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Food and Soil Resources

Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

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Page 1: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Food and Soil ResourcesFood and Soil Resources

Page 2: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Key ConceptsKey Concepts

Farming and other methods of producing food

Farming and other methods of producing food

Increasing food production Increasing food production

Soil degradation Soil degradation

Increasing sustainability Increasing sustainability

Page 3: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

How Is Food Produced?How Is Food Produced?

Food sources Food sources

Wheat, corn, and rice Wheat, corn, and rice

Fish, beef, pork, and chicken Fish, beef, pork, and chicken

Page 4: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 5: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 6: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Mold Board Plow Used to Breakup Natural Vegetation

Page 7: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Moldboard PlowMoldboard Plow

• For a farmer to be able to plant different crops on his land, it is first necessary to eliminate the natural vegetation.

• This is initially accomplished through the use of a moldboard plow.

Page 8: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Moldboard PlowMoldboard Plow

• The moldboard plow has one or more metal shares which cut into the ground, and overturn the surface vegetation.

• This action exposes the underlying layer of soil humus, and begins the decomposition of the overturned plant material. Moldboard plows are inherently required on unbroken land, for without one, a farmer would not be able to plant a viable crop on his land.

Page 9: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Moldboard PlowMoldboard Plow

• The competition from the undesired natural vegetation would starve the crop for necessary nutrients, and as a result the yield of the farmer's crop would be drastically reduced.

Page 10: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Moldboard PlowMoldboard Plow

• The plowing process oftentimes occurs twice a year, once in the spring and once in the fall.

• While spring plowing is accomplished to break up the soil for spring planting, fall plowing is usually done to destroy plant diseases and insects that use the previous year's crop as their sustenance.

Page 11: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Disk Harrow

Page 12: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Disk Harrow

Page 13: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

After a field has been plowed, it still needs to be smoothed out and leveled before it can be planted. With two gangs of individual round disks, a disk harrow chops the sod furrows into smaller pieces. This further damages the original vegetation's root system, and begins to level the field for planting. Depending on the type of sod and plant root system, it may take several passes by a disk harrow before a field is smooth and level enough to be planted.

Page 14: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Grain Drill

Page 15: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Grain Drill Grain Drill

• Once a field has been adequately leveled, and the sod has been broken into small enough pieces (or the rocks have been removed if the case may be), it is ready to be planted by the farmer.

Page 16: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Grain Drill Grain Drill

• The type of implement that a farmer uses to plant the field depends directly on the type of crop he is going to plant.

• If the farmer has decided that he wishes to plant a grain of some sort on his land, the implement that he would choose is the grain drill.

Page 17: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Grain Drill Grain Drill

• A grain drill has a series of individual round disk openers which carve out a small trench for the grain seed to be dropped into.

• As the wheels rotate, seed is augured from the seed hopper, through the seed tubes, and into the small trench.

• Round trace chains or spike-toothed drags follow the disk openers, fill in the small trenches, and bury the seed in the soil.

Page 18: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Modern Disk Harrow

Page 19: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 20: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Major Types of AgricultureMajor Types of Agriculture

Industrialized agriculture Industrialized agriculture

Traditional subsistence agriculture Traditional subsistence agriculture

Plantation Plantation

Traditional intensive agriculture Traditional intensive agriculture

Page 21: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Montana Rangeland

Page 22: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

North Dakota Farmland

Page 23: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Canola Field, North Dakota

Page 24: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

North Dakota Farm

Page 25: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

North Dakota Farmer

Page 26: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Sunflowers

Page 27: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Grain Elevator – Kearney , Nebraska

Page 28: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Grain Elevator – Limon Colorado

Page 29: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Budweiser Granary, North Dakota

Page 30: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Grain Elevators, North Dakota

Page 31: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Montana Grain Elevators

Page 32: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Hay Field, Montana

Page 33: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 34: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

North Dakota Farm and Wind Turbine

Page 35: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Montana Hay Stacks

Page 36: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Montana Cattle and Water Hole

