Follow your Neighbor? Regional Emulation and the Design of Transparency Policies

8/14/2019 Follow your Neighbor? Regional Emulation and the Design of Transparency Policies

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Follow your Neighbor?

R E d t Ds fTsc Pcs

D B

N. 55 | N 2013

WORKING PAPER


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2 | KFGWorking Paper No. 55 | November 2013

KFG Working Paper Series

Edited by the Kolleg-ForschergruppeT Tansfmav P f Ep

T KFG W P Ss ss t dsst t sc sts f t K-Fsc

t t d c. It s t c cdc xc s s t stt d d

xs sc sc t d xt ds csss E d t E U.

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t [email protected].

Ct f ts ss: D B

Edt ssstc d dc: Ad Bc d F B

B, D 2013: F N? R E d t Ds f Tsc Pcs, KFG W

P Ss, N. 55, N 2013, K-Fsc (KFG) T Tsf P f E, F Us-tt B.

ISSN 1868-6834 (Pt)

ISSN 1868-7601 (Itt)

Ts c s fdd t G Rsc Fd (DFG).

F Ustt B

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T Tsf P f E:

T E U d t Ds f Ids

Ist. 26

14195 B

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P: +49 (0)30- 838 57033

Fx: +49 (0)30- 838 57096

[email protected]

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Follow your Neighbor? | 3

Follow your Neighbor?

Rna Eman and t Dsn f Tanspanc Pcs

Dan Bn

Astact

H d cts c ct d? D cs d, ds

cs t t dsc tsts, ds, d sts? O d t td, t c -

ts f t cts? Ad f t , d t ? Fcs t scc c

f Fd f If s, I tt s tt s c

ds. Pcs fc sst ctt t csqcs f dt ds ccs, d

s t t cts s c ds. I ft tt, d t t s, cts t

s s s t st tt sc ds. A s xs f sc -

, I d t c st t 4,096 s f cts, d d tt cts t s

, c xt, td t s s t t ct-s. Ts

sts st t dt ctzs f , xd cts ct ct-scc fts,

d ts st t fs f s s t ds css f c-

, cc, cdt, d . Ts c s ts t ds f c design, s

sd t adopon, s tt ft dc f c ds sc.

T At

Dan Bns Assstt Pfss t Dtt f Pc Scc

t t Ust f Mst, T Cs. Ps s Pst-Dct

F t t K-Fsc T Tsf P f E t

F Ustt B. H cd s P.D. 2012 f t Ust f

Wst, S. Hs sc fcss t sd f tsc d

cctt cs d t d, c ds d ts

dcc ts, d sss f c s cs. F

f, s .d.c.

Ctct: [email protected]


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Contents

1. Itdc 5

2. T G Sd f t Fd f If 7

3. T Ds f Pc Ds 9

3.1 Uncertainty and Emulaon 9

3.2 Illustrave Evidence 10

4. A Qt Ac t Pc Ds d Pc St 14

4.1 Measuring the Design of FOI Laws 14

4.2 Modeling Policy Similarity among Country-Pairs 15

5. Md Rsts 17

5.1 Regional Emulaon 17

5.2 Alternave Diusion Mechanisms 18

6. Ccs 23

B 25


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1. Intdcn1

H d cts c ct d? D c-s d, ds

cs t t dsc s d tsts, d t dsc st stcts d cts? O dt td, t c ts f t cts? Ad f t , d t ?

M dt tts stdd sc qss f t ddc tddc f c-

, t t d ts d fs. Stds f c ds fcs

cts c ccs ctd t ccs f t cts (Ss t . 2006:

782). Stds f c cc x t tdc f cs t , t f

f cs st stcts, csss, d fcs (Dz 2001: 53). Pc tsf,

t t d, s dd s css c d t cs, dst

ts, sts d ds c s (st st) s sd t dt

f cs, dst ts, sts d ds t c s (Dtz/

Ms 2000: 5). Rsc z sc s fcsd st ss,

cst css tt fcs t t s t ts tt fc t s st f

t cds (DM/P 1983: 149). At tt s ddc s

fcsd stsc cs t d tddc f c- d t stt s

(Fzs/Hs 2008; N/P 2012). A f ts cs s t fdt qss,

: Fst, t c- s ddt tddt; d scd, t f tt

tddc ts.

O tt cs tt s sd t x c tddc s ,

ts cs t dt cs s t t cts cs t d t c, t

cs t cd ccstc (H 2001: 127). Istd f d-

dt, de novoc ds, cts sc css, f st dss tsd

t t s ct s t c t f t s (Bz/Rss 2012: 9).

E s d ctt, cs c-s ct cct jd t c A s

t c B t ctt (Ss t . 2006: 799). DM/P (1983: 151) fd

t d c ctt s c ss, tt z tc-

s dstd () s s, t t cts sc

ctt, zs d tss t zs.

E c t t f f c ss-d, cts t ts f cs d s

tt c sd s s s d tsf t t dsc ctxt,

ss c, cts t tc dd f st s-

sc f fc d, s cs ts s t d ds ct

(Bz/Rss 2012: 9-10). M qt stds s fcsd t tt f

1 Ts s t st f sc cdctd t t K-Fsc (KFG) T Tsf

P f E, std t t F Ustt B, t t s Pst-Dct F 2012-

2013. T KFG s fdd t G Rsc Fd (DFG) d s tt sc t ds

f ds t EUs t d xt s. F ft f s cst .tsf.

