THE TRUE COST OF

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Agriculture is at a crossroads. After4000 years of farming, agriculture hasbecome industrialised in just 50 years -its yields increasingly reliant not onmanagement of local resources, but on pesticides, factory farming of animals, and other intensivefarming practices that damagethe countryside.

This industrialisation has come atsubstantial cost to both humanhealth and the environment. Andthe same agrochemical companiesthat made their name through theproduction of the chemicals sprayedon our fields and the hormones fed toour animals are now proposing a ‘solution’to the problem of their own creation: it hasbeen called the Gene Revolution. They arguethat GM crops will reduce dependence ontheir own damaging pesticides.

In truth, far from liberating us from thisdestructive dependency on chemicalinputs and their side-effects, geneticengineering represents an escalation ofindustrial farming practices. Seventypercent of GM crops are engineered to make them dependent on theagrochemical companies’ own-brandherbicides.6 This reinforces the agrochemicalcompanies’ control over the future of agriculture, whiletying farmers into tight contracts. The market for GMresearch is dominated by five major transnational agrochemicalcompanies - Monsanto, Novartis, DuPont, Aventis, and AstraZeneca;they also sell the seeds and agricultural chemicals and fertilizers.7

What genetic engineering denies us is the choice of genuinelysustainable agricultural techniques which modern organic farmingrepresents. Genetic engineering and organic farming areincompatible. For the Government to allow GM crops to be grown isa clear judgement in favour of this technology - they have admitted

The true costof food

GM - AN ESCALATION OFINDUSTRIAL FARMING

In February, a leakedEnvironment Agency reportstated: Approval of certain GMcrops for commercial use mayencourage further intensificationof agriculture.1 The cost will beborne by the environment.

Genetic driftGM crops are living pollution.Once released into theenvironment, they cannot berecalled or contained. A study bythe National Pollen Research Unitshows that the wind can carryviable maize pollen hundreds ofkilometres in 24 hours.2 TheEnvironment Minister, MichaelMeacher, has admitted that bees,which may fly up to ninekilometres in search of nectar,cannot be expected to observe a‘no fly zone’.3 Current trial plotswhere GM crops are grown have a‘buffer zone’ of only 200 metresbetween them and non-GM cropsof the same species.

Creation of superweeds GM crops can cross-pollinate withother crops and wild relatives,and pass on their resistance toweedkillers or viruses. Theoffspring may become persistentweeds within arable fields. Evermore chemicals will be needed tocontrol the problem.4 Monsantohas admitted that this resistance isa ‘very real thing’ and that otherweedkillers will have to be used.5

GM maize

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that cross-pollination withnon-GM crops is inevitable. 8

GM crops are living organisms:they replicate, interbreed with

relatives, mutate, adapt to newenvironmental conditions, and

struggle for their survival as do allliving creatures. There is no protection

against this. Once released, geneticpollution will contaminate all our food -

even organic.

With genetic manipulation there’s a huge new evolutionary risk and what’s been proved safe

today may change into something differenttomorrow. [...] Exposing genes to nature is to expose

them to evolution and evolution has no designer. It isimpossible to know what it is going to do next.

Professor Steve Jones, geneticist9

Today we are faced with one of the most urgent choices of our time:

• Do we want industrial farming and GM food? or

• Do we want sustainable farming and organic food?

The choice is stark.

British people have made their opinion clear: a recent Taylor Nelsonpoll showed that 81% of those questioned want food producers tospend more money on developing organic food and not GM food.10

GM maize from Hamburg, Germany

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Pesticide useSoya, cotton, and maize are thelargest users of pesticides. Soya and maize account for the highestpercentage of world-wide herbicidesales.11 Cotton accounts for 24% ofthe global insecticide market.12 Allthree crops have been geneticallyengineered to be resistant toherbicides or to produce their own insecticides.

While Monsanto calculates thatthe amount of active ingredient usednow on GM soya is one-third lowerthan in 1993-94 on non-GM soya,this figure does not account for the fact that its new ingredients are more potent: lower weight ofactive ingredient is not the same as less herbicide.

Disruption of the food chainCrops designed to kill insect pestscan also kill off the beneficial insectsthat either eat the insect pests orthat play other important roles, likepollinating the crops.

