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Foden Park Streethay, Lichfield
Staffordshire
Archaeological Evaluation
for Miller Homes
CA Project: 5277 CA Report: 15751
November 2015
Foden Park
Streethay, Lichfield Staffordshire
Archaeological Evaluation
CA Project: 5277 CA Report: 15751
Document Control Grid Revision Date Author Checked by Status Reasons for
revision Approved
by A 13
November 2015
Alex Thomson
Richard Young
Internal review
Ian Barnes
B 14 June 2016
Alex Thomson
Richard Young
Final Curator comment Ian Barnes
This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third
party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.
© Cotswold Archaeology
© Cotswold Archaeology
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation
CONTENTS
SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... 2
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 3
2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND ................................................................ 4
3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ................................................................................... 5
4. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... 5
5. RESULTS (FIGS 2-7) ......................................................................................... 6
6. THE FINDS ........................................................................................................ 9
7. DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................... 10
8. CA PROJECT TEAM .......................................................................................... 12
9. REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 13
APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS ................................................................... 14 APPENDIX B: THE FINDS ............................................................................................. 23 APPENDIX C: OASIS REPORT FORM .......................................................................... 24
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 Site location plan (1:25,000)
Fig. 2 Trench location plan showing archaeological features, geophysical survey results
and the location of selected historic boundaries (1:3500 and 1:1000)
Fig. 3 Plan of Trenches 25 and 26 (1:250)
Fig. 4 Ditch 2503: section and photograph (1:20)
Fig. 5 Plan of Trenches 1-5 (1:500)
Fig. 6 Trench 4: section and photograph (1:50)
Fig. 7 Trench 23: plan, section and photograph (1:200 and 1:20)
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation
SUMMARY
Project Name: Foden Park Location: Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire NGR: SK 1365 1056 Type: Evaluation Date: 14 September – 8 October 2015 Location of Archive: To be deposited with the Potteries Museum & Art Gallery Accession Number: 2015.LH.169 Site Code: FOD 15
An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in September and
October 2015 at Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire. Eighty eight trenches were
excavated.
Two undiagnostic flint flakes and fragments of Iron Age pottery were recovered from the
subsoil horizon within Trench 31, along with a possible fragment of polished stone axe. A
single Mesolithic microlith was recovered from the topsoil within Trench 4 and medieval
pottery was also recovered from the subsoil horizon in the same trench.
Evidence of post-medieval marl extraction was identified in Trenches 2, 4 and 5 and a post-
medieval field boundary was recorded in Trench 74. Modern truncation and disturbance was
recorded in the south-western area of site, along with a number of modern features.
Undated linear ditches were identified in Trenches 23, 25 and 26 and may represent parts of
field/enclosure systems pre-dating the post-medieval period.
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 In September and October 2015 Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an
archaeological evaluation for Miller Homes at Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield,
Staffordshire (centred on NGR: SK 1365 1056; Fig. 1). The works were
recommended by Stephen Dean, Principal Archaeologist, Staffordshire County
Council (SCC), archaeological advisor to Lichfield District Council (LDC), and were
undertaken to provide further information on the archaeological potential of the
proposed development site. The works detailed within this report pertain to Phase 1 of
the proposed development.
1.2 The evaluation was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of Stephen
Dean, and with a subsequent detailed Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI)
produced by CA (2015) and approved by Stephen Dean. The fieldwork also followed
Standard and guidance: Archaeological field evaluation (CIfA 2014), the
Management of Archaeological Projects (English Heritage 1991) and the
Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MORPHE): Project
Manager’s Guide (English Heritage 2006). It was monitored by Stephen Dean.
The site
1.3 The proposed development area is approximately 55ha, and comprises four large
arable fields. The Phase 1 area is 22.454ha in extent. The proposed development
area is bounded to the west and south-west by railway lines, to the south and south-
east by residential properties and gardens and to the north-west, north and east by
further agricultural fields. The topography of the proposed development area is
variable, rising to a height of approximately 84.1m AOD in the central area, with the
land sloping away gently to the north, south and west.