Page 37: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

World Food ProductionWorld Food Production

Industrialized agriculture

Shifting cultivation

Plantation agriculture

Nomadic herding

Intensive traditional agriculture

No agriculture

Page 38: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Green Revolution TechniquesGreen Revolution Techniques

High-input monoculture High-input monoculture

Selectively bred or genetically-engineered crops

Selectively bred or genetically-engineered crops

High inputs of fertilizer High inputs of fertilizer

Extensive use of pesticides Extensive use of pesticides

High inputs of water High inputs of water

Multiple cropping Multiple cropping

Page 39: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Green RevolutionsGreen Revolutions

First green revolution(developed countries)First green revolution(developed countries)

Second green revolution(developing countries)

Second green revolution(developing countries)

Major International agricultural research centers and seed banksMajor International agricultural research centers and seed banks

Page 40: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Traditional TechniquesTraditional Techniques

Interplanting Interplanting

Polyvarietal cultivation Polyvarietal cultivation

Intercropping Intercropping

Agroforestry (alley cropping) Agroforestry (alley cropping)

Polyculture Polyculture

Page 41: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Soil ErosionSoil Erosion

WindWaterPeople

WindWaterPeople

Page 42: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Areas of serious concern

Areas of some concern

Stable or non-vegetative areas

Global Soil ErosionGlobal Soil Erosion

Page 43: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Soil Erosion in the USSoil Erosion in the US

Dust Bowl: 1930s

Reductions in erosion since 1987

1985 Food Security Act

Dust Bowl: 1930s

Reductions in erosion since 1987

1985 Food Security Act

Page 44: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 45: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 46: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 47: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Worm Castings: Organic Matter

Page 48: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Soil ProfileSoil Profile

Page 49: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 50: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 51: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 52: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 53: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 54: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 55: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Colorado Kansas

DustBowl

Oklahoma

New Mexico

Texas

MEXICO

Page 56: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 57: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 58: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 59: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 60: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 61: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Stratford, Texas 1935

Page 62: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Stratford, Texas 1935

Page 63: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Wind Blown Dust

Page 64: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 65: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Madagascar Soil Erosion From Deforestation

Page 66: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Mississippi River Delta

Page 67: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Rain Drop on Bare Soil

Page 68: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 69: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 70: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 71: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Soil Erosion After a Forest Fire

Page 72: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 73: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

DesertificationDesertification

OvergrazingDeforestationErosionSalinizationSoil CompactionNatural Climate Change

OvergrazingDeforestationErosionSalinizationSoil CompactionNatural Climate Change

Page 74: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

ConsequencesCauses

Worsening drought

Famine

Economic losses

Lower living standards

Environmentalrefugees

Overgrazing

Deforestation

Erosion

Salinization

Soil compaction

Natural climate change

Desertification

Page 75: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

World DesertificationWorld Desertification

Moderate Severe Very Severe

Page 76: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Soil Degradation on Irrigated LandSoil Degradation on Irrigated Land

Salinization Salinization

Waterlogging Waterlogging

EvaporationTranspiration

Evaporation

Waterlogging

Less permeableclay layer

Page 77: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Reducing and Cleaning Up SalinizationReducing and Cleaning Up Salinization

Reduce irrigationSwitch to salt-tolerant cropsFlush soilsNot growing crops for 2-5 yearsInstall underground drainage

Reduce irrigationSwitch to salt-tolerant cropsFlush soilsNot growing crops for 2-5 yearsInstall underground drainage

Page 78: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Reduce irrigation

Switch to salt-tolerant crops(such as barley, cotton, sugar beet)

Prevention

Flushing soil(expensive andwastes water)

Not growing crops for 2-5 years

Installing under- ground drainagesystems (expensive)

Cleanup

Solutions

Soil Salinization

Page 79: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Soil ConservationSoil Conservation