.


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d t ds f cs cd cc z (Ss/Es 2004; Hsz t .

2005), ct ddc (P/G 2005), d t z ccs f s (G

t . 2002).

Ts fcss t cs f s t f c, Fd f If (FOI) s, c

sd d css t d t st s dcds. I x t c ds f ts s,

scc t tdc f cts t ss s s t xs s t cts. I -

tt st xs ts s. Cts t t t FOI ds

ccs d t cts, t t st t t t s. Pc-

, sc f c fs, ts c d cds f ctt t

csqcs f dt c ds ccs. Ud sc ccstcs, cts t

scs (K t . 1982) d t t s f d c ds.

Bd qt d f c st t s f cts, I s tt cts t

s td t s FOI s t cts c t. 2Sd -

s s tt d st d f c st t ct-s, t t

cct dt ss ds f , t dsc fts f dd cts, st

st ct s, t ss fs f , d t c tszd df-

fs css, cd c, cc, cdt, d . Ts sts t

t tt f t ds f c ds. W ts sts f t

scc cs f t f c, ft sc sd st t xtt t c t z t

ts. Ft, sc stsc sts ct cstt ccs dc f c -

s f c dcss, I st ts dc cjc t t f st dc

f cct css c t f cts t s s s td s

fct.

I t st dcd, xts qt tt c ds s fcsd ts t df-

ft css d t s tt d t adoponf cs, t s fcsd

t t f t ds f c design. Nt ds ts std t tt

s tt d f c ds, t s ts t ds f c ds

s tt ft f c ds sc. Fcs c ds t t c

d s ts t tst dt ds css, ds, d t s

(S 2012) ssctd s t s sc s d.

T scd sc f ts dts t sd f FOI s d t tt xsts t

ds. T td sc sts t f sd t f ctt c-

s fc ds FOI s, d s t st dc f xs f FOI

ds d ss d t d. T ft sc tdcs dt t ds f FOI s, d

2 Pc d t td t st t t f cs f s. Cts s

c scc ss t ssts f t cts cs. H, fcs t st f

FOI s sc , ts ss sts f dc f f s

tt fct s c ds. E f dd c ss s tt tc f

ft sc.


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qt c t d t c st t s f cts. T sc

sts t sts f ss f qt ds ts t t t

ds css. F, t sxt sc ccds.

2. T Ga Spad f t Fdm f Infman

Fd f f s czs, t sdts, d tstd s t t t ccss

dcts d t t tt d t dstt tst (Ac/

Sd-Bsts 2006). T s t t t tsc dds t

t t qst f d cds f t ds, d q t cs t

sd. FOI s s cd Accss t If Rt t If s.

Sd ssd t ds st FOI 1766, d s fd Fd 1951, d t Utd

Stts Fd f If Act 1966. F ss t Utd Stts, t stts ssd

s s t cs d t, t t s f cscd (F/S 1998).

Ot dstzd cts ssd t s s t s dcds, s t

ts. R dts cd Fc, t Ntds, Ast, N Zd, d Cd,

c ssd FOI s t d 1978-1982. O t t d, t Utd Kd d G

dd 2000 d 2005, sc. A d cts, C s t st t ss

FOI , ss L 57 f 1985 c t Dscs f Oc Acts d Dcts s Odd

1985 (Md 2009). T xt t ssd tsd f t dd d Est E, t

H d U t ss FOI s 1992. B t d f 2000, 19 d ts c-

ts d ssd FOI s. Td, 90 cts ssd FOI s css f t d.

M t sts d ts czd t fd f f s tt

ct f t fd f xss. Ac 19 f t Us Dc f H Rts,

t st t t fd f xss, ts t t t s d c f s :

E s t t t fd f d xss; ts t cds fd t d s

tt tfc d t s, c d t f d ds t d d d-

ss f fs (Utd Ns 1948). Idd, Ac 19, j t NGO FOI s-

ss, d tsf ts c t ts fd 1987. T It Ct C d Pc

Rts s czs t t t c d t f d ds f ds s t f t

fd f xss. M ct, sts d t d d t dcts

cz t fd f f s t, sc s t 2000 It-Ac Dc f

Pcs Fd f Exss, t 2002 Dc f Pcs Fd f Exss Afc,

d s Jt Dcs t Utd Ns, t Oz f Sct d C

E, t Oz f Ac Stts, d t Afc Css H d Ps Rts.

H, ts dcts cds, f t , t t ds f

FOI s tt cts t ss d t t ts ts t ct.


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FOI s t sjct f tt cdt. T t f ct -

ts t t Wd B dt s df f css (t t Wd B

s ct td FOI s s s, sc s d fds f tstd ts

t d c csts). T EU s t cdd t ss f FOI s ccss ct ct f C . At t f t C c sct GONG, d

t 2003 FOI s cdd t 2012 Cs Mt Rt Cs dss

f s.3T t cd f C t dt t ccss t f, d

t stt t d dst f t f ccss t f. 4P -

t f xs FOI s s s d ss ts f S, s s

f Bs d Hzs t ft s, t t fcs f ts st std s

ds, t t ss. I R, t E Css dd t t ss

c dsc c f ss s d d d s d d d t-

d. T E Csss 2001 t Rs ccss ss td tt Accss t f-

s tt ss tt s cs td t t t cctt f t d t t

st c. At t c f ccss t f s sd t 1991 Cst

t s c s (E Css 2001). O t t d,

sd t t EU d d sts f ss d t f t 2000 Accss t

Pc If Act B, t st f NGO t c sd tt t d

f ts.5

W t t d dsc dtts f ss f FOI s d t s-

jct f c sc, t qt d qt (Ac/Sd-Bsts 2006; B

ftc; F 2007; Gsc 2003; Ks 2012; Mc 2010; Mc 2011; McC 2011;

Rts 2006), ss sc s fcsd t ds f FOI s d t d (t

Mc 2010 stds ds L Ac cts).