1.4 The underlying bedrock geology of the majority of the area is mapped as
Bromsgrove Sandstone of the Triassic Period, though the western and eastern
extents of the site lie on the boundary into Mercia Mudstone, sedimentary bedrock of
the Triassic Period. No superficial deposits are recorded (BGS 2015). The natural
geological substrate identified during the course of the evaluation was variable; the
majority of the identified deposits consisted of light orangey-red, reddish-brown and
bluish-grey compact silty-sands, clays, gravels and sandstone bedrock.
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation
2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
2.1 A Cultural Heritage Assessment of the entire proposed development area was
carried out by Cotswold Archaeology in 2011 (CA 2011), in addition to a geophysical
survey (Bartlett-Clark Consultancy 2011). The results of these assessments are
summarised below.
2.2 An area of worked flint was recorded just beyond the north-west edge of site and is
of probable prehistoric date. A complex of cropmarks is visible on aerial photographs
in the field to the north-east of the proposed development area; a ring ditch and
possible enclosures suggest that these may be indicative of prehistoric activity in
this area. However, those cropmarks which most clearly extend towards the site are
considered to have originated as field boundaries in the post-medieval or modern
periods, and no cropmarks indicative of archaeological features are recorded within
the site (CA 2011).
2.3 The site lies adjacent to the course of Roman Ryknild Street. No evidence of Roman
settlement adjacent to the road has been recorded within the site, and no evidence
of anomalies indicative of archaeological features was recorded by the geophysical
survey. A number of surface finds have been recorded to the north of the proposed
development area, including a substantial quantity of Roman coins, prehistoric flint
and possible building fragments (ibid).
2.4 A former lane ran through the southern area of the proposed development area,
which is one suggested location for the former medieval settlement of Morughale.
No evidence of settlement, such as earthworks or building platforms, has been
located in this area, and the settlement may have lain outside of the site (ibid).
2.5 Four now-removed buildings are recorded within the site on the 1849 Tithe Map of
Streethay, as well as disused field boundaries and hedge-lines. Evidence of these
structures and earthworks, such as building platforms, wall footings or ditches may
have survived below ground (ibid).
2.6 Evidence of post-medieval or modern marl extraction was also identified as extant
earthworks, including a large bowl-shaped depression in north-eastern area of site.
Marl is a calcium rich silty-clay deposit that is often used to replenish farmland (ibid).
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation
2.7 The geophysical survey did not detect the presence of definitive archaeological
assets. However, possible pit-like features were identified across the area of survey
together with a possible short ditch in the south-west of the survey area (Bartlett-
Clark Consultancy 2011). Notably, in the south-western part of site, a large
geophysical anomaly was detected spreading roughly parallel to both the modern
railway lines and associated service buildings. It was deemed likely that this
anomaly would be associated with modern truncation, demolition and disturbance
related to railway construction works (ibid).
3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
3.1 The objectives of the evaluation are to provide information about the archaeological
resource within the site, including its presence/absence, character, extent, date,
integrity, state of preservation and quality, in accordance Standard and guidance:
Archaeological field evaluation (CIfA 2014). This information will enable LDC to
identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage asset, consider the
impact of the proposed development upon it, and to avoid or minimise conflict
between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the development
proposal, in line with the National Planning Policy Framework (DCLG 2012).
4. METHODOLOGY
4.1 The fieldwork comprised the excavation of 88 trenches across four fields, in the
locations shown on the attached plan (Fig. 2). All trenches, with some exceptions,
were 50m in length and 1.8m in width. Trenches 14, 20, 24, 56, 61, 62, 64, 71, 78
and 79 were reduced in length due to modern services, trackways and footpaths.
Two trenches (Trenches 87 and 90) could not be excavated due to modern services
and buildings. Trenches were set out on OS National Grid (NGR) co-ordinates using
Leica GPS and surveyed in accordance with CA Technical Manual 4 Survey
Manual.
4.2 All trenches were excavated by mechanical excavator equipped with a toothless
grading bucket. All machine excavation was undertaken under constant
archaeological supervision to the top of the first significant archaeological horizon or
the natural substrate, whichever was encountered first. Where archaeological
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation
deposits were encountered they were excavated by hand in accordance with CA
Technical Manual 1: Fieldwork Recording Manual.