Conventional-tillage Conventional-tillage

Conservation tillage Conservation tillage Terracing Terracing

Windbreaks Windbreaks

Land Classification Land Classification

Contour farming Contour farming

Strip and alley cropping Strip and alley cropping

Page 80: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Strip Plowing

Page 81: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 82: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

(a) Terracing

Page 83: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Strip Plowing

Page 84: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 85: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Terracing in Bali

Page 86: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Terracing in Nepal

Page 87: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Shelter Belts

Page 88: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Approximate Reduction of Wind Velocity by a Single-Row Shelterbelt

Page 89: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Terrace and Contour Plowing in Iowa

Page 90: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability
Page 91: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

(b) Contour planting and strip cropping

Page 92: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

(c) Alley cropping

Page 93: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

(d) Windbreaks

Page 94: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Soil RestorationSoil Restoration

Organic fertilizer Organic fertilizer

Commercial inorganic fertilizer Commercial inorganic fertilizer

Animal manure Animal manure

Green manure Green manure

Compost Compost

Crop rotation Crop rotation

Page 95: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

World Food ProductionWorld Food Production

Now leveling off Now leveling off

Shortages in developing countries Shortages in developing countries

Page 96: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0

Gra

in p

rod

uct

ion

(mill

ion

s o

f to

ns)

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Total World Grain Production

Year

Page 97: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

400

350

300

250

150

Per

cap

ita

gra

in p

rod

uct

ion

(kilo

gra

ms

per

per

son

)

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

World Grain Production per Capita

200

Year

Page 98: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Nutrition IssuesNutrition Issues

UndernutritionUndernutrition

Malnutrition Malnutrition

OvernutritionOvernutrition

Page 99: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Cal

ori

es p

er d

ay p

er p

erso

n3,700

3,500

3,300

3,100

2,900

2,700

2,500

2,300

2,100

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2030

Year

Developed countries

World

Developing countries

Page 100: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Environmental Effects of Food ProductionEnvironmental Effects of Food Production

Biodiversity lossBiodiversity loss

Soil degradationSoil degradation

Air pollutionAir pollution

Water shortages and erosionWater shortages and erosion

Human healthHuman health

Page 101: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Biodiversity Loss

Loss and degradation of habitat fromclearing grasslands and forests anddraining wetland

Fish kills from pesticide runoff

Killing of wild predators to protectlivestock

Loss of genetic diversity fromreplacing thousands of wild cropstrains with a few monoculture strains

Soil

Erosion

Loss of fertility

Salinization

Waterlogging

Desertification

Page 102: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Air Pollution

Greenhouse gas emissions from fossilFuel issue

Other air pollutants from fossil fuel use

Pollution from pesticide sprays

WaterWater waste

Aquifer depletion

Increased runoff andflooding from land clearedto grow crops

Sediment pollution fromerosion

Fish kills from pesticiderunoff

Surface and groundwaterpollution from pesticidesand fertilizers

Over fertilization of lakesand slow-moving riversfrom runoff of nitrates and phosphates fromfertilizers, livestockwastes, and foodprocessing wastes

Page 103: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Human Health

Nitrates in drinking water

Pesticide residues in drinking water,food, and air

Contamination of drinking andswimming water with disease organisms from livestock wastes

Bacterial contamination of meat

Page 104: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Increasing World Crop ProductionIncreasing World Crop Production

Crossbreeding and artificial selection Crossbreeding and artificial selection

Genetic engineering (gene splicing) Genetic engineering (gene splicing)

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Continued Green Revolution techniques Continued Green Revolution techniques

Introducing new foods Introducing new foods

Working more land Working more land

Page 105: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Producing More MeatProducing More Meat

Feedlots Feedlots

Rangelands Rangelands

Improved rangeland management Improved rangeland management

Efficiency Efficiency

Environmental consequences Environmental consequences

Kilograms of grain needed per kilogram of body weightKilograms of grain needed per kilogram of body weight

Beef cattleBeef cattle 77

PigsPigs 44

ChickenChicken 2.22.2

Fish (catfishor carp)