T s sst t ds f FOI s d t d. S t d f

cs f t, cs, d ts f f t ts. S d xs

f dscs f ss sc s sct, c, d cc scts, ts

f xs, t c c tst tst t c ts xs st t -

cs tst dscs. S FOI s s ct st d ddt s f s,

st, t, d scs. Idd, sc ddt If Csss s c-

cdd tt t ctt t FOI s c st cc (Hs/Psq 2012).

I Id, f x, t 2005 Rt t If Act d t stt d c ts s s

fd cs, ctd ddt If Css, d ts xs t c

tst tst f sd f t c tst dscs ts t

3 S ://..//d-c/ccss-t-f/-f--st-tds--t

(td 01 Oct 2013).

4 S ://c../t/df/_dcts/2012/c/_t_2012_.df (td 01Oct 2013).

5 It, S, B, Oct 2012.


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t t tctd tst (Bs 2006). Ids s sccssf ss. T

f css s xcsd ts tt t cs f -cc, qsts

sd t xs c c, d Id czs d t f qsts

t s st t d f s (Rts 2010).

I S, t 2004 L Fd f Accss t If f Pc Itc ctd

xs, c tst tst, d ctd ddt css s dcss d

c ts (Bs 2006). A t t fd tt 2011, 53,000 qsts d

d t s , sst f ct f Ss sz, d tt t ct f

dd qsts c d t t If Css t sd f

f t qst (S Css f If f Pc Itc d Ps Dt Ptc

2012).

Ot s, , c . I t Dc Rc, t 2004 L Accss t If

ctd ss d f xcs, c css scc ss t s

d c ds t cd tst c tst d (Md 2009: 67), dd f -

ddt s st c, d qd qsts t dc t ss f s

f (Bs 2006; Md 2009). W FOI s t td t d cts, t.

I G, t 2005 Fd Fd f If Act ctd s xs f sc dt

tt xt sd tt f t ss t f , ts s dsst (G Itt 2007: 1). Ts

fcss sc t ds f FOI s s sd xt c ds.

3. T Dsn f Pc Dsn

3.1 Uncertainty and Emulaon

Wt xs t ds f FOI s? Nt s st t ts, t dt

cts s xt dt stts d sss dt ds ts. I tt, t

t dsd t t dsc s d tsts, t t dsc sts, xt fcts

cc s t ds f FOI s. I tt t ctt d t cs-

qcs f dt ds ccs, c-s t t t ds f FOI s tt t s

s st c ds, d tt cts t s t sd s sc ds.

T s ss f c-s t d f ctt d t ds

f FOI s. Fd f If s d st cts ss ts s, d

c-s xc t t t sss. Ts s t cs t Utd Stts

t 1960s s c s t s t cs N 2011. T ds ccs tt st d

cctd tds t dt s, scc d ss, d t-d d -

ds f cctt, c dct t cc. E ft, c-s fc ctt

t csqcs f FOI ss, d f dt ds ccs t . W t

j csqcs f cc cc, c cctt, d cz


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t, d t c s f cts? Pc-s f s

ts qss a priori, d s f xt xs t s s c ds.

W sc c ds, t t cts d c-s ? T s ss ssf cs sc ds. Pc-s t - xs, t Utd Stts, f-

c . T f cts tt s t t , ts f ct, st,

st stct. T s t cts t c t tct t

ts, sc s t t zs. H, I fcs ts c

ds sctd t ss f t sc (K t . 1982), c ds cts t s

dcss t f css t t s (D t . 2007: 461).

Wd (2005) fcsd c scs s cc s t ds f s z

L Ac, tt: T t sc s dst, xcss

t sc xt, d, st, d ts () T t sc s

s dsd ct sc t cs t c cct

t cs d f d t (Wd 2005: 23-24). S, Ms

(2004) dts f s fs:

Overall, emulaon is dierent from learning in that it does not ascribe full analycal capabilies to

policians when it comes to analyzing available informaon. Rather, policians resort to cognive heu-

riscs to process informaon. When imitang, the emphasis is not so much on all available informaon

as on relevant informaon. Finally, emulaon, unlike raonal learning, does not entail an enhanced

understanding of the causal links between policies and outcomes in the light of experience (Meseguer

2004: 313).

Ts, I xct tt c-s s xt c ds t s t ds f t cts

FOI s. Ts c ds cd xs d s cts, t I xct tt

cts t s c t d t t t s xs.

I st st t st f t c st dc f

cts s f f c ds t ds f FOI s, d t tdc dt sc

ds tt t ts f t qt ds.

