok O/MAY/2/2014 (99.06)

Cattle

O//SEA/Mya-98O/MYA/7/98 (DQ164925)

(91.55-93.40)

Cattle

A/ASIA/Sea-97A/TAI/7/2003 (HQ116312)

(91.98 -93.87)


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Southeast Asia 2 Southeast Asia Foot and Mouth Disease Campaign registered no new FMD outbreaks in September 2015 up to the end of the month in Southeast Asia and the number of ongoing FMD events and the countries in which they are occurring are listed in Table 5. Location of outbreaks is presented in Map 3. Table 6 reports a summary of outbreaks for which serotyping was carried out. The rest of the outbreaks (83.7%) reported as ongoing in the area of interest were either not sampled (116), not typed (31) or with typing still pending (12). Table 5: Distribution of FMDV outbreaks reported as ongoing during September 2015 in countries of the Southeast Asia area.

Table 6: Number of FMDV outbreaks for which serotyping was reported during September 2015 in countries of the Southeast Asia area.

Map 3: Location of FMD outbreaks reported as ongoing during September 2015 in the countries of the Southeast Asia area listed in Table 5 (SEAFMD).

Serotype Country N° of outbreaks A Thailand 4

Asia 1 Viet Nam 15Cambodia 6Myanmar 5Malaysia 1

Total 31

O

Countries with ongoing outbreaks

Sep-15

Cambodia 120Myanmar 5Malaysia 46Thailand 4Viet Nam 15

Total 190


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Table 7: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 1, 2012 – 2014, for geographic distribution see Map 4 below.

COUNTRY FMD HISTORY

FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE between 2012 – 2014

LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE# Comment

Cambodia O, 2013-2014/NOT SAMPLED Sep 2015/O, Aug 2014/

not typed, June 2014/not typed

See text Typing required

China (People's Rep. of) 2012-2013/O, 2013/A, Apr 2015/O, May 2015/A Typing required

China (Hong Kong, Sar) O Apr 2015/O China (Taiwan Province) 2012-2013/O, Jun 2015/A Typing required

Korea (DPR) 2012-2013/DISEASE ABSENT May 2014/not confirmed, July 2014/O Follow-up needed

Korea (Rep. of) 2012-2013/DISEASE ABSENT April 2015/O Follow-up needed

Laos PDR

2012/DISEASE PRESENT WITH QUANTITATIVE DATA BUT

WITH AN UNKNOWN NUMBER OF OUTBREAKS

Mar 2015/A and O See text

Malaysia 2012 –2013/O 2013/NOT TYPED Sep2015/O See text

Typing required Mongolia 2013/A Sept 2013/A, May 2015/O

Myanmar 2012-2013/O Sep 2015/O, July 2014/ not typed


Russian Federation 2012/O, 2013/A March 2015/O and A See text

Thailand O, A and NOT TYPED Sep 2015 /A, Feb 2015/O, Sept 2014/not typed

See text

Vietnam O, NOT SAMPLED 2013- 2014/A,

Apr 2015/A, Sep 2015/ Asia 1

July 2015/O, July 2014/not typed

See text

Map 4: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South East Asia, 2010 – 2014 (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMD viral lineages in Pool 1 per 2014 15:

Serotype O: O/SEA/Mya-98, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, O/CATHAY

Serotype A: A/ASIA/Sea-97 Serotype Asia-1 (not detected in the region

since 2005 (Myanmar) and 2006 (P.R. China)


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B. POOL 2 – South Asia

India 3 The ICAR-PdFMD, Mukteswar, India, Mukteswar, India, detected FMDV serotype O samples, using antigen and/or RNA detection, among the 31 clinical samples collected from cattle (25) and buffaloes (6). The same laboratory conducted the genotyping of four clinical samples and eight field isolates were subjected to vaccine matching exercises, all belonging to FMDV serotpye O. FMDV serological tests were carried out on 21,549 samples for epidemiological studies. FMD diagnosis was carried out using indigenous diagnostic kits developed at PDFMD, Mukteswar. The laboratory is progressing with its involvement in the investigation of FMD field outbreaks, in the provision of expert advice to Government, national/local authorities or to other services and in research studies and in collaborations with international organisations. Table 8: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 2, 2012 – 2014, for geographic distribution see Map 5 below.