4.3 Deposits were assessed for their palaeoenvironmental potential in accordance with
CA Technical Manual 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other
Samples from Archaeological Sites and no deposits were identified that required
sampling. All artefacts recovered were processed in accordance with Technical
Manual 3 Treatment of Finds Immediately after Excavation.
4.4 The archive and artefacts from the evaluation are currently held by CA at their
offices in Kemble. Subject to the agreement of the legal landowner the artefacts will
be deposited with the Potteries Museum & Art Gallery under accession number
2015.LH.169, along with the site archive. A summary of information from this project,
set out within Appendix C, will be entered onto the OASIS online database of
archaeological projects in Britain.
5. RESULTS (FIGS 2-7)
5.1 This section provides an overview of the evaluation results; detailed summaries of
the recorded contexts and finds are to be found in Appendices A and B respectively.
Field 1 5.2 Nineteen trenches were excavated within Field 1, in the west and south-west area of
site (see Fig. 2). The natural geological substrate was observed throughout Field 1
at an average depth of 0.65m below present ground level (bpgl) and consisted of
light orangey-red and bluish-grey compact silty-sands. In the majority of these
trenches, the natural was overlain by alluvial layers and subsoil, measuring an
average of 0.3m in thickness.
5.3 In Trench 25, a single undated linear ditch, 2503, was identified on a north-
west/south-east alignment (Figs 3 and 4, AA). This ditch measured 1.1m in depth
and 4m in width and had steeply sloping sides and a concave base. The ditch
contained sandy-silt fills 2504, 2505, 2506, 2507 and 2508, representing successive
silting episodes. No artefactual evidence was recovered from the ditch, however it
was observed to cut the subsoil and may therefore be post-medieval or modern.
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation
This ditch was also observed in the adjacent Trench 26 (as 2603, also cutting the
subsoil), where it remained unexcavated.
5.4 Features identified in Trenches 7, 10, and 13, including linear ditches, a possible pit
and post-holes, were observed to cut the subsoil layers within their respective
trenches. Each contained post-medieval and modern material that was not retained,
except for one sherd of 18th to 19th century black-glazed ware from ditch 1003.
More detailed information on these features is contained within Appendix A.
5.5 In Trenches 8-11, 13, 14, 17, 21, 22 and 26 a modern made-ground layer, consisting
of gravels, concrete and ceramic materials, sealed the natural substrate, and
measured between 0.13 and 0.6m in thickness. This modern material correlates
directly with geophysical anomalies and demonstrated that truncation had affected
the natural substrate within this area.
5.6 In all trenches in Field 1, the made-ground and subsoils were sealed a clayey-silt
topsoil, measuring an average thickness of 0.27m.
Field 2 5.7 A total of fifty four trenches were excavated within Field 2, with the majority located
in the south and south-eastern areas of the field, with a small cluster excavated in
the west. The natural geological substrate varied across the field, with reddish-
brown silty-sands predominating in the western areas and exposed sandstone
bedrock and sandy-clays observed to the east and north-east. The natural was
observed at a typical depth of approximately 0.4m bpgl. This was then variably
sealed by either a silty-sand subsoil (averaging 0.1m in thickness) or clayey-silt
topsoil (averaging 0.35m in thickness). Archaeological features and materials were
identified in Trenches 2, 4 and 5, 23, 31, 48 and 74.
Trenches 2, 4 and 5 (Figs 5 and 6, Section BB)
5.8 Within Trenches 2, 4 and 5, a spread of amorphous extraction pit features were
observed. These features varied in size and shape, but all represented elements of
probable marl extraction, as mentioned above in Section 2. In Trench 4, pits 404,
406 and 409 were up to 0.6m deep (Fig. 6, Section BB). Each pit contained a single
fill of silty-clay and was sealed by a series of clay or clayey silt levelling deposits
(408, 403, 402), typical 0.4m thick. Within Trench 5 a further marl extraction pit 503
was also recorded, with similar fills and sealing deposits as in Trench 4. Similar
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation
features were recorded in plan within Trench 2 but were not excavated. No
artefactual evidence was recovered from any of the excavated sections throughout
Trenches 2, 4 and 5.