3.2 Illustrave Evidence

T s xs f t ds f FOI s. I s css, c-s xc-

t scd f c ds t cts, ts t std t css t

t cts dsc c sct t NGOs. I css ts csss szd

s, ts t szd f c ts -

s sc s t Utd Stts Fd f If Act.

Rt d Sctz (2002) t tt t Utd Stts sd s d d s f Js


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, c s ssd 1999. W t FOI s L Ac, Mc (2010: 28) t tt

t Mxc c t d t td, c t s s t C t

s sst sd s d f L Ac d t ts f t d. Idd, Ecd,

Mxc cstts d t ctt t d t 2004 (Mc 2010: 28), d Gt, sts td tt Mxcs tsc t s sd s d t c

d ss f Gts , c s ssd 2008.6

I S, dsc c sct s d d t FOI c s t

tdcd t N Ass, t f s d t xts ctd t d

t css t xts x f s t cts FOI s. Ts cdd s f

t Utd Stts, D, d N, s s ct ssd d c xt

s Bs d Hz d S.7

As 2002 L Accss t Adst Dcts s cd f Pts 1993

f t s (Bs 2006). Ss t t t s cd t d f scc cs,

ds f ts, d scc qts f s f t st csss. F

Bzs 2011 ss f FOI , t Ud-sd Afc Fd f If Ct td t

t f c Pts-s Afc Cts, :

Africa has ve Lusophone countries (Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique and So Tom

and Prncipe). Delays in adopon of FOI laws in these countries (except Angola) have always been at-

tributed the dicules in obtaining models draed by nave Portuguese speakers. Translaons from

English are not always coherent, it is argued. The emergence of a law from Brazil should now lay to rest

this argument. It provides opportunies to iniate advocacy for adopon where it does not yet exist

and to intensify eorts in countries like Mozambique where campaign for adopon has been iterave.8

I Bds, 2008 ss f d s, cdctd jt t t NGO Ac

19 d t c NGOs, td t scs f t d c dd Ids 2005 Rt

t If Act. T ss stts tt

Secon 21 establishes a regime of sancons for obstrucon of access that appears to be closely mod-

eled on the Indian approach. It provides for the Commission to impose daily nes up to a maximum of

BDT25,000 (approximately USD370) for a number of unreasonable failures in relaon to the law, and

for the Commission to recommend disciplinary acon against any ocer who has, unreasonably and

persistently, engaged in a number of listed failures. This is a reasonable package of punishments and

protecons.9

6 S ://.fdf./2009/02/t-s-t-xc-d-f-ccss-t

(td 01 Oct 2013).

7 It t d t d css, Bd, S, 20 M 2013.

8 S ://fcfct./dx.//?=c_ctt&=c&d=1580:zs-f--s-ss-f-fc&cd=293:c-s&Itd=561 (td 01 Oct 2013).

9 S ://.c19./dt/s/dfs/ss/ds-f-s.df (td 01 Oct 2013).


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W Bs s t t dt ssd FOI , 2008 d s zd Rss xt t

t st f t Oz f Sct d C- E (OSCE). T ss td tt

the raonale for the need to prepare the Dra Law of the Republic of Belarus on Informaon,Informazaon and Protecon of Informaon states that in preparing the dra law, the legisla -

on of the United States, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Norway, Switzerland, Hungary, Greece,

Estonia, Lithuania, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Moldova and the Russian Federaon has been

analyzed.10

I s cts, sts t fct-d ts t t cts t std t FOI s. I N,

FOI s d csd 2000, t t s ssd 2011. Ntss,

t 2000 d s fd t t Hs f Rsts If C, t C

s dcdd tt t dd t dt std t f t dcd dccs tt

fd f f s t s t fc (Md Rts Ad 2003). W scs

td t xtt f t std t, t c s t t dt t t

d td t t U.S. d t U.K, t t t sts f sc ss s Ac

19 Ld d Fd Hs N Y, ts (Md Rts Ad 2003). S,

Mxc, Mc (2010: 168) ts tt t s d css f t 2002 cdd -

t ts t t U.S., Cd, Bt d Fc.

Ext ds s d tt s t tts c t f s cts: t

C Isds ( ct f ssc t N Zd) d t C Isds ( Bs Oss

Tt). At 2008 cfc d t S Isds, t C Isds Ods sd t C

Isds FOI s s sd t N Zd Oc If Act d cds ss

f t Ods t st d dcss t cs t td qstd

f.11At t s cfc, s f t C Isds Fd f If Ut

sd tt C Isds, dsd FOI s c s std t sd st,

t sss f ct. W d t t FOI s ts f Jc, t Utd

Kd, N Zd d t Stt f Fd d cd t scs f ts s tt std

st t st.12

I t cts, dsc t c sct szd t cts s s ds. I

2007 t Idss Psdt Yd, t t NGO Ac 19 szd c-

ss t t As FOI s c f ss f t d Ids t sttd.13

Rd ddt st ds, t t tt ts s d fd Stt cc. T

Id Rt t If L 2005, f x, s t s ts t s t ddc f

10 S ://.t2f./scs/cs/s-1/s_sc-cts--s-f- (td

01 Oct 2013).

11 S ://.fsc./s.cf/s/ss-sttts/2008/f-ds--sc-d.

t (td 01 Oct 2013).

12 S ://.fsc./s.cf/s/ss-sttts/2008/f-ds--sc-d.

t (td 01 Oct 2013).

