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Material Artifacts
• In Chapter 1, culture involved (1) values, (2) material artifacts, and (3) political institutions
• This chapter deals with the material artifacts—visible objects a group can possess and leave behind for the future
• Two facets of material cultures:• 1) Material culture deriving from the survival
activities of everyone’s daily life—food, clothing, and shelter
• 2) Culture involving leisure activities—the arts and recreation
Habit and Custom
Habit• A repetitive act that a
particular individual performs—a student uses certain highlighter colors for specific parts of notes• Does not imply the
act has been adopted by most of the society’s population
Custom• Custom – a repetitive act
of a group, performed to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group—mums are worn for homecoming at high schools in Texas • Has been widely adopted
by a group of people • Custom denotes a
specific element of culture—Culture refers to a group’s entire collection of customs
Folk Culture and Popular Culture
Folk Culture• Traditionally
practiced primarily by small, homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas
• Ex. Sarong in Malaysia; Sari in India
Sari
Folk Culture and Popular Culture
Popular Culture• Found in large,
heterogeneous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics
• The scale of territory covered by pop culture is typically much larger than that covered by folk culture
Social Media Sites
What Geographers Study
Spatial Distribution
• Study a particular social custom’s:• 1. Origin• 2. Diffusion• Integration w/ other
social characteristics
Relationship with the Environment
• Relation between the material culture and the physical environment
• Landscapes (built environments) constructed from cultures modifying the environment
Distribution
• Pop culture has a more widespread distribution than folk culture• Difference in interaction:
• Folk culture is in isolated locations; areas of close proximity but have little communication
• Pop culture is based on rapid simultaneous global connections through communication systems, transportation networks, and other modern technology
• Folk culture more likely to vary from place to place at a given time—pop culture more likely to vary from time to time at a given place
Globalization
• Pop culture is becoming more dominant, threatening the survival of unique folk cultures• Disappearing local folk customs reduces
local diversity• Quality of environment being
threatened by pop culture• Folk culture derived of local, natural
elements—sensitive to the protection and enhancement of the environment
Origin of Folk and Popular Culture
A Social custom originates at a hearth, a center of
innovation
Folk• Often have an
anonymous hearth, originate from anonymous sources, at unknown dates, through unidentified originators
• May also have multiple hearths, originating independently in isolated locations
Pop• Most often a product of
an MDC (W. Euro, N.A., and Japan)
• Often arise from a combo of advances in tech and increased leisure time
• Industrial tech allows for the mass, uniform reproduction of goods
Ex. Origin of Music
Folk Music• Tells a story or conveys info about daily
activities such as farming, life-cycles, or mysterious events such as storms or earthquakes
• Usually composed anonymously and transmitted orally• May be modified from one generation
to the next
• “ While seedlings for the summer crop are not old when they are three months of age, Seedlings for the winter crop are certainly not young when they are one-and-a-half months old”
* Chinese legend – music invented in 2697 BC when Emperor Huang Ti sent Ling Lun to cut bamboo poles that would produce a sound matching the call of the phoenix bird
Pop Music• Written by specific individuals for
the purpose for being sold to a LARGE # of people
• Pop music, as we know it, originated in 1900 to provide music for the variety shows (Music Hall; Vaudeville)• Tin Pan Alley in NY (named for
sound of pianos) sold printed music—disappeared when recorded music became more important
• Diffused worldwide during WWII• Armed Forces Radio Network• Pop musicians worldwide perform
songs in English* Let’s discuss Hip-Hop
Diffusion of Folk and Pop Culture
Folk• Transmitted from one
location to another slowly; on a small scale
• Primarily spread through migration (relocation diffusion)
Pop• Primarily spread quickly
through the use of modern communications and transportation
• Typically follows process of hierarchical diffusion—from hearths or nodes of innovation• Hollywood—film
industry• 5th Avenue—
advertising
Ex. Folk—The Amish
• Culture Generally:• Shun mechanical and electronic devices• Travel by horse and buggy; use hand tools• Distinct clothing, farming, religious
practices…• Mennonite Church
• Origin:• Swiss Mennonite Bishop—Jakob Ammann• 1600—Bern, Switzerland; Alace,France;
and Palatinate region of Germany
Amish
• Diffusion:• Migrated to other portions of NW Euro in 1700s• Came to N.A. in two waves
• 1) Settled in Pennsylvania in 1700s due to low land prices
• 2) Settled in Ohio, Illinois, and Iowa; Ontario, Canada due to low land prices in 1800s
• Maintaining Distinct Culture:• Communities are relatively isolated in rural areas• Current interregional migration due mainly to land
prices and urban sprawl • Lancaster County, PA—Many Amish are moving
away from the oldest community to obtain more land in Kentucky and escape tourists
Ex. Pop—Soccer
• Origin:• Folk—obscure
• Earliest documented contest in England in 11th century• After Danish invasion of England—workers encountered
Danish soldier’s head and started kicking it around (“Kick the Dane’s Head”)
• Eventually an inflated cow bladder replaced the human head
• Originally, large groups from villages tried to push the “ball” into the center of a rival village
• 12th Century—”Football” was confined to smaller areas with standardized rules
• King Henry II banned the game in the late 12th century—disrupted village life
• King James I legalized it in 1603• Distinctive English folk culture up to this point
Soccer• Transition to Pop Culture:
• 1800s—Football and recreation clubs founded in Britain—leisure time for factory workers (Sports taught in schools)
• People had more time to participate and observe• With higher incomes, spectators began to pay $ to attend
first-class matches• Football clubs began to hire professional players• 1863—Several clubs formed an association to standardize
rules and organize professional leagues (*This marks the transition)
• “Soccer”—Supporters formed the “Football Association”• “Association” was shortened to “assoc” Twisted to
“soccer”• Rugby originated in 1823 in Rugby, England when a school
football player picked up the ball and ran with it