5.9 Residual finds were recovered from subsoil 401 in Trench 4, including 24 sherds of
Chilvers Coton A/Nuneaton whiteware medieval pottery of late 13th to 14th century
date. A single microlith was recovered from topsoil 400 and is Mesolithic in date.
Trench 23 (Fig. 7, CC)
5.9 A shallow, moderately sided linear ditch, 2302, was identified within Trench 23.
Aligned south-west/north-east, this ditch measured 0.18m in depth, 1.04m in width
and extended beyond the trench boundaries. The ditch was filled by silty-sand 2303
and contained no artefactual remains.
Trench 31
5.10 No features of archaeological interest we observed within the excavated area of
Trench 31. However, three fragments of grog-and-quartz tempered Middle Iron Age
pottery, two flint flakes and a potential fragment of polished stone axe were
recovered from subsoil 3101. This trench is located close to the area of higher
ground in the centre of site.
Trench 48
5.11 A circular, steep-sided posthole, 4802, was recorded within Trench 48. Measuring
0.5m in diameter and 0.12m in depth, this posthole contained a single sandy-silt fill
and no dating evidence.
Trench 74
5.12 Two parallel north-east/south-west aligned ditches were observed at the northern
end of Trench 74, extending beyond the excavated boundaries. Ditch 7403 was
observed as having irregular sides and concave base and measured 3m in width
and 0.25m in depth. It contained a single sandy-silt fill, 7404. Ditch 7405 was steep
sided with a concave base and measured 0.6m in width and 0.24m in depth and
also contained a single silty-sand fill, 7406. Ditch 7403 contained three pieces of
post-medieval ceramic nib tile and both ditches were sealed by topsoil 7400. The
location and orientation of these ditches relate approximately to a field boundary
depicted on historic mapping (as shown on Fig. 2), and could represent a disused
partition, hedgerow or field boundary.
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation
Fields 3 and 4 5.13 A total of 14 trenches were excavated across Fields 3 and 4 in the area adjacent to
Streethay Farm House. The natural substrate was recorded throughout these
trenches as reddish-brown sand, yellowish-red sandy-gravels and sandstone
bedrock outcrops and was observed at a typical depth of between 0.3 and 0.6m
bpgl. The natural was overlain by subsoil of an average thickness of 0.12m, which in
turn was sealed by topsoil, measuring an average thickness of 0.25m.
5.14 No archaeological features were observed in Fields 3 and 4, although a total of
seven sherds of late 13th to 14th century Chilvers Coton A/Nuneaton whiteware
were recovered from the subsoil horizons in Trenches 77, 81 and 83.
6. THE FINDS
6.1 Artefactual material from the evaluation was hand-recovered from nine deposits
including ditch fills, subsoils and topsoil. The recovered materials date to the early
and late prehistoric, medieval and post-medieval/modern periods. Quantities of the
artefact types are given in Appendix B. The pottery has been recorded according to
sherd count/weight per fabric. Recording also included form/rim morphology and any
evidence for use in the form of carbonised/other residues (although none were
apparent). Where possible, pottery fabric codes are equated to the type series
established for Warwickshire by Soden and Ratkai (1998).
Pottery Late prehistoric
6.2 Three unfeatured bodysherds (37g) in a thick-walled, handmade fabric, tempered
with grog and quartz (GRQZ), were recorded in subsoil 3101. The most probable
date for the pottery is from the Middle Iron Age, on the basis of fabric and firing
characteristics. The mean sherd weight is high, at 12g, and condition is
moderate/good in terms of edge abrasion and surface preservation.
Medieval
6.3 A total of 31 sherds (318g) of medieval pottery were recovered from four subsoil
deposits. The assemblage is moderately fragmented, as suggested by an average
sherd weight of 10g, and otherwise condition is good. All of the medieval pottery
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation
present was Chilvers Coton A/Nuneaton whiteware (WW01) (manufactured at
Chilvers Coton, near Nuneaton in Warwickshire) and dates from the mid-13th to
14th centuries (ibid, 157). A rimsherd from a jug, with attached handle, was recorded
from subsoil 8301.