13 S ://.c19./dt/s/dfs/s/ds-f-.df (td 01 Oct 2013).


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t st d. Rd sjc stt-d tss t t , t t tt

once again, this is widely recognized in State pracce. In India, for example, anybody which is owned,

controlled or substanally nanced by government is subject to disclosure obligaons. In Japan, aspecial right to informaon law the Law Concerning Access to Informaon Held by Independent

Administrave Enes was adopted to give eect to this principle. The Thai Ocial Informaon Act of

1997 also covers State enterprises.

T dd t scc t dd s sd f ts f Id, Td, d J.

T dct f Ac 19s s s qtd t Jakarta Post s css,

st tt t As, cts sc s Id, Td, N d J cd c ds t

t sc f t s.14

I B, c s t t dt ssd FOI , 2011 ss f d Ac 19 d c-

ss t t L Ac cts c st st d: W t tt sxt

stts cd s C, Hds d Mxc d f ddt, dst st d

t fss t d ccss t f d s t t f t .15

I Bz, t c sct N F f t Rt t Accss Pc If zd c-

fc A 2009 c t tt sts f t cs f t, c

sct s, d sts d t xts t dscss t t t f.16T

t xts cdd sts f t Mxc Fd Istt f Accss t If

(IFAI) d t C Cc f Tsc, ts t t cts s s

ds.

Wt c ccd f ts xs? Pc-s cdct sc css f -

c ds t st f t d, t d ds f cts t s -

, cts t sd s c sts, - xs. Ts sts tc

t ts t d scs f c ds (Ss/Es 2004;

Ss t . 2006; G t . 2002; Hsz t . 2005; P/G 2005). Add, ts

dcts s xct css t t cts f sttd c

ds. It s ss tt dcts xct css t cts t s t

sc t sd c-s t css t dstt cts.

Ps, ts td xs dc f c dsd css. T ssss t x-

tt t c ts c sstc, d t ssss t ts f c ds tt cts

td t s s fc ts, I t t qt tds.

14 S ://.tjtst.c/s/2008/03/28/scs-f-ss-039sd--dd039.

t (td 01 Oct 2013).

15 S ://.c19./dt/s/d/1831/11-03-09-MEMO-.df (td 01 Oct2013).

16 S ://.c19./dt/s/dfs/ss/z-t-ss-t-dt-t-t-f-

-.df (td 01 Oct 2013).


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4. A Qantav Appac t Pc Dsn and Pc Smat

4.1 Measuring the Design of FOI Laws

I s t ds f FOI s s t G Rt t If R (RTI R), c-

s c ss f t fs f ccss f c f t 89 cts

sc sst xsts (Ct f L d Dcc 2011). Ts jct s cdctd t

NGOs Ct f L d Dcc d Accss If E, cst t 79 xts f

t d, d st sd St 2011 (t dtd 2012). Ec FOI s scd 61

dt dcts, st f 0-2 ts c, t s . Ts cd sst dd tt

ss sc f 150 ts f cts FOI , t cc t sd scs f 39

t 135. Ts dcts t cs s dt cts, std Table 1.17

Table 1: Categories in Global Right to Informaon Rang

Category Points

Rt f Accss 6

Sc 30

Rqs Pcds 30

Excs d Rfss 30

As 30

Scs d Ptcs 8

P Mss 16

Tt Pts 150

Sc: RTI R

Idcts t Rt f Accss ct cc t f f t s t. Idcts

t Sc ct cc t cs d cs f t t c t s.

Rqs Pcds dcts cc cds sc s ts f ss, fs, d sss-

tc f qsts t sc ds sc s tc. Excs d Rfss cc t cts

xt f dscs (sc s sct d c) d t xstc f c tst

tsts t d t. As cc ddt s cs d t s f dd

qsts. Scs d Ptcs cc scs f -ct cs. F, dcts

t P Mss ct cc c ss, ts f cs, d f

stscs f qsts.

T cts f t s sz t s f cts, t t t scs S, Id,

d S, d t st Ast, Lctst, d Gc. H, t s s f 61

dcts dss tt c t. S s st s ds -

ts t ts. T ssss ts, I cdct c cts ss f t 61 dcts,

17 Ds f 61 dd dcts c fd t ://.-. (td 01 Oct 2013).


15/28


css 91 s. Pc cts ss (PCA), s t, ss t x s c s

ss t s f dss s ss, f dtst.18If, f x, cts t scs

td t scs t , ts t s d st

t t s ds. If ss f dcts jst dt s f s t sd cct, t PCA s t df dt ds x st f t ,

t dd dss x . H, f t d ccts, t

PCA s t df dss, t t c t, x sst c-

ts f t .

Idd, t c cts ss f t RTI R dcts ds st ds c

xs 15.8 ct f t c t dt, scd ds c xs 10.1 ct, td

c xs 9.3 ct d ft c xs 5.8 ct. A t dss c x

f t 5 ct f t c. T sc f ts dt dss s tt t s

ssc t cctz FOI s s -st xs. As sc, I d f t ssss

t c st ct-s tt ds t sc -ds c.

4.2 Modeling Policy Similarity among Country-Pairs

I d t d t d ss FOI s, I ddc c, tt-

ct-s s t t f ss, d t st t t s f c s t ddt

. Ts c s sd Es (2010), t qt std scc f t ds

f ds ( csts s cs) tt I t df. Ec s s

d f c ct c sss , d sd ct c s t-

d f c ds. Rc d sd f t E Rs (1962) f f

t ds f s t sds d cs s cs f cc.