Ladybirds fed on aphids that hadeaten GM potatoes lived half as longand laid 38% fewer eggs, which were four times more likely to beunfertilised and three times lesslikely to hatch.13

Unforeseen ecological problems Industry and science have been wrong before - DDT, thalidomide, BSE ...

GM food is unpredictable,uncontrollable, unnecessary, and unwanted.

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Synthetic chemicalpesticidesIn 1997, 25,200,000 kilograms ofsynthetic chemical pesticides weresold in the UK. Most of these were sprayed on Britain’s fields.17

Since the mid-1970s, three-quarters of farmland skylarks have vanished as a consequence of pesticide use and industrialisedagriculture: that’s 4,600,000skylarks.18

A supermarket apple may havebeen treated 40 times with any of 100 chemicals.19 A US studyrevealed that one in ten apples has residues of organophosphateinsecticides that exceed permittedlimits. The risk of eating an applewith a very high residue (that maycause severe health effects) is one in 1000.20 So if you eat an apple a day, once in every three years you are likely to eat one of these.The UK Government’s advice is that fruit should be peeled beforechildren eat it.21

Industrial farming is characterised byartificial chemical inputs, factory farming of animals, and destruction of habitat. The consequence is that we pay three timesover for increasingly contaminated food andwater - as consumers, as taxpayers, and aspotential victims. But the environment bearsthe brunt of the cost.

Synthetic fertilizerUp to two-thirds of syntheticfertilizer leaches away fromagricultural land, and intogroundwater, lakes, and streams.22

This can result in blooms of blue-green algae and the de-oxygenation(known as eutrophication) of water:the consequence is fish death. In March of 1998, 150 tonnes offactory-farmed trout and hundredsof thousands of coarse fish weresuffocated in the Kennet and AvonCanal and on the River Dun as aconsequence of algal growth.23

The real cost of industrial farming

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BEEF - THE COST OF BSE

BSE has cost the taxpayer over £4 billion - more than £200 perhousehold - and this excludes thecosts of treating people who havedeveloped or will develop newvariant CJD.14 Eight million cattle have been slaughtered, and40 people are confirmed to have died: cases of nvCJD are beingdiagnosed at the rate of 5-10 a year.15

It is now widely accepted in the scientific community that BSEcame about because cows werebeing fed ground-up bonemealfrom sheep in their feed -something cows would nevernaturally consume.

If organic farming standards(which do not permit the use of animal-based products in feed)had been used, this crisis would not have happened. Further, if this £4 billion had been used tosubsidise all organic meat salesduring the last 10 years, organicmeat would have been cheaperthan factory-farmed meat.16

Culling BSE cattle

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Cleaning up blooms of blue-green algae

Factory farmingThe use of antibiotics has increased1500% in the last 30 years.There are32,000,000 battery hens in the UK.Virtually all factory-farmed chickensare fed antibiotics every day of theirlives as growth promoters and tocounter the disease caused by theunhealthy, cramped conditions inwhich they live.24 These hens livefive to a cage, each allocated a spacesmaller than an A4 sheet of paper.25

There is a clear link betweendisease and factory farming - BSE isthe obvious example. But salmonella,for instance, was virtually unknownin the 1940s. Food poisoning hasincreased 400% in the last ten years, and is now estimated to costthe taxpayer somewhere between £1 billion and £3 billion every year.26

There is widespread concern thatthe use of these antibiotics has led tothe emergence of antibiotic-resistantstrains of bacteria in humans.27

Destruction of habitatIn the last 50 years, half Britain’snatural woodlands have beendestroyed,28 and 40% of itshedgerows29- enough hedgerow tostretch four times round the world- and it is still disappearing at therate of 10,000 miles per year.30

The equivalent of 100 footballpitches of grassland is lost everyday in the UK. These wildflowermeadows are an important featureof the English landscape and someof England’s most importantwildlife habitats.31

The shorthaired bumblebee isnow extinct in the UK because ofloss of hay meadow habitat. Thebrown fritillary butterfly is also atrisk.32 The corncrake, which usedto be found all over the UK, hasdwindled to 250 pairs in the UK,90% of them in the Hebrides. Lossof meadow habitat and early silagecutting are blamed.33