Fish (catfishor carp) 22

Page 106: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Catching and Raising More FishCatching and Raising More Fish

Fisheries Fisheries

Fishing methods Fishing methods

Overfishing Overfishing

Commercial extinction Commercial extinction

Aquiculture Aquiculture

Fish farming and ranching Fish farming and ranching

Page 107: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Spotter airplane

Fish farmingin cage

Trawlerfishing

Purse-seinefishing

sonartrawl flap

trawllines

trawl bag

Long line fishing

lines withhooks

Drift-net fishing

fish caughtby gills

float buoy

fish school

Fishing Methods

Page 108: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Demersal (mostly bottom dwelling)

Hake

Haddock

Cod

Pelagic(surface dwelling)

Crustaceans Mollusks

Sardine Anchovy

Herring

Mackerel

Tuna

Krill

Shrimp

Lobster

Crab

Oyster Clam

Octopus

Squid

Fish Shellfish

Page 109: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

100

80

60

40

20

01950 19701960 200019901980

Cat

ch(m

illio

ns

of

met

ric

ton

s)

Year

Total World Fish Catch

Page 110: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

25

20

15

10

5

01950 19701960 200019901980

Per

cap

ita

catc

h(k

ilog

ram

s p

er p

erso

n)

Year

World Fish Catch Per Person

Page 111: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

800

600

400

200

01960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

Har

vest

(th

ou

san

ds

of

met

ric

ton

s)

Ab

un

dan

ce(k

ilog

ram

s/to

w)

Abundance

Harvest

10

Page 112: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Highly efficient

High yield in smallvolume of water

Increased yieldsthrough cross-breeding and genetic engineering

Can reduce over-harvesting of conventional fisheries

Little use of fuel

Profit not tied to price of oil

High profits

Advantages

Large inputs of land, feed, And water needed

Produces large and concentrated outputs of waste

Destroys mangrove forests

Increased grain productionneeded to feed some species

Fish can be killed by pesticide runoff from nearby cropland

Dense populations vulnerable to disease

Tanks too contaminated touse after about 5 years

Disadvantages

Trade-Offs

Aquaculture

Page 113: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

• Reduce use of fishmeal as a feed to reduce depletion of other fish

• Improve pollution management of aquaculture wastes

• Reduce escape of aquaculture species into the wild

• Restrict location of fish farms to reduce loss of mangrove forests and other threatened areas

• Farm some aquaculture species (such as salmon and cobia) in deeply submerged cages to protect them from wave action and predators and allow dilution of wastes into the ocean

• Set up a system for certifying sustainable forms of aquaculture

Solutions

More Sustainable Aquaculture

Page 114: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Government Agricultural PolicyGovernment Agricultural Policy

Artificially low prices Artificially low prices

Subsidies Subsidies

Elimination of price controls Elimination of price controls

Food aid Food aid

Page 115: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

Sustainable AgricultureSustainable Agriculture

Low-input agriculture Low-input agriculture

Organic farming Organic farming

Profitable Profitable

Increasing funding for research in sustainable techniques

Increasing funding for research in sustainable techniques

Page 116: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

High-yield polyculture

Organic fertilizers

Biological pest control

Integrated pestmanagement

Irrigation efficiency

Perennial crops

Crop rotation

Use of more water-efficient crops

Soil conservation

Subsidies for more sustainable farming and fishing

Increase

Soil erosion

Soil salinization

Aquifer depletion

Overgrazing

Overfishing

Loss of biodiversity

Loss of primecropland

Food waste

Subsidies for unsustainable farming and fishing

Population growth

Poverty

Decrease

Solutions

Sustainable Agriculture

Page 117: Food and Soil Resources. Key Concepts Farming and other methods of producing food Increasing food production Soil degradation Increasing sustainability

•Waste less food

•Reduce or eliminate meat consumption

•Feed pets balanced grain foods instead of meat

•Use organic farming to grow some of your food

•Buy organic food

•Compost your food wastes

What Can You Do?

Sustainable Agriculture


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