I ct ct- s s f t c ct (RC f st) s ssd ss-

qt t t sd ct (SC f st) , t xcd t sst f sc c -

cds . Ec s s ts dctd dd; f x, t s A-A

s, t A-A s. Ts s css t t t dc f t

std: ss xst t dtst t SC s s t d f t RC

t csd. B sc ct-s s t t f ss, t s dtst cts 4,096

ss, f c dctd dd.

T ddt ts c s t st t t ds f t t s c

ct-. I s st t dt s: Fst, s t f 61 ds dcts

c dc t t t s, d scd, t t c cct t t t

18 Pc cts ss s sd c scsts t std sc tcs s st

cctscs (Pt t . 1994; Cd t . 2008), c tds (Ms/Rs 1997), t ds

(G/H 2000), d ct sss t cc fc (Ks/Pss 2012).


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s css t 61 dcts. Ec f ts s d 100 f s f dscss, s tt c s

f 0 t 100.

F x, Ids d Mxcs s 37 dc ds ts, ccd t t RTI R, 24 dss. Ts ds st sc f 60.7. T c cct t t t

s css 61 dcts, t t d, ds c sc f 64.8. T st s

s f 13.1 t 80.3, t f 43.6, d f 42.6, d stdd d f 9.4. T c-

s s f -10.1 t 89.6, t f 61.9, d f 64.2, d stdd d f

13.3. W t t ss ct t c t t 0.498, t sst sts f t ds

s c s sd, s I fcs t st s.

Sc t ddt s dsttd, I stdd d. T

ddt s I fts f t ddc s t cts c .

Cf ts s t t t s . Ts ts f 1 f t cts

t s , d f 0 ts. I s ts ctz f cts t

sx s: t Acs, Est As d t Pcc, Est E d Ct As, t Mdd Est d

Nt Afc, S-S Afc, d Wst E. I s ts s f s (c-

d t t ss ctzs) t d t f FOI s c . T st s

xst t Acs, t tt, t fst t Mdd Est d Nt Afc, t f.

H, t tt d s s ts ss, I s s

t ctz sd t Utd Ns. Ts cssts f tt-t st s:

Ast d N Zd, C, Ct Ac, Ct As, Est Afc, Est As, Est

E, Ms, Mcs, Mdd Afc, Nt Afc, Nt Ac, Nt E,

Ps, St Ac, St-Est As, St Afc, St As, St E, Wst

Afc, Wst As, d Wst E. H, t st FOI s St E, t t,

t s cts t FOI s. Sc sx f ts s t cts

t FOI s, s t UN ctz st cts t t f t ds t df

, s I s ts stss cc.

F, I s s s f c s c s ctz t : t dstc

t t t cts ct cs. I tt ts tt s t d tt dstc,

t d s t f 1 f dstcs d 500 ts d 1,000 ts, sc-

. A f ts t ss f s ct t xtt t c s

t st c ds f FOI s. I s cd ds ct f t t

f c s sd t ss f t t cts s, s ct ssd s

t st s c ds. Ts s t d f s sd t t

ss f t SCs d t RCs .

Sc t ds f s s t sst sd fts f dsc cs, xs

sts d cc cts, d t c s f c cts, I xd cts f

c cts. Ts xd cts tc ct f s t t ct- (sc

s t f dt, t, c cts f tsc scc), t


17/28


18/28


t 500 ts f c t td t s 6.3 ts s t c t, c-

ts t cts t 1000 ts td t s 4.4 ts s t c t t

cts s cts t s cs. F, Md 6 cds t dct f S R t ss

t t ddt , sd t cs t t sxt- ds ts ft FOI s c ct-. Us ts ddt , cts t s td t

s 4 ts s t c t.

Table 2. Linear models of the similarity of FOI laws among country-pairs

L ds f t st f FOI s ct-s. Ec s cstts c ct c sss

, d sd ct c s ssd d s t d f c ds. T ddt

s t f 61 ds dcts c dc t t t s, d 100, xct f Md 6, c

ss t c t t ds dcts f t t cts s t ddt . A ds cd xd cts f

c cts (ts s ct s f c ct cctscs t cdd ts d ctd

t xd cts). Cstt t t s t s sc.

5.2 Alternave Diusion Mechanisms

Table 3sts t f t ds css c sstd t t-

t. T st t ds cd t t ts f ct-s c cd ss f

. Md 7 cds t f Shared IGO (inter-governmental organizaon) Memberships

t t t cts, t tt t RC ssd ts . Ot sc s fd IGO -

ss t tt ts f t ds f dcc (Ps 2002) d ts

Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6

Y Dc -0.448 *** -0.545 *** -0.579 *** -0.552 *** -0.552 *** -0.732 ***

(0.101) (0.102) (0.1) (0.102) (0.102) (0.129)

S R 4.421 *** 4.006 ***

(0.353) (0.45)

S R (UN) 4.141 ***

(0.563)

Dstc t Cts -2.319 ***

(0.167)

Dstc < 500 6.319 ***

(0.926)

Dstc < 1000 4.424 ***

(0.559)