The fritillary butterfly is at risk

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BST MILK - UNWANTED TECHNOLOGY

BST, also know as rBGH, is a GMhormone injected into one-third of dairy cows in the US to increasemilk production. It is currentlybanned in Europe. There is the realthreat that the US Government and Monsanto, the agrochemicalcompany that manufactures theproduct, will use the World TradeOrganisation to force the productinto the EU. Yet, in the US, sales of organic milk have more thantripled between 1996-1998 as a result of much-publicised reports on theuse of BST.34

The BST hormone causes a five-fold increase in a protein calledIGF-1, which makes its way into themilk. An EU Scientific Committeereport links IGF-1 to breast andprostate cancer.35 It causes increasedinfection and disease in cows,making them produce more pus, andcausing a substantial increase inmastitis, sores, foot problems, andreproductive disorders.36 Thisincreases use of antibiotics.

We already producesurplus milk. The averagecow’s milk yield hasincreased from 3000 litresper year twenty years agoto 5810 litres today. Thisincreased production hasled to surplus milk powderand butter mountains.37

Cow with enlarged udder

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The real value oforganic farming

Unlike industrial agriculture, modernorganic farming does not set itself inopposition to the natural environment. Nor does it expect society or theenvironment to shoulder responsibility for its production methods. It relies onsound management of local resourcesrather than artificial inputs. Modern organicfarming not only produces healthy food wecan trust, but it contributes significantly to the environment, society, and localcommunity development.

PESTICIDE - AT WHAT COST?

Each time a farmer applies akilogram of pesticide activeingredient, it costs £7.57 to clean itup.38 As consumers, we pay for thisthrough our water bills. And this issimply the direct cost of cleaning upour water supply. It does not incorp-orate the other costs of pesticide use:

WildlifeWater voles have virtuallydisappeared due to pesticide use.39

WildflowersSince 1960, there has been an 87%reduction in distribution of thecornflower.40

BirdlifeTree sparrows, grey partridges, cornbunting, bullfinch, skylarks, andspotted flycatchers have all declinedby between 70-89% in recent years.41

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Chemical and GM freeOrganic farming makes no use of synthetic chemical pesticides,synthetic fertilizers, or genetic engineering. Thus, pollution of air and water is reduced, and nutrient losses are less.42 In Germany, some water companies have realised it is cheaper to pay farmers toconvert to organic farming than to clean up the water pollution ofindustrial farmers.43

Improved landscapeThe traditional British landscape is characterised by woodlands,hedgerows, stone walls, orchards, mixed extensive farms, meadows,and a diversity of crops in the fields, all of which are valued featureson modern organic farms.44

Diversity of wildlifeOrganic farmers haveadopted specific measures to encourage wildlife andprotect habitats.45 Organicfarming standards stipulatethe maintenance of wildlifehabitats such as grassland,hay meadows, andmoorland.

There are significantly more butterflies on organic farms.46

Sensitive cattle grazingregimes are helping to conserve the high brown fritillary butterfly.47

This can be attributed to greater plant diversity, crop rotation,hedgerows, and the absence of pesticides.

Populations of skylarks and other endangered bird species aresignificantly greater on organic farmland.48

Animal welfareOrganic livestock are allowed to roam freely and are reared withoutthe routine use of antibiotics, growth promoters, or other drugs. All organic farm animals are fed a healthy, natural diet and are allowedto live a decent life in decent conditions.

JobsA survey found increased employment on farms that converted toorganic methods.49 Modern organic farming is more labour intensivethan industrial farming because it is reliant on management ratherthan artificial chemical inputs. Overall labour requirements tend to be 10-30% higher.50

Regional developmentModern organic farming can make an important contribution toregional development through increased employment and local foodproduction.51 A key principle of organic farming is to localize foodeconomies, providing processing and distribution work within theregion. Because of higher employment and local consumption offood, the whole community tends to benefit.52

A factor that is often ignored when comparing prices of organic toconventional is the hidden costs of conventional farming. If elementssuch as air and water pollution, eroded soils and health care costswere factored into the price of produce, organic produce would bethe same price or even cheaper than conventional products.