COUNTRY FMD HISTORY

FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE between 2012 – 2014


Bangladesh DISEASE PRESENT BUT WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE DATA Not available Follow –up needed

Bhutan NOT TYPED,

2013/NOT SAMPLED 2013-2014/O

Not available Follow –up needed

India O, A, NOT SAMPLED

2012-2013/Asia 1 2013/NOT TYPED

Mar/Asia 1, Apr 2015/A, Sep 2015/O See text

Nepal O, 2012-2103/Asia 1 Apr 2014/O Follow-up needed

Sri Lanka 2012 – 2013/O Sept 2014/O Follow-up needed

Map 5: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype in South Asia, 2011 – 2014 (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 2 per 2014 15:

O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 (the O/ME-SA/Ind-2011 lineage that emerged during 2011 has not been recognized during 2012-13)

O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (last detected in 2011 in Sri Lanka)

A/ASIA/IND (genotype 18) Asia-1 (lineage C subdivided into Eastern and

Western clusters)


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C. POOL 3 – West Eurasia & Middle East

Pakistan 3 Number of outbreaks in Pakistan reported within the Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease Project are still on the increase to the previous month with a total number of 185 FMD outbreaks that occurred during September 2015. The outbreaks were caused by serotypes A, Asia 1 and O with the latter being the most prevalent as was reported for outbreaks occurring in August 2015. In 41 of the total episodes, more than one serotype was involved. The province of Sindh was the one to register to the highest number of FMD episodes (159) with the circulation of all of the abovementioned serotypes. A summary of the FMD outbreaks in Pakistan occurring in September 2015 is reported in Table 9. Table 9: summary of the outbreaks reported in Pakistan during September 2015

Vaccination within the Project against FMD was carried out on 65,249 animals applying different strategies and in different production systems and a summary of these activities is reported in Table 10. Table 10: summary of the animals vaccinated in the different livestock production units, during September 2015, in Pakistan

*Farmers of dairy colonies are actively participating in a cost-sharing vaccination program.

Ring Vaccination

Dairy Colonies

Rural dairy production system

Cost sharing basis

Government Livestock Farms/ Yaks/ Cholistan desert farming system*

Balochistan 75 4,050 - 400 -

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

400 2,510 4,465 - -

Punjab - 4,000 - - 7,200Azad Kashmi 227 450 2,550 - -

Federally Administered Tribal Areas

- - 9,842 - -

Gilgit - - - - -Islamabad

Capital Territory

250 - - - -Grand Total

Total per province

1,582 14,385 16,857 25,225 7,200 65,249

Type of vaccinationProvince

Sindh 159 51 10 12 41 11 34Azad Kashmi 13 6 1 - - 6 -Balochistan 2 1 1 - - - -

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

4 - 2 - - 2 -

Punjab 1 - - 1 - - -Islamabad Capital

Territory6 - - - - - 6

Total 185 58 14 13 41 19 40

ProvinceMixed

SerotypesELISA Neg

Not yet typed

O A Asia-1

N° outbreaks per serotype(s)N° outbreaks per province


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On the request of the Livestock Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Projects Management of both FMD and PPR provided preventive vaccines against these devastating diseases in the flood affected areas of the Chitral District with 9,805 animals vaccinated against FMD. Within the projects of awareness raising of livestock farmers and capacity building of field staff and policy makers, five meetings were held for the various professional levels with the respective participation of farmers (144) and field officers (30) with the distribution to the latter of field sample collection kits. Table 11: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 3, 2012 – 2014, for geographic distribution see Map 6 below.

COUNTRY FMD HISTORY

FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in 2012 – 2014

LAST OUTBREAK REPORTED/SEROTYPE#

Comment

Afghanistan 2013/O, A, Asia 1, NOT TYPED 2012/SEROTYPE NOT REPORTED 2014/A, Asia 1, O See text

Algeria 2014/O Apr 2015/O Armenia 2012-2013/DISEASE ABSENT 2006/A Follow –up needed

Azerbaijan DISEASE ABSENT 2007/0 Follow –up needed Bahrain 2012 /O Mar 2015/O Follow –up needed

Egypt 2012, 2014/SAT 2 2012 - 2014/O, A

April 2014/Sat 2, Jan-April 2015/A & O Follow –up needed

Georgia DISEASE ABSENT 2001/ASIA 1 Follow –up needed

Iran O, A, 2012-2013/Asia 1

Jun 2013/Asia 1, Apr 2014/O, A Follow –up needed

Iraq 2012-2013/O, A Dec 2013/A, O Follow –up needed Israel 2012-2013/O Nov 2013/O Follow –up needed

Jordan DISEASE ABSENT 2006/A Follow –up needed

Kazakhstan 2012/O 2012 –2013/A Aug 2012/O, Jun 2013/ A

OIE free status (without

vaccination recently granted to a zone on the

north of the country)