Post-medieval
6.4 Fill 1005 of ditch 1003 produced a bodysherd, in very good condition, of black-
glazed earthenware (MGW) and dating to the 18th to 19th centuries.
Lithics 6.5 A total of three worked flints were recovered from subsoil and topsoil horizons in
Trenches 4 and 31. Those from subsoil 3101 are a flake fragment and a piece of
shatter, both of broad prehistoric date. The flint from topsoil 400 is a microlith, which
would have formed part of a composite tool of Mesolithic date. Although the tip has
broken off, it can be attributed to Clark’s Type B, ‘blunted straight down one edge’
(1934, 56).
Worked stone 6.6 A fragment of stone from subsoil 3101, with a uniformly polished outer surface,
appears to represent a flake from a polished stone axe. Identification of the stone
type is in progress.
Ceramic building material 6.7 Three fragments of nib tile, which is post-medieval in date, were retrieved from fill
7404 of ditch 7403.
7. DISCUSSION
7.1 The evaluation has identified only limited archaeological remains within the site, with
the majority of trenches either entirely devoid of archaeological features or
displaying high levels of modern disturbance. The lack of archaeological features
correlates with the findings of the preceding geophysical survey (Bartlett-Clark
2011), which recorded limited anomalies across site.
Prehistoric 7.2 No features of prehistoric date were identified within the site. However, three
fragments of worked flint were recovered from two trenches. A single Mesolithic
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation
microlith was recovered from topsoil 400 in Trench 4 and two flint flakes were
recovered from Trench 31. Furthermore, three sherds of Middle Iron Age pottery
were also recovered from subsoil 3101 in Trench 31. Areas of flint working were
noted within the desk-based assessment to the north-west of site (CA 2011, 13) and
cropmarks identified to the north of site may also be of prehistoric date (ibid, 14).
These finds could indicate that Iron Age features survive in the area around Trench
31 or potentially on the crest of land in the centre of site (which was outside of this
phase of evaluation); however, the finds could have been brought to the site by
other means, such as manuring of the fields in the medieval or plater periods.
Roman 7.3 Despite the site being adjacent to the Ryknild Street Roman road, and the density of
Roman finds spots in the area (CA 2011, 14), no features or artefacts of Roman
date were recorded during the course of the evaluation.
Medieval, post-medieval and modern 7.4 No features of medieval date were identified during the course of evaluation
fieldwork. A total of 31 sherds of Chilvers Coton A/Nuneaton whiteware of late 13th
to 14th century date were recovered from subsoil horizons in Trenches 4, 77, 81 and
83. While the tentative location of the medieval settlement of Morughale and its
associated hinterland lies within the site, the pottery recovered from these trenches
may derive from later manuring of cultivated fields rather than any specific medieval
remains in the evaluation area.
7.5 Extraction pits of probable post-medieval were present in Trenches 2, 4 and 5.
These amorphous features roughly correlate with a cluster of geophysical anomalies
along the western and north-western boundaries of Field 2. This area lay at the
bottom of a small river valley, and marl deposits formed adjacent to the watercourse
that divides Fields 1 and 2 which attracted the concentrated extraction activity.
7.6 A post-medieval field boundary was recorded in Trench 74. The two parallel ditches,
7403 and 7405, correspond to the likely route of a disused field boundary or
hedgerow seen on the 1849 Tithe Map of Streethay and First Edition Ordnance
Survey mapping from 1883 (as shown on Fig. 2). The fill of ditch 7403 contained
three post-medieval nib tile fragments.
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation
7.7 An area of substantial modern disturbance, demolition and truncation was present
along the south-western and western boundaries of Field 1. This disturbance
corresponds to a large set of anomalies on the geophysical plot and indicates the
location of now demolished modern buildings and their associated services and
surfaces. It is likely that this disturbance would have removed or heavily disturbed
any archaeological features.
Undated 7.8 A linear ditch was identified in Trench 23 and contained no dating evidence. This
ditch does not appear on any historic mapping and, as such, may pre-date the Tithe
Map of 1849. Given it proximity, it may be contemporary with the marl pits in
Trenches 2, 4 and 5.
