Food & Feed safety and quality

Gerrit van Duijn

gerritvanduijn consultancy

MVO course, June 2016

1

Agenda

Supply chain control

Impurities and contaminants in crude oil

The refining process

The fate of contaminants

Undesirable side reaction products of oil processing

Religious food laws

Sustainable food supply

2

Traditional supply chain

Exercise

List food safety risks of the traditional supply chain.

Traditional Palm oil mill

Seed oil

supply chain Oil seed farmers

Oil seed storage

Oil extraction

Oil Processing

Consumer goods

manufacturers

Seed control

Seed control

Seed control

Crude oil control

Product control

Meal

By-products

7

Seed reception, sampling and storage

Palm oil supply chain

Plantations Small holders

Oil extraction

Oil Processing

Consumer goods

manufacturers

Fruit bunch grading

Previous cargoes

Crude oil control

Crude oil control

Product control

Kernels

By-products

Fruit bunch grading

10

Impurities and contaminants in crude

oils

Minor components

– effect on qualityMinor

component

Origin Quality effect Typical level in

crude

Max. level in

refined

Free Fatty Acids Hydrolysis Off-taste,

smoke during

frying

Seed oils < 2%

Palm oil <5 %

0.1 %

Peroxides Oxidation Off-taste 5 – 15 meq/kg 1 meq/kg

Phosphatides From cell

membranes

Burns at high

temperature

Seed oils:

200 – 600 ppm P

5 ppm P

Moisture From oil crop,

transport &

storage

Components in

free water

< 0.2 % 0.05 %

Dirt Oil crop and

harvest

residues

Appearance < 0.2 % Not visible

Taste & odour From oil crop Not matching

with product

taste

Typical crop

taste

Bland

Metals Soil, milling

storage &

transport

Catalyst for

oxidation

Fe: 10 ppm Fe: 0.1 – 0.5

ppm

FFA M&I P Colour Others

max (%) max (%) max (ppm) Lovibond

crude degummed Soybean oil 1,25 0,38 250 50Y 5R (1"cell)

crude degummed Rapeseed oil 1,75 0,40 300 - C22:1 <2 %

crude Sunflower oil 3,00 0,50 - -

crude Maize oil 4,00 0,50 500 -

crude Palm oil 5,00 pure - -

RBD Palm oil 0,10 0,10 - 3R (5 1/4"cell) MP 33 - 39 ˚C

RBD Palm olein 0,10 0,10 - 3R (5 1/4"cell) MP < 24 ˚C, IV > 56

RBD Palm stearin 0,20 0,15 - 3R (5 1/4"cell) MP > 44 ˚C, IV < 48

crude Palm kernel oil 5,00 0,50 - - IV < 19

crude Coconut oil 4,00 1,00 - -

FOSFA specifications crude and RBD oils

Sulphuric acid

Poly Aromatic

Hydrocarbons

Lubricant oil

Glass particles

Pesticides

Iron

Dioxin

Natural toxins

Micro organisms

Diesel

Hexane

Xylene

Case: Which contaminants

should we analyze crude oils for?

YES:

Poly Aromatic

Hydrocarbons

Pesticides

Hexane

Diesel

Lubricant oil

Natural toxins

NO:

Dioxin

Sulphuric Acid

Micro organisms

Glass particles

Iron

Xylene (except

maiden voyages)

Contaminants we should analyze

crude oils for.

Contaminants-effect on health

Contaminant Origin Risky oils Limit

Heavy metals Soil, milling

storage &

transport

Generally below

detection limit

Lead:

max 0.1 ppm

EC regulation

1881/2006

Poly Aromatic

Hydrocarbons

Drying of oil crop Soft seed oils

Coconut oil

BaP max 2.0 ppb

PAH4 max 10.0 ppb

PAH4 max 20.0 ppb

EC regulation

835/2011

Pesticides above

MRL

Crop protection

chemicals

Seed oils MRL or LOD in oil

crop

EU directive

91/414/EEC

Dioxins and

furans

Environmental

pollution

Generally below

detection limit

Max. 0.75 pg WHO-

TEQ/g

EC regulation

1239/2011

Dioxins, furans &

dioxin like PCB’s

Environmental

pollution

Generally below

detection limit

Max. 1.25 pg WHO-

TEQ/g

EC regulation

1239/2011

Mycotoxins Mould or fungus Coconut oil,

groundnut oil,

maize oil

Aflatoxins: max 2

ppb B1 and 4 ppb

sum B1, B2, G1, G2

EC regulation

1881/2006

Mineral oil

hydrocarbons

(MOH)