Kuwait 2012/O 2013 – 2014/ DISEASE ABSENT Jan 2012/O Follow –up needed

Kyrgyzstan 2012-2013/O, A Apr 2013 /O, A, Aug 2014/NOT TYPED Typing required

Lebanon DISEASE ABSENT 2010/not typed Follow –up needed Libya NO DATA AVAILABLE Oct 2013/O Follow –up needed Oman 2012-2013/O May 2015/SAT 2 Follow –up needed

Pakistan DISEASE LIMITED TO ONE OR MORE ZONES Sep 2015/A, Asia 1 and O See text

Autonomous Territories Palestine

O, 2012-2013 - SAT 2

Mar 2013/Sat 2, Nov 2014/O Follow –up needed

Qatar 2012-2013/O Dec 2013/O Follow –up needed Saudi Arabia 2013/O Mar 2014/O Follow –up needed

Syrian Arab Republic DISEASE ABSENT 2002/ A & O Follow –up needed

Tajikistan 2012/NOT TYPED 2013/DISEASE ABSENT

Nov 2011/Asia 1, Nov 2012/ NOT TYPED Follow –up needed

Tunisia 2014/O Oct 2014/O Follow –up needed

Turkey Asia 1, A, O, NOT TYPED Nov 2014/O, Feb 2015/ A and Asia 1 Follow –up needed


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Turkmenistan NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Follow –up needed

United Arab Emirates 2012/DISEASE ABSENT 2013-2014/O Jan 2014/O Follow –up needed

Uzbekistan NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Follow –up needed Map 6: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for West Eurasia and Middle East, 2012 – 2014 (EuFMD). Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 3 per 2014 15:

O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2 (predominantly from ANT-10 and FAR-09 sub-lineages)

O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 (recent incursion per 2013/14 from the Indian sub-continent)

A/ASIA/Iran-05 (from SIS-12, SIS-10, FAR-11 and BAR-08 sub-lineages)

Asia-1 (Sindh-08 lineage).

D. POOL 4 – Eastern Africa

Ethiopia 5 The NAHDIC, Ethiopia, examined 11 sera and 14 tissue samples respectively using the following FMD ELISAs, the NS 3ABC antibody and FMDV antigen detection tests. The samples were collected from cattle in an FMD outbreak in which serotype SAT 2 was detected. Further to this, 1,075 sera collected from small ruminant from different parts of the country for FMD surveillance purposes were also examined by FMD NS 3ABC ELISA and 131 samples give a positive result for FMDV antibodies. The laboratory has received 8 FMD kits from FAO – Ethiopia through the PPR share project. During September, NAHDIC was involved in the investigation of the above-mentioned FMD field outbreak, in the provision of expert advice to Government, national/local authorities or to other services and in research studies and collaborations with international organisations. NAHDIC has finalized the FMD OIE twining project agreement with WRLFMD, Pirbright that will start in January 2016. Kenya 6 The Foot-and-Mouth Disease Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya detected FMDV serotypes A, in two samples and SAT 1, in three samples among the nine bovine samples using FMD Ag detection ELISA and/or RT-PCR. The laboratory is continuing post-vaccination monitoring and is actively involved in the investigation of FMD outbreaks in the field. Table 12: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 4, 2012 – 2014, for geographic distribution see Map 7 below.

COUNTRY FMD HISTORY

FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in 2012 - 2014


Burundi NO DATA AVAILABLE Aug 2013 / not available Typing required Comoros NO DATA AVAILABLE 2010 Follow –up needed

Congo d. R. NO DATA AVAILABLE Jun 2013/not typed Typing required Djibouti DISEASE ABSENT Not available Follow –up needed