7.9 A substantial linear ditch (2503) was excavated in Trench 25 and continued into
Trench 26 (2604). This linear does not appear on any historic mapping and no
dating evidence was recovered from the various fills. Furthermore, the ditch does
not correspond to any obvious anomalies on the geophysical survey, although this
may be due to the substantial known modern disturbance. It is possible that this
feature may relate to an earlier system of field enclosure and could potentially pre-
date the post-medieval period.
8. CA PROJECT TEAM
Fieldwork was undertaken by Alex Thomson, assisted by Jon Pick, Matthew Coman,
Marino Cardelli, Liam Wilson, Sara-Jayne Boughton, Liam Wolley and Noeleen
Khawaja. The report was written by Alex Thomson. The finds report was written by
Jacky Sommerville. The illustrations were prepared by Aleksandra Osinska. The
archive has been compiled by Alex Thomson and prepared for deposition by Hazel
O’Neill. The project was managed for CA by Richard Young.
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation
9. REFERENCES
Bartlett-Clark Consultancy 2011 Land at Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Report on
Archaeological Geophysical Survey
BGS (British Geological Survey) 2015 Geology of Britain Viewer
http://maps.bgs.ac.uk/geology viewer_google/googleviewer.html Accessed 9
October 2015
CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2011 Streethay House Farm, Streethay, Staffordshire: Cultural
Heritage Assessment
CA 2015 Land at Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Written Scheme of Investigation for an
Archaeological Evaluation
Clark, J. G. D. 1934 ‘The Classification of a Microlithic Culture: The Tardenoisian of
Horsham’. Archaeological Journal. 90, 52–77.
Soden, I. and Ratkai, S. 1998 Warwickshire Medieval and Post Medieval Pottery Type
Series. Warwick. Warwickshire Museum Field Services
http://maps.bgs.ac.uk/geology%20viewer_google/googleviewer.html
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation
APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS
Trench No Context Type Fill of
Context Interpretation
Context Description
Length (m)
Width (m)
Depth/ thickness (m)
Spot-date
1 100 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.36 Modern
1 101 Layer Subsoil Light yellowish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8 0.3
1 102 Layer Natural substrate Light pinkish-brown sand >50 >1.8
2 200 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >40 >1.8 0.3 Modern
2 201 Layer Subsoil Dark greyish-brown clayey-silt >40 >1.8 0.25
2 202 Layer Natural substrate Light yellow and reddish-brown sands >40 >1.8
3 300 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.33 Modern
3 301 Layer Subsoil Dark greyish-brown clayey-silt >50 >1.8 0.17
3 302 Layer Natural substrate Light pinkish-brown sand >50 >1.8
4 400 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown clayey-silt >50 >1.8 0.4 Modern
4 401 Layer Subsoil Greyish-brown clayey-silt >50 >1.8 0.1
4 402 Layer Levelling material
Light brownish-yellow clay >15 >1.8 0.4
4 403 Layer Levelling material
Dark greyish-brown silty-clay >12 >1.8 0.35
4 406 Cut Extraction pit Irregular, moderate sided extraction pit cut with concave base
0.95 1.3 0.6 Post-med.
4 407 Fill 406 Fill of extraction pit Dark brownish-grey silty-clay 0.95 1.3 0.4
4 408 Layer Levelling material
Light yellowish-brown silty-sand >0.5 >0.4 0.1
4 409 Cut Extraction pit Irregular, shallow sided extraction pit cut with irregular base
>0.8 >0.5 0.2 Post-med.
4 410 Layer Natural substrate Light pinkish-brown sand >50 >1.8
4 411 Fill 409 Fill of extraction pit Dark greyish-brown clayey-silt >0.8 >0.5 0.2
5 500 Layer Topsoil Dark brownish-grey silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.3 Modern
5 501 Layer Subsoil Yellowish-brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.15
5 502 Layer Natural substrate Light pinkish-brown sand >50 >1.8
5 503 Cut Extraction pit Irregular, shallow sided extraction pit cut with flat base
>1.3 1.9 0.5 Post-med.