Process, storage,

transport

Palm oil in 1999,

Sunflower oil in

2008

Prevent MOH

contamination in

oils and fats

No EU

legislation for

MOH

Pesticides

• Crop protection during growth

• Protection of oil seeds during storage and transport

• Transfer in storage silos

DL

LOD

MRL

ADI

ARfD

Health

concern

Se

ed C

rud

e o

il

Re

fin

ed

oil

GAP Food safety

ARfD = Acute Reference Dose

ADI = Acceptable Daily

Intake

MRL = Maximum Residue Limit

LOD = Level of Determination

DL = Detection Limit of

used

analytical method

GAP = Good Agricultural Practice

>100 x

Pesticide definitions

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Soybeans Crude Soybean Oil

Endosulfan

Level

[mg/kg]

Average =

0.068 mg/kg

Average =

0.329 mg/kg

Data from an oil mill,

33 samples over 2 year period

Seed MRL = 0.5 mg/kg

Concentration factor = 100 / Coil

In which: Coil = the fraction of oil in the seed, fruit or kernel (%)

Pesticide concentration in oil

extraction

Light Heavy

Benzo(a)pyrene

Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)

PAH4 =

Chrysene + Benzo(a)pyrene + Benzo(a)anthracene + Benzo(b) fluoranthene

Poly Aromatic

Hydrocarbons

Coconuts

Sunflower seeds

PAH contact during drying

with exhaust gasses

1

10

100

Coc

onut

Sun

flow

er

Rap

esee

d

Soy

bean

Pal

m o

il

Ba

P (

pp

b)

Maximum

Legal EU limit

In refined oil

79%

12%

7% 0%

% samples> 1 ppb

9%

Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)in Crude Oils

22

Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons (MOH)

MOH = complex mixtures of hydrocarbons derived from

crude mineral oil (C10 – C50)

MOH ≠ natural hydrocarbons produced by plants (nearly

always odd numbered n-alkanes)

Two main types:

1. Mineral Oil Saturated Hydrocarbons or MOSH.

Linear and branched alkanes and naphtenes.

65 – 85 % of crude mineral oil

2. Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons or MOAH.

Alkyl-substituted poly aromatic hydrocarbons

15 – 35 % of crude mineral oil.

cell

oil

cell

oil

Crude oil

Crude oil

Refined oil

Environmental pollution

Solvent of pesticides

Diesel or lubricant leakage

Post harvest pesticides

Anti dusting treatment

Contaminated containers

meal/residue

Leakage from mineral oil absorber

Contaminated hexane

Leaking lubricant or hydraulic oil

Leaks from equipment (pumps)

Previous cargoes

Voluntary adulteration

Use of Thermal Heating Fluids

Contamination by lubricant

Migration from packaging

Seeds/fruits growing

Harvesting,storage

and handling

Oil milling

Transport and handling

of crude oils

Oil refining/purification

Origin of MOH contamination

Mineral oil hydrocarbons- Example of poor housekeeping

Refining process- introduced in 1900

From decanting to refining due to:

• Use of coconut oil for margarine

• Decolouring of cottonseed oil

• Changing taste

• Removal of catalyst poisons

before hydrogenation.