Egypt 2012, 2014/SAT 2 2012 - 2014/O, A

April 2014/Sat 2, May 2014/A, Oct 2014/O Follow –up needed

Eritrea 2012/O Jan 2012/O Follow –up needed


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Ethiopia O, 2012/A, SAT 2

Sept 2015/SAT 2, Aug 2015/O, Jun 2014/A and

SAT 1, Jan 2015/confirmation

pending,

See text

Kenya O, SAT1, SAT2, 2012 – 2013/A,

2012/NOT TYPED

Aug 2015/ A, SAT1 and SAT 2 Apr 2015/O

See text

Libya NO DATA AVAILABLE Oct 2013/ O, Sat 2/Apr 2012 Follow-up needed

Rwanda 2012-2013/A, O, SAT1, SAT 2 Nov 2012/not typed Typing required

Somalia 2012/NOT SAMPLED

2013 – 2014/ NO DATA AVAILABLE

2011 Follow –up needed

Sudan O,

2013/SAT 2, 2013-2014/NOT TYPED

2013/O, SAT2 Follow –up needed

South Sudan NO DATA AVAILABLE 2011 Follow –up needed

Tanzania 2012/O 2012-2013/A, SAT 1, SAT 2

May 2015/O Apr2013/ A, SAT 1, SAT2 Follow –up needed

Uganda 2012/O, SAT 1 2012-2013/NOT TYPED

May 2014/O Nov 2014/SAT1, Jan 2015/A, and 3, July 2015/ SAT 2

and untyped

Follow –up needed

Yemen 2012/O, 2013 – 2014/ DISEASE

PRESENT BUT WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE DATA

2009/O Follow –up needed

Map 7: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for East Africa. 2011 – 2014 (EUFMD) East Africa is known to be endemic for FMD, but currently available data are limited. Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 4 per 2014 15: O (topotypes EA-2 (Kenya, Tanzania, DR Congo, Uganda), EA-3 (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Egypt) and EA-4 (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda). O/ME-SA/Ind2001 (in Libya, Tunisia and Algeria) A/AFRICA (genotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania, D.R. Congo), IV (Sudan, Eritrea, Egypt) and VII (Ethiopia, Egypt)) A/ASIA/Iran-05 BAR-08 sub-lineage (Egypt) SAT 1 (topotypes I (Kenya, Tanzania) and IX (Ethiopia)) SAT 2 (topotypes IV (Kenya, Tanzania), VII (Sudan, Egypt), XIII (Ethiopia, Sudan)) SAT 3 (only detected in African buffalo in the south of the QENP, Uganda in 1970 & 1997 and recently in 2014)


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E. POOL 5 – West / Central Africa

Cameroon 7 The Laboratoire National Vétérinaire (LANAVET) was involved in the epidemiological investigations of FMD outbreaks in the Adamaoua Region of Cameroon from which it is expecting samples for outbreak confirmation. Laboratory activities are being carried out in relation to surveys and within the research projects with Ohio State University and Plum Island as collaborative partnerships are ongoing with these institutions. Nigeria 8 The National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, Nigeria examined twelve bovine epithelium samples using FMD Antigen ELISA of which four contained FMDV SAT 1 as well as 45 serum samples for survey purposes. The laboratory personal was involved in field investigations of FMD outbreaks and in providing expert advice to farmers and Government services national/local authorities and other services. The laboratory has ongoing collaborations with OIE via a twinning project with CODA-CERVA in Belgium. Ghana 11 and Senegal 12 ACCRA VETERINARY LABORATORY, Ghana and by the ISRA-LNERV, Dakar, Senegal reported that no samples were examined for FMD during September 2015. However, ISRA-LNERV has Technical Cooperation Programmes ongoing with FAO on transboundary animal diseases including FMD. Samples from cross sectional study have been collected and are presently on hold as the laboratory is expecting to receive kits to examine these for FMD group detection. Table 13: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 5, 2012 – 2014, for geographic distribution see Map 8 below.

Country FMD history

FMDV serotypes, reported to OIE in 2012 – 2014

Last outbreak reported/serotype#

Comment (Genotyping would be useful for

this region) Benin A, O, SAT 1, SAT 2 Jun 2014/O, A, SAT 1, SAT 2 Follow –up needed

Burkina Faso SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED 2013/ not available Follow –up needed

Cameroon SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED

Apr 2014/ A, Nov 2014/O, SAT 2, May 2014/SAT 1, Jun 2014, Jan 2015 and July-Aug

2015/untyped

See text Serotyping and genotyping

required

Cape Verde NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available

Follow –up needed Central Afr.

Rep.

DISEASE PRESENT BUT WITHOUT QUANTITATIVE

DATA Not available

Chad 2012 – 2013/SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED Not available

Congo D. R. 2012 – 2013/A, O, SAT 1 Jun 2013/not typed Typing required Congo R. NO DATA AVAILABLE Jun 2013/not typed Typing required

Cote D'Ívoire 2012/A, NOT SAMPLED 2013/ SEROTYPES NOT

REPORTED Jun 2013/not typed Follow –up needed

Equatorial Guinea

DISEASE SUSPECTED BUT NOT CONFIRMED Not available Follow –up needed

Gabon NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available

Gambia NO DATA AVAILABLE 2012/O

Ghana 2012 – 2014/SEROTYPES NOT REPORTED 2014/not available See text

Follow –up needed Guinea Biss. DISEASE ABSENT No data available

Follow –up needed Guinea 2012-2013/ DISEASE ABSENT 2014/not available Liberia NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Follow –up needed