R2 0.197 0.176 0.204 0.175 0.178 0.349

N f ss 4096 4096 4096 4096 4096 4096

Stdd s tss; *** < 0.001, ** < 0.01, * < 0.05


19/28


(G 2010). Idd, t sts f ts d s tt c dd sd IGO s s

ssctd t 0.08 ts t st t s. A cs sd IGO ss f

t (36.3) t stdd d t (49.5) d ts d t 1.1 ts

t st t t cts FOI s. Md 8 d 9 c cd dcts f fcts ccd d t Sd Cts t s s st s f : s t Same Colonial

History, d s t Same Language. T sts s tt cts t t s c st

td t s 2.8 ts s t c t, cts t t s c

td t s 1.8 ts s. Itt, t f ts ds, t cct f S

R s s, stsc sct, d f t td t t ccts f f

t t t s. H, ts sts s t tt ts c

sd d t f sd ts t . I dd t tdc t c t

FOI s f t s, cts s xt tdcs t c t ds f cts t

t s stc, sc, d st s.

Mds 10 d 11 cd t dt s t ct t t f c. C

cs t c ds d tt, c tddc, cts cf tc -

cs f t cts t s tt t t dsdtd d t d cs (C/Ps

2011: 113). Ad t t ds f FOI s, t c cs d xct tt cts

t dt s s t ts f t t cc cts. F x, f t

cts c f xts t t s dss t s scts, d f t

tt ct ds ts f FOI t s csqcs f t c-

ss, t ct cd ss t FOI tt t t s d cdd.

T tst ts sst, I cstct t dt ss t ct t xtt t c t cts

cts t c t, t tt t RC ssd ts . T st s Export Desnaon Similarity,

t c t t cts xt ds s t tt f t xts t c

t ct t d (s t td dt f t Cts f W jct). T scd s

Export Sector Similarity, t c t t cts sct ss f xts. Ts s

cstctd s dt f t Wd B Wd Dt Idcts t ss f c c-

ts cds xts scts: ct ts, fd, f, fcts, d s

d ts. F t ss, cts t scs ts c xt t s dss,

xt s xs f ds, t cts t c. H, t f t

ccts f ts s stsc sct. Ts sts s tt c s t

tt d f t ds f FOI s.

Mds 12 d 13 cd t dt s t ct t s f cc d cdt.

If cc s t c t f FOI ds, t d xct t s t st f

s t st t t cts s . T tst ts, I cd s f t

Dierence in Logged Total GDPt t cts, t tt t RC ssd ts . Ts s

ts s s t t SC s c t t RC, d s

t s s t. If cts tdd t dt FOI s s t ts f f c-

ts, t d xct t d s cct f ts . I fct, t sts f Md 12

s t st, s t cct s d stsc sct. Ts cts t tdc


20/28


f f cts t dt s s t ts f ss f cts. I t f

c f, f cts fs, t ds. T ct t t

f d cdt t c t ds f FOI s, Md 13 cds dcts t

f 1 f t t SC s d f Foreign Aidt t RC. H, ts cct s dstsc sct, s tt d cts td t ss FOI s dss f ts f t d

ds. Ts sts, t t d dc f cc cdt css, s

st s t t ts css d xct.

Mds 14 d 15 cd t ss f st st t cts, t sts f c

c ttd s. Regulatory Similaritys t c t t t cts

css t -f dt ss f t ssts cdd t Fs Istts Ecc

Fd Dtst.20Regime Similaritys t c t t t cts css t sx c-

t s t Pt 4 dtst.21Bt sd t tt t RC ssd ts , t

st ct t dt. Idd, t ccts f t s d stsc

sct.

H, t dt tts f ts d ss. T st sst s tt ts cts

t f sd st t f cts td t sct FOI ds fts c

c-s s st std f t ctxts, s ts fts sd c-

ts t s sts t t . I ts cs, t sts f ts ds d dc f

ds cs. T scd sst, , s tt ts ds d notct

t f ds t . If cts d dd ddt (s sd t tddt) -

c-, ds FOI s c std t t st ctxts, t d s

xct ts , cts t s sts s s. If ts s t

cs, t t tt t f ts d s tt even aerct f ts cts, t

S R s s, stsc sct, d f c td (4.4 d 4.2,

Mds 14 d 15 sc). Ts s tt dc tt t ct s t

fct f s cts s ss s s.

F, Mds 16 d 17 cd t ss c ct t t f sd f-

c, t t st t. Id, d cd s f t ct fc f

c FOI , ts f ts sccss dds t ccss t t f tt t

s. Uftt, dt ds t t xst css cts d ds tt d cs

f ts t ss . I d cd ss f t Sd Cts fc

t d tcs tt s tsc dcts c cd tsc

cs: cc t d c. Sender Economic Growthss t t SCs cc

t t t RC ssd ts , Sender Corrupon Reduconss t

dc c t st s, s t s f c f t It

20 Ts -f ss f t cts: Sz f Gt; Exdts, Txs, d Etss;

L Stct d Sct f Pt Rts; Accss t Sd M; Fd t Td It; d

R f Cdt, L, d Bsss.

21 Ts : R f Exc Rctt, Css f Exc Rctt, Oss f Exc

Rctt, Exc Cstts, R f Pc, d Css f Pc.