• Removal of solvents from

extracted oils

CRUDE

OIL

REFINED

OIL

neutralisation deodorisationbleaching

degumming deodorisationdrybleachingwet

soaplyespent

earthearth steam exhaust gases

acid/water spent

earth

acid/water

earthsteam

acid oil

exhaust gases

CHEMICAL

PHYSICAL

Cell

residues,

Water,

Hexane

Metals,

Dirt

Free

Fatty

Acids

Colour,

Oxides,

PAH

Flavours,

Pesticides,

volatiles

Oil extraction

Water

degumming

Degumming/

neutralization

Bleaching/

filtration

Deodorization

170 – 270 °C

Lecithin

purification

Soap splitting

Steam blowing

of filters

Fatty acid

scrubber

Oil crop Meal

Refined oil

Lecithin

Acid oil

Acid oil or

back to crude

Deodorizer

distillate

Acid water to effluent treatment

Condensed steam to effluent treatment

Vacuum system bleed to effluent treatment

Oil mill

Acid,

alkali

BE, AC

Steam

Chemical

refining

Refining by-products

Oil extraction

Acid degumming

Acid pre-

treatment

Bleaching/

filtration

Deodorization

240 – 270 °C

Steam blowing

of filters

Fatty acid

scrubber

Oil crop Meal

Refined oil

Sludge

Sludge

Acid oil or

back to crude

Deodorizer

distillate

Condensed steam to effluent treatment

Vacuum system bleed to effluent treatment

Oil mill

Citric/

Phosphoric

acid

BE, AC

Steam

Physical

refining

Refining by-products

29

Contaminant N B D/S Destination

Pesticides dissolving in alkaline

(e.g. Dichlorvos)

X Acid water

Pesticides interacting with

bleaching earth

(e.g. Pirimiphosmethyl)

X Spent

bleaching earth

(SBE)

Pesticides removed by stripping

(all organophosphorus)

X Deodorizer

distillate (DD)

Heavy PAH X

(AC)

50 % of

BaP

SBE and DD

Light PAH X

(AC)

X SBE and DD

The fate of contaminants (1)

30

Contaminant N B D/S Destination

Short chain MOSH (< C10)

(hexane, gazoline)

X X X Dryer vacuum

outlet

Medium chain MOSH (< C23)

(kerosine, diesel)

X DD

Long chain MOSH (> C23)

(lubricant oil)

Remains in

product

Dioxins X

(AC)

X SBE and DD

Mycotoxins (react with water) X X Acid water and

SBE

The fate of contaminants (2)

31

• Deodorizer distillate from chemical refining is a high risk by-

product

preferably not to be used as raw material for animal feed.

• Deodorizer distillate from physical refining is a medium risk by-

product

should only be used in feed after contaminant analyses.

• Acid oil extracted from spent bleaching earth is a medium risk

by-product

should only be used in feed after contaminant analyses.

• Acid oil from soap splitting and filter blowing is a low risk by-

product

can be used in feed if crude oil is OK.

Use of by-products in feed

32

Undesirable side reaction products of

oil processing

Trans fatty acids:

Side reaction product of:

• Partial hydrogenation (level > 10 %)

• High temperature deodorization (level depends on

unsaturation, temperature and time)

Very stable

Negative effect on blood cholesterol and cardio vascular

diseases

Proposed limit : max. 2 % in oil/fat phase.

TFA formation during deodorization

0

1

2

3

4

5

200 220 240 260 280

Temperature (deg.C)

TF

A (

%) Palm oil

Sunflower oil

Soybean oil

34

Undesirable side reaction products of

oil processing

3 MCPD esters

• Precursors: triglycerides, chlorine, acidic conditions

• Formation at T > 120 °C

• Stable

• Suspect carcinogenic (Non-genotoxic)

• Mitigation by improving crude oil supply chain

• Proposed limit: 0.8 µg/kg body weight/day

35

Undesirable side reaction products of

oil processing

Glycidyl esters

• Precursors: diglycerides, heat

• Formation at T > 220 °C

• Not stable, decomposed by acid activated bleaching earth

• Suspect carcinogenic and genotoxic

• Mitigation by reducing deodorization temperature

• Proposed limit: 1 ppm

36

Religious food

lawsExamples:

• Kosher

• Halal

• Hindu food rules

Origin:

1. Philosophical:

Religious food laws cannot be explained since human mind is

not capable of understanding divine intentions

2. Health explanations:

Some laws correspond to modern ideas of food hygiene,

however, many don’t.

Current application:

Besides religious reasons, also linked to purity/food safety by

“non-believers”.

37

Sustainable diets: Eating patterns that promote health and

well-being and provide food security for the present

population while sustaining human and natural resources for

future generations *).

Food security: All people now, and in the future, have access

to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to maintain a healthy

and active life *).

Producing more healthy food in a responsible way at

reduced environmental impact.

Sustainable food supply

*) USA advisory board of dietary guidelinesFood production

En

vir

on

me

nta

l im

pa

ct

refining

process

Conditions

Product quality

Contaminant

removalMinimize

process contaminants

And reduced environmental impact!

The refiner’s challenge