Datamonitor53

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Landscape and habitatHay and wildflower meadows havedeclined 95% since 1945.54

Human health100,000 kilograms of lindane weresprayed on seeds, apples, oilseed rape,sugarbeet, wheat, and maize in 1997.55

Lindane maybe linked with breastcancer. It can also cause behaviouralchanges, damage to the nervous andimmune systems, and birth defects.56

In 1996, over 40% of milk, cheese, and butter samples contained traces of lindane.57

Ozone layer depletion 60-100 tonnes of methyl bromide areapplied each year in the UK. Ahighly toxic fumigant, it is used onstrawberries and to sterilise grainafter harvesting. In the short-term,methyl bromide is considered to be60 times more damaging to theozone layer than CFC-11.58

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Industrial farming and agricultural policy have concentrated on everincreasing levels of production. The result has been the mass over-production of food for which there is no real market. The consequencefor the taxpayer is the wasteful costs of subsidising the production ofunwanted food surpluses that must be stored or dumped on worldmarkets. This policy can be contrasted with the positive contributionmodern organic farming can offer to our health and the environment.

While most comparative studies show that crop yields in organicagriculture are between 10-40% lower than industrial systems,59

organic systems are nowhere near their full yield potential becauseinsufficient research, development, training, or advice support hasbeen given to the organic industry in the past.

Currently, the Government is spending a mere £2.2 million onresearch and development of the organic sector, and this is principally market-oriented.60 By contrast, MAFF spends £125million on R&D for industrial farming,61 and in 1998, theGovernment spent £52 million on agricultural biotechnology.62

However, most R&D on genetic engineering is funded by theagrochemical industry. As a result, organic yields vary considerably,according to techniques used and varieties chosen, but the potentialfor sustainable viable yields in professional organic businesses hasbeen clearly demonstrated:

• A recent US study, published in Nature, showed that over ten years, the difference in yieldsbetween industrial and organicallyfarmed maize was only 1%.However, the modern organicsystem had significant long-termadvantages. Soil fertility increaseddramatically under organicmanagement, while it declined inthe industrial trial. Moreover, theindustrial system had a greaternegative environmental impact,with a significant percentage of thesynthetic fertilizer leaching intothe groundwater.63

• Fifty-three percent of theland area of the UK is hills anduplands, and supports 60% of ourbreeding ewes and suckler cows. One MAFF-funded research projectinto organic agriculture in the uplands started in 1991 stated: ‘Resultsfrom the organic unit at Redesdale show that it is possible to combine profitability with good levels of performance, withoutcompromising animal welfare or the quality of the stock produced.’64

However, the potential of modern organic farming is largely unrealised,as research funding has focused on industrial farming and more recently on genetic engineering. Organic yields could be improved ifgovernment and industry supported more research and development inmodern organic farming.

When you think how muchmoney is spent in researchterms on the geneticengineering research field -something in the region of$1.6 billion per annum, itshows, I think, how little isbeing spent at the moment on alternative research.

HRH The Prince of Wales

Modern organic farmingyields results

Prince Charles at the Centre for Organic Agriculture inAberdeen - the centre is part-funded by Tesco

Modern horticultural organic farming

Organic farmer in Austria

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In Sweden, even McDonalds uses organic coffee and milk in all its outlets,and has attempted to secure supply of organic meat for its burgers.65

In Austria, more than 15% of all fruit and vegetables sold are organic,66

and organic accounts for 11% of the overall food retail market.67

In Denmark, 20% of milk produced is organic, and the Danish AgricultureMinistry estimates that this figure will rise to 40% in the next few years.68

The UK market value for organic produce could top £1 billion by nextyear.69 In February 1999 alone, UK supermarkets experienced a 35-40%increase in demand for organic food, and Marks & Spencer said its increasewas ‘more than 100%’.70 Sales would be higher still if production increasedto meet demand.71 Supply must increase dramatically.

The UK imports 80% of its organic fruit and vegetables.72 The majorityof these imports are for staples such as onions, carrots, potatoes, andbrassicas, and come from other European countries - particularly Germany,Holland, and Italy. If the right mechanisms were put in place to encourageorganic production, UK farmers could easily supply these staples.