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Ct Rs Gd. If cts td t ss FOI s s t s f cts t st cc

t sstd dcs c, t t ccts f ts s s d

sct. H, t Sd Ecc Gt cct s t stsc sct. T Sd

C Rdc s t stsc sct t, ss tsd f


22/28


Table 3. Linear models of the similarity of FOI laws among country-pairs, each tesng a dierent

alternave diusion mechanism.

Model 7 Model 8 Model 9 Model 10 Model 11 Model 12 Model 13 Model 14 Model 15 Model 16 Model 17

Y Dc -0.621 *** -0.454 *** -0.452 *** -0.471 *** -0.456 *** -0.187 -0.194 -0.296 * -0.438 *** -0.812 *** -0.463 **

(0.106) (0.101) (0.101) (0.104) (0.118) (0.109) (0.11) (0.115) (0.115) (0.12) (0.146)

S R 3.593 *** 3.867 *** 4.178 *** 3.851 *** 4.478 *** 4.283 *** 4.299 *** 4.352 *** 4.179 *** 4.743 *** 4.488 ***

(0.389) (0.365) (0.363) (0.381) (0.405) (0.354) (0.353) (0.416) (0.403) (0.366) (0.432)

Emulaon (Alternaves)

Sd IGO Mss 0.080 ***

(0.016)

S C Hst 2.773 ***

(0.49)

S L 1.748 **

(0.596)

Compeon

Ext Ds St 0.277

(0.628)

Ext Sct St 0.22

(0.451)

Coercion/Condionality

D. Ld Tt GDP -0.451 ***

(0.068)

F Ad -2.009 ***

(0.353)

Learning (Instuonal Fit)

Rt St 4.512 ***

(0.748)

R St 1.617 *

(0.743)

Learning (Performance)

Sd Ecc Gt 0.019

(0.031)

Sd C Rdc 1.394

(0.722)

R2 0.202 0.203 0.198 0.186 0.199 0.212 0.203 0.235 0.182 0.211 0.234

N. s. 4096 4096 4096 3808 2767 3987 4096 2728 3195 3780 2607

Stdd s tss; *** < 0.001, ** < 0.01, * < 0.05

L ds f t st f FOI s ct-s, c ts dt t ds cs. T d-

dt s t f 61 ds dcts c dc t t t s, d 100. A ds

cd xd cts f c cts. Cstt t t s t s sc.


23/28


6. Cncsn

M scs css dscs std t c- s ddt

tddt, d t css d s t d sc tddc. O f tt css f c ds, cc, tsf, ss s ,

cts tt t cs f ts t c s st c ds. E s sc

d ccstcs f ctt t csqcs f dt c ccs.

Ts fcss scc t f c, Fd f If s, s ss s d

dsd css t t st s dcds. FOI s scc t f c f

d t t t tsc dsc cs d c-, t s

f dcd c, t cz t, d cc cc. H, c-

ts ss FOI s, t st s dcss c ds, cd t sc f cs

f t cd t , t sc f f xtd f dscs, d t ts d

stt f s d st css t s t s td d fcd. Ts dc-

ss cctd tds t scc d ss, d st d ctxts

c-s s xc t tsc c. Pc-s ts fc

t d f ctt t csqcs f dt ds ccs, d s ct d-

s FOI s t t dsc tsts, sts, cts. Istd, t d f c ds

t t. I tt cts t s c t sd s sc ds, s

t s xs d t t xt d c s s.

T dc ts ds st st f t tt f s

t ds f FOI s. I d qt d f s t c st s

f cts t ssss t fcts ssctd t t ss s FOI s ct-s.

Cts t s td t s s t c t, d ts s t cs s t-

ctzs f cts t s, s ss f c dstc tt d t

sc ctz. I s tst st t ts f , d st

t ds css tt td t tt. I d tt c s

sd c ds f cts tt s IGO ss, c s t s c

c st, t tt t tc f sd s dts

ts. I s d td dc f c , t dc f f c, cc,

cdt css. Itt, ts ds t dt f t ct- ds -

cd xd cts t cct f ss cctscs f t cts ss FOI s tt t

s t tdc t ss s s t t cts.

F, I s s tt t f s st t t t cct tt t-

ccs. O t tt cts t s s s stct cctscs tt

d t t ss s s ss t ts fts, t t ss s s s st

f . H, I ct f t ss f st st t cts, d d

tt s cts d td t ss s FOI s, t ct f

s jst s st c cd ts t d. E st s cts,

ts t s s t t c ts cs.


24/28


I dd t dc f t tc f c ds, ts std s

stds s f f cct tt t ds f c design, t t f c adopon, s f

tc f std f scs f c ds d qt sc. Idd, stds fcs

t ds f c ds t s f ts t dt css dcs f ds. Ft sc sd d ts c, d x t xtt t c t

tc f zs t t c s.


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T K-Fscpp - Encan Acadmc Excan and

Intnsv Rsac

T K-Fsc (KFG) s fd -

cd t G Rsc Fd 2008. It s ct-

c f t KFG t d scc s t

c sc tcs c dt t dscs ddt t s f s d j scs.

T K-Fsc T Tsf P f E

s tt sc E s t B-Bd-

d stzs t c t t -

ss d sc sts. It xs t f t EU s -

t d ct f ds, z t css d cts

f t d xt ds csss t sc s:

Idt d t Pc S

Cc, Cdt d Bd

C Rs d Es Ext Rs

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