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Mali 2012/DISEASE ABSENT 2013/ SEROTYPES NOT

REPORTED 2011/2012, no precise data

Mauritania 2012-2013/NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS Dec 2014/SAT 2 Follow –up needed

Niger 2012 – 2014/NOT SAMPLED 2014/not sampled Identification required

Nigeria 2012 – 2014/NOT SAMPLED Sept 2015/SAT 1, Sept

2014/0, SAT 2 and Feb 2015/ A

See text Genotyping required Follow –up needed

Sao Tome Principe

2012/DISEASE ABSENT, 2013/NO DATA AVAILABLE Not available Follow –up needed

Senegal 2012, 2014/NO DATA

AVAILABLE 2013/DISEASE ABSENT,

2014/ SAT 1 Feb 2015/ A and O

See text Follow –up needed

Sierra Leone DISEASE ABSENT Oct 1958 Follow –up needed

Togo O, SAT 1, 2013/NOT TYPED 2012/O Follow –up needed

Map 8: FMD distribution by serotype and topotypes for West Africa, 2011 – 2014 (EuFMD) Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in Pool 5 per 2014 15:

Serotype O (topotypes WA, EA-3 (Nigeria)) Serotype A (topotype AFRICA, genotypes IV and

VI) Serotype SAT 1 (?)

Serotype SAT 2 (topotype VII)

F. POOL 6 – SOUTHERN AFRICA

Angola 9

The FMD outbreak that occurred on the 15th of August 2015, in a cattle herd in Cunene, Angola was confirmed by the Central Veterinary Laboratory of Namibia (Regional Reference Laboratory) as caused by FMDV SAT 2. Control measures are still in place and are as following: quarantine, movement control inside the country, traceability screening, zoning, official destruction of animal products, disinfection, surveillance within and outside containment and/or protection zone and modified stamping out. No treatment is being administered to sick animals, and vaccination was adopted in response to the outbreak. Botswana 9 Relative to the series of FMD outbreaks caused by FMDV SAT 2, reported for the first time in March 2015 in zone 2E of Ngamiland, Botswana, last recorded outbreak was in April 2015, i.e. 10 FMD incubation periods away since the last case of FMD was detected. The extension area has been vaccinated three times as reported in Table 14 and the last round was completed on 20th of August 2015. No clinical signs consistent with FMD were detected during the clinical surveillance carried out during this third round of vaccination. Vaccination, movement restrictions, bio-security/disinfection, active surveillance and herd management were effective in the control of the disease. The event is considered closed and no other reports will be submitted.


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Table 14: summary of vaccination activities carried out in 2E of Ngamiland, Botswana relative to the outbreak that started in March 2015

Administrative division Species Total

Vaccinated Details of vaccination

Ngamiland Cattle 61,684 Mass booster vaccination with trivalent FMDV SAT 1, 2 and 3 vaccine of all cattle in zone 2

Another episode of FMD also caused by FMDV SAT 2, that started in June 2015, in cattle in Chobe, Botswana was declared resolved. The last case was on the 3rd of July 2015 in the only previously affected kraal. Two rounds of vaccination consisting of primary and booster have been completed. Booster was completed on 13th of August 2015. No further cases or spread beyond the original kraal were detected during the weekly surveillance inspections conducted in all susceptible species including pigs, small ruminants and cattle. Control measures put in place including movement restrictions, vaccinations as reported in Table 15 and surveillance have controlled the disease. Next routine vaccination is due in October 2015. Table 15: summary of vaccination activities carried out in Chobe, Botswana relative to the outbreak that started in June 2015



Chobe Cattle 2,101 Ring vaccination within 10km radius around the outbreak with an FMDV SAT 1, 2 and 3 vaccine

In the third FMD episode, occurring in zone 2E of Ngamiland, of a series of four all caused by FDMV SAT 2 that have occurred in different areas of Botswana, investigations and surveillance in the past week revealed that last case observed was at Malalakgakana on the 20th of August 2015. Booster vaccination started on 27th of August in the outbreak area/farms, together with active clinical surveillance and activities will conclude on 24th of September 2015. Control measures still active are: disinfection, traceability movement control inside the country, vaccination in response to the outbreak, summary of which is reported in Table 16. Table 16: summary of other vaccination activities carried out in zone 2E of Ngamiland, Botswana relative to the outbreak that started in July 2015

Administrative division Species Total Vaccinated Details of vaccination

Ngamiland Cattle 17,505 Ring vaccination around outbreak crushes with a trivalent vaccine containing FMDV SAT1, 2 and 3.