The UK Government has earmarked just £6.2 million in 1999 for arevised Organic Conversion Scheme to assist farmers in conversion toorganic farming: ‘We have had as many applicants in the first two weeks of the new scheme as, on average, in each year since the scheme was firstintroduced in 1994. So funds may run out for this year.’73 By contrast, in1998, £75,589,275 was paid in England and Wales on ‘set-aside’ - a schemedesigned to take industrial farmland out of production and thereby reducesurpluses.74 Unlike other European countries, our Government does notsupport organic farmers after a five year conversion period.

However, modern organic farming and food production represents ahuge commercial opportunity, with massive potential for ruraldevelopment, environmental protection, and job creation.

Organic targetsLand farmed organically in Europecould reach 30% by 2010 if currenttrends continue. Some predict thatup to 50% of EU agricultural landcould be farmed organically by2020.76

Germany and Sweden aim for10% of their agricultural land to be organic in the next few years.77

The Danish Government aims totreble Danish organic productionover the next five years, and hopesthat it will grow to 50% within thenext ten years.78 Austria has alreadyreached 10%, with some sectors ofAustria already 50% organic. Lessthan 1% of UK agricultural land hasorganic certification, and the UK hasno targets.

This market is going togo one way - and that isup. We can’t get enoughorganic foods... We aredesperate to find ways ofgetting more farmers andgrowers to convert.

J. Sainsbury 75

Hi-tech watering system for modern organic lettuce production

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Irresponsible short-term prioritiesCurrent market policies for agricultureemphasise quantity at the cost of food quality, public health, animal welfare, and environmental protection.

A failure to respond to public needsIndustrial agriculture does not serve theneeds of the environment, the farmingcommunity, or the people it feeds.

Time for modern organic farmingModern organic farming can matchindustrial farming in terms of genuineprofitability and productivity. Unlikeindustrial farming, it does not favour theoverproduction of unwanted goods anddoes not destroy that resource - the soil -upon which sustainable food productionultimately depends. The barriers to modern organic farming in the UK are nottechnical, but political and institutional.

The Government must act now to put in place a responsible agricultural policythat produces food that is safe, healthy, and farmed in an environmentallyresponsible way.

ConclusionUK agricultural policy can becharacterised by irresponsible short-term priorities and a failure to respond to public needs

Ban genetic engineering in food and farmingBecause of the inevitability of cross-pollination and geneticcontamination, GM food andorganic farming are incompatible.The health and environmental risksof genetic engineering in food and farming are unacceptable.

Phase - out artificialchemical inputs Pesticides and other syntheticchemical inputs, growth hormones,and routine antibiotics should bephased out. Polluters shouldcompensate for environmentaldestruction.

Go organicThe UK should set in place a long-term national conversion strategywhich will support the shift of all ouragriculture to organic methods. TheUK conversion to organic farmingshould at least equal that of the restof the EU - 30% by 2010 if currentrates of growth continue. The UKshould meet domestic demand fororganic and aim to export.

POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

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Spraying of GM soya

Hi-tech organic agriculture - salad crops

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References 1 DETR consultation paper, Genetically

Modified Crops: wider issues - biodiversity and the agricultural environment leaked 21 February 1999

2 The Soil Association3 Science and Technology Select Committee

Hearing 26 April 19994 GeneWatch UK5 Gary Barton, Director of Biotechnology

Communications, Monsanto as reported in The Independent on Sunday 25 April 1999

6 Andrew Simms, Christian Aid, in The Guardian 10 May 1999

7 The Food Magazine April/June 1999 and other sources

8 The report, Organic Farming and Gene Transfer from Genetically Modified Crops,was commissioned by MAFF and leaked to the Daily Mail 12 May 1999

9 BBC interview 14 April 199910 1999 Taylor Nelson poll11 The SAFE Alliance, Soya: the ubiquitous

bean April 199912 The Pesticides Trust, Organic Cotton:

from field to final product 199913 SCRI annual report 199714 The Soil Association; Jules Pretty, The Living

Land 1998; Radio Four Today Programme15 The SAFE Alliance16 Dr Carlo Leifert, University of Aberdeen

Centre for Organic Research17 David Buffin, Pesticides Trust; The SAFE

Alliance, Food Indicator’s Report; Datamonitor, Natural and Organic Food and Drinks 1999

