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FOOD, NUTRITION & CULTURE
‘Feeding oneself and one’s offspring is the first concern of all living creatures’
WHY IS THE ACQUISITION OF FOOD SO IMPORTANT?
• Question answered by the old adage ‘We are what we eat.’
• All living creatures need to ‘take in nutrients to live.’
• Nutrition – the science that deals with the body’s ability to transform nutrients found in FOOD into FUEL & FLESH.
Calories
Muscle&
Tissue
PERSPECTIVES ON NUTRITION
• To scientists, nutrition is the study of:– The nutrients found in foods – The body’s handling of
nutrients to maintain health
• Nutrients (some of which provide energy for processes in the body) are substances that can promote:– Growth – Maintenance– Repair
For many, nutrition is all about losing
weight!
OCTOPUS
MEXICAN FOODS
ACKEE AND
BREADFRUIT
PEARBUSH BUDS
WHAT IS FOOD?• Food is a conduit for nutrients.• It is one central thing about human experience that
can open up both our senses and our experiences to our place in the world.
– Alice Waters
Food is culturally defined, what is considered a food in
Culture A is not necessarily a food in Culture B.
THE NUTRIENTS• Whereas there are many different
foods. There are only six classes of nutrients namely:– carbohydrates (CHO)– proteins – fats – vitamins – minerals – water
• Usually, more than one class of nutrients is represented in a food (e.g., (CHO, fats, proteins, water, minerals [e.g., Ca] and vitamins [e.g., Vitamin D] are in milk.
TYPES OF NUTRIENTS protein
Vitamin c
Fatty acids
–Organic (with C- C or C- H bonds)
•CHO,
•Proteins
•Fats
•Vitamins
waterSodium and Chlorine ions
–Inorganic
•Water
•Minerals.
ENERGY YIELDING NUTRIENTS
• Carbohydrates– glucose, (preferred
energy source) fructose and galactose
• Fats– fatty acids and
glycerol
• Proteins– amino acids
• Vitamins - only organic nutrient that does not supply energy but is needed to get energy from foods.
• Essential nutrient - body cannot make enough of and must get from food.
• Some dietary and lifestyle practices (smoking, inactivity, drinking alcohol) are risk factors for many health conditions.
• Substances (non-nutrients) in foods are phytochemicals that give foods the characteristic taste and smell.
MORE FOOD RELATED FACTS ….
FOOD CHOICES
• Advertising• Availability• Convenience• Economy• Comfort• Ethnicity• Habit
• Personal Preference• Positive Associations• Geographical
location• Social Pressure• Values and beliefs• Body weight
• Select foods to provide adequate amounts of nutrients and energy!
• When humans eat, foremost in their minds is that they are consuming foods, not nutrients!
• The following influence food choices:
pizz
a
• Nutritional Value
CHALLENGE OF CHANGING FOOD HABITS
• Food is about more than feeding the body. It is embedded in family life, culture and religious ritual.
• Food has always been the most direct, intimate tie to a nurturing earth and a primary means of bonding with each other.
• Food has helped us to know where and who we are.
• Digestion – process of breaking food into small substances to be absorbed by the body and subsequently used for fuel, growth, maintenance and repair.
RELEASING NUTRIENTS FROM FOOD
Simple (e.g., phagocytosis- engulf and form food vacuoles in which food is broken down in the unicellular amoeba).
Complex (e.g., cooking and chewing food before introducing it to the sophisticated multi-organ, digestive system in multi-cellular humans).
PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION(Energy Nutrients)
CHO
FATS
PROTEINS
GLUCOSEFRUCTOSEGALACTOSE
FATTY ACIDS
GLYCEROL
AMINO ACIDS
Gastro-intestinal
System
• Food energy measured in calories.
• A calorie is not a component of food.
1g fat =
9 calorie
s
1g CHO = 4 calories
1g protein = 4
calories
1 g alcohol =
7 calorie
s
(alcohol is
not a
nutrient)
MEASURING FOOD ENERGY
ENERGY
• Plants use the sun’s energy to combine carbondioxide and water to form glucose and oxygen.
6H2O + 6CO2 = C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Plants store energy as starch.
• Humans eat plants and other animals that have also eaten plants.
The Cycle of life begins with
the sun!
The Energy Cycle
THE ABC… OF A NUTRITIOUS DIET
• Adequacy• Balance• Calorie control• Moderation• Nutrient Density• Variety
DIETARY GUIDELINES
I am inebriated!