In the last of a series of FMD events currently occurring in Botswana and in this case limitedly to August 2015 in zone 2D of Ngamiland, primary vaccination has been completed with booster vaccination initiated on 2nd of September 2015. Surveillance in the past week detected on the 4th of September 2015, two cases but lesions were aged more than 14 days old - location of which is reported in Map 9. Weekly surveillance investigations continue and movement restrictions in the whole of zone 2D are in force together with containment and/or protection zone and control of wildlife reservoirs. Affected animals are not being treated and vaccination is being carried out as reported in Table 17 as a further control measure.


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Table 17: summary of vaccination activities carried out in 2D of Ngamiland, Botswana relative to the outbreak that started in August 2015.

Administrative division Species Total Vaccinated Details of vaccination

Ngamiland Cattle 6,479 Ring vaccination with trivalent SAT 1, 2 and 3 vaccine.

Map 9: Location of FMD outbreaks reported in August 2015 in zone 2D of Ngamiland District, Botswana.

Malawi 9 An FMD outbreak occurred on the 4th of August 2015 in cattle in Shire Valley, Malawi with serotyping of virus still pending. The outbreak involved cattle in a communal grazing system near a live cattle market. The Central Veterinary Laboratory (National laboratory) has carried out the serological diagnosis of the outbreak using the 3ABC ELISA. Of the affected kraal, two animals, a cow and a calf, developed clinical signs referable to FMD. About 65 animals in five other kraals are in contact with the affected one. The population involved is under a communal grazing system. The affected kraal is in close proximity to a live cattle market. Summary of animals involved and location of outbreak are reported in Table 18 and Map 10. Control measures in place are: movement control inside the country, screening, disinfection, quarantine, surveillance within and outside containment and/or protection zone and zoning. Measures to be applied are vaccination in response to the outbreaks and traceability. Table 18: summary of the number of cattle involved in the FMD outbreak reported in August 2015 in Shire Valley, Malawi.

Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Apparent morbidity

rate

Apparent mortality

rate

Apparent case

fatality rate

Proportion susceptible

animals lost*

Cattle 1,500 2 0 0 0 0.13% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% *Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter


20

Map 10: location of FMD outbreak reported in August 2015 in Shire Valley, Malawi.

Namibia 9 Within the three FMD episodes that occurred in January, May and July 2015, in cattle, respectively in Kavango East Ohangwena and Zambezi, control measures are still being adopting even if new outbreaks have not been reported that are: movement control inside the country, vaccination in response to the outbreaks, disinfection, quarantine, surveillance within containment and/or protection zone and zoning. In Kavanga East, vaccination has been carried out in 9,923 cattle. Only the outbreak that occurred in Ohangwena was serotyped as FMDV SAT 2, while for the other two serotyping is pending. RSA 13 The ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute employed liquid-phase blocking ELISA for FMDV SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3, and NSP ELISA to respectively test 7,023 and 267 sera for the detection of FMD antibodies. The laboratory continues its involvement on research studies and collaborations with international organisations. Zimbabwe 9

Further to the first outbreak that occurred last year in April 2014, due to FMDV SAT 2, seven other outbreaks were reported to have taken place between the 20th of August and the 9th of September in cattle of Matabeleland South, Zimbabwe. Summary of the animals involved in the outbreaks and location of these are presented in Table 19 and Map 11. Weekly inspection of the affected premises and of all properties within a 20-km-radius zone is being conducted and new outbreaks are due to the local spread from infected communal dip tank areas with mixing of healthy and infected animals within the quarantined infected zone as they access watering points and grazing areas. Outbreaks in Chiredzi district are occurring in the routine vaccination areas adjacent to national parks with resident wild buffalo where cattle and wildlife share grazing and watering points, as routine FMD vaccinations in these areas are long overdue. As vaccine available in insufficient to cover all affected areas, this is being administered in a 10 km cordon area that has been created to prevent further spread of the outbreaks to the north and west of the country. Affected districts are under quarantine and no movement is allowed outside the prescribed infected areas. Limited movement is being allowed within the infected districts to access grazing areas and watering points as well as for direct slaughter at designated abattoirs under veterinary supervision. Infection is still confined inside the vaccinated containment barrier. Control measures adopted are: movement control inside the country, vaccination in response to the outbreaks as reported in Table 20, disinfection, quarantine, surveillance within and outside containment and/or protection zone, control of wildlife reservoirs and zoning. Source of the