18 RSPB press release 21 March 199919 The Times 10 April 1999;

The Daily Mail 13 April 199920 Pesticides Trust, Pesticides News number 3921 MAFF, Food and Pesticides22 ‘The Greening of the Green Revolution’,

Nature 19 November 199823 Environment Agency news release 27 March

1998: nb - no link established to fertilizer24 Compassion in World Farming25 Compassion in World Farming26 Compassion in World Farming, Factory

Farming and Human Health 199727 The Soil Association, The Use and Misuse of

Antibiotics in UK Agriculture December 199828 WWF press release, Doomsday for Wildlife 14

December 199829 Jules Pretty, The Living Land 199830 Graham Harvey, The Killing of the

Countryside 199731 Council for the Protection of Rural England,

Meadow Madness: why the loss of England’s grasslands continues uncontested March 1999

32 WWF press release, Doomsday for Wildlife 14 December 1998

33 Wildlife Trusts34 Datamonitor, Natural and Organic Food

and Drinks 1999 35 EU Scientific Committee on Veterinary

Measures relating to Public Health36 EU Scientific Committee on Animal Welfare

reports, The Women’s Environmental Network37 The SAFE Alliance

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38 Jules Pretty, The Living Land 199839 WWF press release, Doomsday for Wildlife

14 December 199840 Plantlife as reported by John Ingham,

The Express 22 April 199941 Joint Nature Conservation Committee, The

Indirect Effects of Pesticides on Birds 199742 ESRC Global and Environmental Change

Programme Briefing number 1743 Jules Pretty, The Living Land 199844 Countryside Commission, Effects of Organic

Farming on the Landscape45 Countryside Commission, Effects of Organic

Farming on the Landscape46 The Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, The

Effects of Organic and Conventional Farming Systems on the Abundance of Butterflies 1995

47 The SAFE Alliance48 Joint Nature Conservation Committee,

The Indirect Effects of Pesticides on Birds 199749 The SAFE Alliance, Double Yield:

jobs and sustainable food production 199750 Nic Lampkin, Organic Farm Management

Handbook 199951 Nic Lampkin, Influence of Policy Support on

the Development of Organic Farming in the European Union April 1999

52 Robert Beaumont, Organic Retail Guild53 Datamonitor, Natural and Organic Food

and Drinks 1999 54 Council for the Protection of Rural England,

Meadow Madness: why the loss of England’s grasslands continues uncontested March 1999

55 Pesticides Trust56 Pesticides Trust, Austrian Federal Ministry of

Agriculture & Forestry report prepared for EU57 The SAFE Alliance, The Perfect Pinta? 199858 Pesticides Trust and Friends of the Earth-USA 59 Dr Carlo Leifert, University of Aberdeen

Centre for Organic Agriculture 60 MAFF61 PQ 6771262 PQ 8079163 ‘The Greening of the Green Revolution’,

Nature 19 November 199864 Ray Keatinge, ADAS Redesdale65 Datamonitor, Natural and Organic Food

and Drinks 199966 Datamonitor, Natural and Organic Food

and Drinks 1999 67 Datamonitor, Natural and Organic Food

and Drinks 1999 68 Danish Agriculture Ministry 3 February 199969 Simon Brenman, The Soil Association70 The Independent March 199971 Gordon Brown PQ 5438572 The Soil Association, The Organic Food

and Farming Report 199873 Lord Donoughue, House of Lords 74 PQ 8090575 Robert Duxbury, Technical Manager,

Sainsbury’s, The Telegraph 7 January 199976 Nic Lampkin, Organic Farming Unit,

Welsh Institute of Rural Studies77 Nic Lampkin, Organic Farming Unit, Welsh

Institute of Rural Studies and Datamonitor, Natural and Organic Food and Drinks 1999

78 Farmers Weekly 14 May 1999

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Soil AssociationBristol House40-56 Victoria StreetBristol BS1 6BYTel: 0117 929 0661Fax: 0117 925 2504e-mail: info@soilassociation.orgwebsite: www.soilassociation.org

True Food CampaignGreenpeaceCanonbury VillasLondon N1 2PN Tel: 0171 865 8100Fax: 0171 865 8200e-mail: info@uk.greenpeace.orgwebsite: www.truefood.org

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