Upload
isaiah-conway
View
213
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
following lives from birth and through the adult years www.cls.ioe.ac.uk
GeNet Gender Equality Symposium
Erzsébet Bukodi
Institute of Education, University of London
Bad start: is there a way up?Gender differences in the effect of initial
occupation on early career mobility in Britain
following lives from birth and through the adult years www.cls.ioe.ac.uk
Research questions
Major objective: to examine gender and cohort differences in the strength of the effects of career entry on subsequent upward or downward mobility.
Do ‘bad’ entry jobs have implications for career development which differ by gender?
If gender differences in the consequences of ‘bad’ entry jobs do exist, are these differences stable or changing over time?
following lives from birth and through the adult years www.cls.ioe.ac.uk
Why gender differences? Selectivity issues: in certain low level entry positions
women may have lower qualifications women may have fewer opportunities for further training
Career prospects may be affected by employees’ work contracts
increased participation in part-time work for British women
Gender differences in the effect of ‘psychological capital’ a ‘bad entry’ may discourage women more from applying for better
jobs Gender differences in preferences
women may be less concerned with a rapid job promotion
→ Women make fewer ‘good’ job changes and more between ‘bad’ jobs
following lives from birth and through the adult years www.cls.ioe.ac.uk
Gradually improving position of women in the British LM Men’s LM opportunities have been worsening since the
early eighties → diminishing gender differences in the effects of initial
occupational placement on career trajectories
Polarisation of employment structure (e.g. Goos and Manning, 2007): growing demands for highly educated employees growing demands for more ‘feminized’ low paid service
jobs with few career prospects → increasing gender differences in the effects of initial
occupational placement on career trajectories
Why cohort differences?
following lives from birth and through the adult years www.cls.ioe.ac.uk
Data: NCDS and BCS70 The National Child Development Study
- census of babies born in a certain week of 1958 in Great Britain - 7 main interview waves up to 2004 (age 46)
The British Cohort Study- census of babies born in a certain week of 1970 in Great Britain- 6 sweeps up to 2004 (age 34)
In both surveys:- retrospective histories of employment - women’s and men’s occupational histories
This paper:- makes use of the sweeps conducted at age 23, 33-34 in the case of NCDS and at age 26, 30 and 34 in the case of BCS70- reconstructs cohort members’ job histories between age 16 and 34 (relatively early career)- only ‘significant’ jobs are considered (lasted at least 6 months)
following lives from birth and through the adult years www.cls.ioe.ac.uk
Examining occupational mobility: creating an occupational scale
We construct a ranking schema based on occupational wage rates (see Nickell, 1982)
earnings data from the UK New Earnings Survey ranked the occupations using the 77 SOC codes according to
the mean hourly wage rates of full-timers in each occupation (Men + women)
the scores represent relative positions within occupational distribution
Low quality occupations: those in the bottom quintile
following lives from birth and through the adult years www.cls.ioe.ac.uk
Low quality jobs at LM entry
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Women Men Women Men
Cohort-1958 Cohort-1970
1st (lowest)
2nd
3rd
4th
5th (highest)
following lives from birth and through the adult years www.cls.ioe.ac.uk
Consequences of ‘bad entry’
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Women Men Women Men
Cohort-1958 Cohort-1970
Stable
Steadely upward
Counter mobiles - movingbetween level 1 and 2
Counter mobiles - other
Unstable
Distribution of individuals who entered the labour market in the LOWEST occupational level by the career type
following lives from birth and through the adult years www.cls.ioe.ac.uk
Consequences of ‘bad entry’: an event-history analysis All job moves up to age 34 are considered
Piecewise exponential models (with control for unobserved heterogeneity)
Dependent variables: upward and downward mobility
Key explanatory variable: first occupational level
Other covariates: job tenure (in months) cumulative work experience (in months) % of work career in part-time employment until current job occupational mobility history up to current job (no mobility, only upward, only downward,
both types) qualifications at entry the current job current job: occupational score, part-time/full-time job
following lives from birth and through the adult years www.cls.ioe.ac.uk
Consequences of ‘bad entry’: the effects of first occupational level on upward mobility
-0.5 0.50-0.25 0.25
3rd level
1st level
2nd level
4th level5th levelCohort-1958
-0.5 0.50-0.25 0.25
3rd level1st level
2nd level
4th level
5th levelCohort-1970
MEN
0.50 0.25-0.25-0.5
3rd level
1st level
2nd level4th level 5th levelCohort-1958
0.50-0.5 0.25-0.25
3rd level
1st level
2nd level
4th level
5th levelCohort-1970
WOMEN
following lives from birth and through the adult years www.cls.ioe.ac.uk
Consequences of ‘bad entry’: the effects of first occupational level on downward mobility
WOMEN
-0.5 0.50-0.25 0.25
3rd level 1st level
2nd level
4th level5th levelCohort-1958
-0.5 0.50-0.25 0.25
3rd level 1st level
2nd level
4th level5th levelCohort-1970
MEN
0.50 0.25-0.25-0.5
3rd level
1st level
2nd level4th level5th level
Cohort-1958
0.50-0.5 0.25-0.25
3rd level
1st level
2nd level
4th level
5th levelCohort-1970
following lives from birth and through the adult years www.cls.ioe.ac.uk
Conclusions Considerable gender differences in the effects of occupational level at LM
entry: Women face the greatest hindrance to career advancement from the low
quality entry jobs
Gender differences in the effect of bad entry jobs on subsequent career chances have changed over time:
For women, the detrimental effects of starting a career in the lowest occupational quintile are more pronounced for members of the 1970 cohort
LM entry at the bottom of occupational hierarchy:
for women: more like a ‘trap’ for men: more like a ‘stepping-stone’
Policy implication: Gender inequalities at the lower hierarchical level appear to be strengthening