21

outbreaks is due to illegal movement of animals, contact with infected animals at grazing/watering or contact with wild species. Table 19: summary of the number of cattle involved in the FMD outbreaks reported in Matabeleland South, Zimbabwe Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Apparent

morbidity rate

Apparent mortality

rate

Apparent case

fatality rate


animals lost*

Cattle 7,931 624 0 0 0 7.87% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% *Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter Map 11: location of FMD outbreaks reported in August and September 2015 Matabeleland South, Zimbabwe

Table 20: summary of vaccination activities carried out in Matabeleland South, Zimbabwe relative to the outbreak that started in April 2015



Manicaland Cattle

50,000 Routine vaccinations in the wildlife-livestock area

Masvingo 26,992 This was the first booster vaccination 28 days after the initial

vaccination of all properties within a 20-km-radius zone around the infected outbreaks. A turnout of 78% was recorded.

Another FMD outbreak was reported on a cattle farm in Matabeleland North, Zimbabwe on the 24th of August 2015, with the date of start of episode reported in April 2015. The affected animals are cattle of varying age groups on a self-contained commercial farm within the Bulawayo peri-urban area. The Botswana Vaccine Institute Laboratory (OIE Reference Laboratory) is carrying out the diagnosis and serotyping is pending. Movement records show no new animals introduced into the farm and possible source of infection was a vehicle that brought feed into the farm as it had been to an infected farm. The premises were placed under quarantine and all animals present were vaccinated. Summary of animals involved and the location of the outbreak are respectively reported in Table 21 and Map 12. Control measures applied are: movement control inside the country, vaccination in


22

response to the outbreaks as reported in table 22, disinfection, quarantine, zoning and no treatment of affected animals. Table 21: summary of the number of cattle involved in the FMD outbreak reported in Matabeleland South, Zimbabwe


rate

Apparent mortality

rate

Apparent case

fatality rate


animals lost*

Cattle 667 90 0 0 0 13.49% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% *Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter

Map 12: location of FMD outbreak reported in August 2015 in Matabeleland North, Zimbabwe

Table 22: summary of other vaccination activities carried out in Matabeleland South and North, Zimbabwe relative to the outbreak that started in Agust 2015



Matabeleland North

Cattle

17,000 First round of cattle vaccination done with 28-day booster

vaccination to follow Matabeleland South 40,000

The last of the series of continuing outbreaks reported in September, nine in all, which started in June 2015 and for which serotyping is still pending, were observed between the 13th of July and 3rd of August 2015 in cattle in Midlands, Zimbabwe. Infection from Gokwe South continues to spread to adjacent dip tanks in the district as well as into adjacent Gokwe North district as animals share grazing pastures and watering points, since the two districts are one continuous communal area. The two outbreaks in Kwekwe district were due to illegal long distance movement of cattle from the infected area in Gokwe South to a resettlement area in Kwekwe. Intensive movements are occurring with worsening of the drought situation in the Gokwe communal area, as people are


23

illegally moving animals for relief grazing either into the game park or to resettlement areas. In fact, source of the outbreaks are multiple and are represented by Illegal movement of animals, contact with infected animals at grazing/watering or contact with wild species. Summary of animals involved and the location of the outbreak are respectively reported in Table 23 and Map 13. Control measures applied are: movement control inside the country, vaccination in response to the outbreaks, disinfection, quarantine, surveillance outside containment and/or protection zone, control of wildlife reservoirs and no treatment of affected animals. Table 23: summary of the number of cattle involved in the FMD outbreak reported in Midlands, Zimbabwe.


rate

Apparent mortality

rate

Apparent case

fatality rate


animals lost*

Cattle 20,619 657 0 0 0 3.19% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% *Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter Map 13: location of FMD outbreaks reported in July and August 2015 in Midlands, Zimbabwe

Table 24: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 6, 2012 – 2014, for geographic distribution see Map 14 below.