Not to be emulated!
NUTRITION AND HEALTH• Health professionals agree that the overall
composition of the diet has an important effect on health.
• Eating too much fat, sat. fat and cholesterol and not eating enough vegetables, fruits, and fiber has been linked to an increase in heart disease and other cancers.
• The federal government constantly revises its official U.S. Dietary Guidelines for Americans to help consumers choose a healthy diet.
• These guidelines make Recommendations for Americans 2 years of age and older.
NUTRITION GOALS
Disease Related• Reduce coronary heart disease• Reduce cancer deaths• Decrease incidence of diabetes• Reduce prevalence of
osteoporosis and• Reduce dental caries
HOW MUCH FOOD DO WE NEED?
RDA (recommended dietary allowances)
• Primary nutrient intake standards for US for many years.
DRI (dietary reference intake)
• Recently replaced RDA as primary standards
• Expands on RDAs
DRI GROUPS (dietary reference intake)
• Recommendations made for various age and gender groups as follows: – Men– Women– Pregnant and lactating women– Children– Teens– Elderly
MEAL PLANNING GUIDES
• Food group plan
• Exchange system
•Daily Food Guide – (Food Pyramid)
EXCHANGE SYSTEM
• Originally developed for diabetics• Lists of foods that can be
exchanged• Food values are approximations• User makes an educated
approximation
= =
• Let the Pyramid guide your food choices.
• Choose a variety of grains daily, especially whole
grains.• Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables daily.• Keep food safe to eat!
CHOOSING FOODS ………
FOOD LABELS• Food labels provide the following
information:– Common name of product.– Name and address of
manufacturer, packer or distributor.– Net contents (wt, measure or
count).– Nutrient content of product– Serving size– Servings per container– Calories/calories from fat– Nutrient amounts and percentages
of Daily Values– Daily values and calories/gram
reminder– Ingredients
CHECK THE FOOD LABEL BEFORE YOU BUY
• Food labels have several parts:– Front panel,
• Added nutrients (e.g., “enriched grain/pasta” means thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron, and folic acid have been added.
– Nutrition Facts, – Ingredients list,
•What’s in the food including e.g., added fats, or sugars.
• Ingredients listed in descending order by weight.
USING THE NUTRITION FACTS
– Look at the % Daily Value (%DV) column to see whether a food is high or low in saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium.
– If you want to consume more of a nutrient (e.g., Calcium), choose foods with a higher %DV.
– Foods with 5%DV or less contribute a small amount of that nutrient. Those with 20% or more contribute a large amount.
• Nutrition Facts serving sizes may differ from Food Guide Pyramid (e.g., 2 ozs of dry macaroni yields about 1 cup cooked, or two [½ cup] Pyramid servings).
HELPFUL HINTS
• Use the Food Guide Pyramid to help select healthy foods.
• Eat a variety of plant foods, including whole grains, fruits, and vegetables.
• Eat some low-fat dairy products and low- fat foods from the meat and beans group.
• Enjoy fats and sweets occasionally.
DIETARY ASSESSMENT
The following dietary assessment methods are used:
• 24-Hour recall• Food Record/Diary• Food Frequency Questionnaire
KEEPING TRACK………Food Record
Do the following:• Record everything you
eat and drink for 3 consecutive days
• Amount (ozs, g)– Time eaten– Mood before and after each meal
• Note other things you did that same day
Chicken
Bread
QUIZHow many calories does this meal of 110 g of carbohydrates, 25 g of protein, 20 g of fat, and 5 g of alcohol?
a. 160 b. 345c. 560 d. 755
The Exchange System of
meal planning was
originally developed for
people with
a. terminal diseases.
b. diabetes.
c. cardiovascular disease.
d. life- threatening
obesity.
Gram for gram, which of the following provides the most energy?
a. fatsb. alcoholc. proteinsd. carbohydrates
Teacher’sPet
Assignment:
Check the RDA (recommended dietary
allowances) in your country, if any.
A+
REFERENCES
• Whitney E, Rolfes S. Understanding Nutrition. 7 th ed. New York: West Publishing Company; 1996.
• Lappé F, Lappé A. Hopes Edge: The Diet of a Small Planet. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putman, 2002.
• Google Image Search. Available at: http://www.google.com. Accessed June 2004.