COUNTRY

FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes,

reported to OIE in 2012 – 2014


Angola

2012/DISEASE SUSPECTED BUT NOT CONFIRMED 2013/DISEASE ABSENT

2014/NO DATA AVAILABLE

July 2015/ SAT 2 See text

Follow –up and typing required

Botswana 2012-2014/SAT 2 2014/SAT 1

Jun 2015/typing pending July 2015/SAT 2, June 2015/SAT 1


Congo D. R. 2012 – 2013/A, O, SAT 1 Jun 2013/not typed Follow –up needed


24

Malawi 2012 -2013/NO REPORTED OUTBREAKS

Oct 2011, Sep 2015/typing pending

See text Follow –up needed

Mozambique 2012 -2013/DISEASE

ABSENT, 2014/NO DATA AVAILABLE

July 2015/SAT 2, Jun 2015/ typing pending

Follow –up needed Typing required

Namibia 2012-2013/SAT 1 Jun 2015/SAT 2, July/typing pending


South Africa 2012/SAT 2 2013/SAT 1

Aug 2013/SAT 1, Nov 2014/ SAT 2

See text Genotyping required

Zambia 2012/SAT 1, SAT 2 Jan 2013/SAT 1, SAT 2 Follow –up needed

Zimbabwe 2012-2013/SAT 2

2013/SAT 3 2014/SAT 1

Jun 2013/SAT 3, Sept 2014/SAT 1,

Sep 2015/ SAT 2

See text

Map 14: FMD distribution by serotype and topotype for Southern Africa, 2011 – 2014 (EuFMD)

Swaziland and Lesotho are free from FMD without vaccination. There is a zone in both Botswana and Namibia, which has been FMD free without vaccination, since 2010 and 1997 respectively.

Conjectured circulating FMDV lineages in pool 6 per 2014 15:

Serotype SAT 1 (topotypes I, II and III) Serotype SAT 2 (topotypes I, II and III) Serotype SAT 3 (topotypes I, II and III)

G. POOL 7 – South America

South America 9, 14 The OIE FMD status of the countries in South America as reported in April 2015 is presented in Map 15. Most South American countries are FMD free with vaccination (Uruguay) or without vaccination (Chile, Guyana) or with free zones with vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru and continental Ecuador) or without vaccination (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru) as described by the OIE maps (see: http://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/official-disease-status/fmd/en-fmd-carte/). Small areas of the continent may still be considered as endemic but clinical cases are rare (Map 15). The FMD history between 2012 –2014 is given in Table 25.

Table 25: Summary of the history of FMD Pool 7, 2012 – 2014, for geographic distribution see Map 15 below

COUNTRY

FMD HISTORY FMDV serotypes,

reported to OIE in 2012 2014


Paraguay DISEASE ABSENT Dec 2011/O

Venezuela DISEASE ABSENT 2011/O, A National situation needs verification


25

Map 15: FMD status for South America 9.


26

IV. OTHER NEWS: 1The WRLFMD Quarterly Report July – September 2015 published the following table (Table 26) that contains a list of FMDV strains for FMD-Free countries antigen banks. The discussion of this table is within the report. The WRLFMD is at present working to adopt a risk-based approach for identifying FMDV lineages and relate these to priority vaccines for use in Europe and other FMD-free settings. Table 26: Recommendations by the WRLFMD® on FMD virus strains to be included in FMDV antigen banks (for FMD -free countries) – September 2015 Note: Virus strains are NOT listed in order of importance


27

V. REFERENCES - Superscripts

1. World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD), www.wrlfmd.org 2. SEAFMD, http://www.arahis.oie.int/reports.php?site=seafmd 3. Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, (ICASR

PD-FMD), Mukteswar, India (Dr B. B. Dash) FAO 4. Progressive Control of Foot and Mouth Disease in Pakistan, GCP/PAK/123/USA - (Dr. Manzoor Hussain,

National Project Director and Dr. Muhammad Afzal, Project Coordinator) 5. National animal health diagnostic and investigation center (NAHDIC), Ethiopia - (Dr. Daniel Gizaw) 6. National FMD Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Kenya - (Dr. Abraham Sangula, Dr. Kenneth Ketter) 7. Laboratoire National Vétérinaire (LANAVET) -Garoua, Cameroon - (Dr. Simon Dickmu Jumbo) 8. FMD Research Centre, Virology Research Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom,

Plateau State, Nigeria - (Dr. Ularamu Hussaini) 9. WAHID Interface – OIE World Animal Health Information Database

http://web.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=home 10. Regional Reference Laboratory for FMD (ARRIAH, Russia) - (Dr. Svetlana Fomina) 11. ACCRA Veterinary Laboratory, Ghana - (Dr. Joseph Adongo Awuni) 12. Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV, Senegal) – (Dr. Momar Talla

Seck – Mme Monique A. Gomis) 13. ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Republic of South Africa - (Dr LE Heat - Ms E Kirkbride) 14. 42a Reunión Ordinaria de la Comisión Sudamericana para la Lucha contra la Fiebre Aftosa, Quito,

Ecuador, 16-17 April, 201.http: //ww2.panaftosa.org.br/cosalfa42/ 15. OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network, Annual Report 2014

http://www.wrlfmd.org/

http://www.arahis.oie.int/reports.php?site=seafmd

http://web.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=home

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