5 504 Fill 503 Fill of extraction pit Brownish-grey sandy-silt >0.7 0.5 0.18
5 505 Fill 503 Fill of extraction pit Pinkish-grey sandy-silt >0.7 0.8 0.2
5 506 Fill 503 Fill of extraction pit Dark grey silty-clay >0.7 >1.15 0.2
5 507 Fill 503 Fill of extraction pit Light grey sandy-silt >0.7 0.2 0.4
5 508 Fill 503 Fill of extraction pit Brownish-grey sandy-silt >0.7 1.7 0.12
5 509 Fill 503 Fill of extraction pit Brownish-grey sandy-silt >0.7 1 0.4
5 510 Layer Levelling material Brown sandy-silt 1.7 >1.8 0.13
5 511 Layer Levelling material Grey silt >0.7 >1.4 >0.1
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6 600 Layer Topsoil Dark brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.23 Modern
6 601 Layer Subsoil Greyish-brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.16
6 602 Layer Natural substrate Light orangey-red sand >50 >1.8 6 603 Cut Tree throw pit
Irregular pit/bioturbation 5 1.8 0.25 Modern
6 604 Fill 603 Fill of tree throw pit Dark brown sandy-silt 5 1.8 0.25
7 700 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.26 Modern
7 701 Layer Subsoil Brownish-grey sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.36
7 702 Layer Natural substrate Light orangey-red sand >50 >1.8
7 703 Cut Ditch E/W aligned ditch with sharp sides and flat base
>1.18 1.21 0.6 Post-med.
7 704 Fill 703 Fill of ditch Greyish-brown silty-sand >1.18 1.21 0.6
8 800 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.25 Modern
8 801 Layer Made ground Mixed gravels, CBM, clays and concrete >50 >1.8 0.5
8 802 Layer Natural substrate Orangey-red sand >50 >1.8 9 900 Layer Topsoil
Dark greyish-brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.12 Modern
9 901 Layer Made ground Mixed gravels, CBM, clays and concrete >25 >1.8 0.36 Modern
9 902 Layer Subsoil Greyish-brown sandy-silt >25 >1.8 0.34
9 903 Layer Natural substrate Orangey-red and bluish-grey sands >50 >1.8
10 1000 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown sandy-clay-silt >50 >1.8 0.47 Modern
10 1001 Layer Made ground Mixed gravels, CBM, clays and concrete >50 >1.8 0.26 Modern
10 1002 Layer Natural substrate Orangey-red and bluish-grey sands >50 >1.8
10 1003 Cut Ditch N/S aligned linear ditch with shallow sides and concave base
>1.8 1.2 0.29
10 1004 Fill 1003 1st Fill of ditch Light grey clayey-silt >1.8 1.2 0.21 10 1005 Fill 1003 2nd Fill of ditch Dark brown silty-clay >1.8 1.2 0.08 11 1100 Layer Topsoil
Dark greyish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.5 Modern
11 1101 Layer Made ground Grey silty-sand and CBM, concrete and gravel inclusions
>50 >1.8 0.29 Modern
11 1102 Layer Natural substrate Light orangey-red and brownish-grey silty-sands
>50 >1.8
12 1200 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.3 Modern
12 1201 Layer Natural substrate Light orangey-red silty-sand >50 >1.8
13 1300 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.43 Modern
13 1301 Layer Made ground Grey silty-sand and CBM, concrete and gravel inclusions
>30 >1.8 0.17 Modern
13 1302 Layer Subsoil Yellowish-brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.11
13 1303 Layer Natural substrate Light orangey-red and brownish-grey silty-sands
>50 >1.8
13 1304 Cut Modern service Modern pipe trench >1.8 0.6 Modern
13 1305 Fill 1304 Fill of modern service Gravel >1.8 0.6
13 1306 Cut Modern post-hole
Round modern post-hole 0.4 0.36 Modern
13 1307 Fill 1306 Fill of modern post-hole Brown sandy-silt 0.4 0.36
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation
13 1308 Cut Modern post-hole
Round modern post-hole 0.43 0.43 Modern
13 1309 Fill 1308 Fill of modern post-hole Brown sandy-silt 0.43 0.43
13 1310 Cut Modern pit Sub-ovoid rounded pit with concave sides and base
>0.53 1.35 0.43 Modern
13 1311 Fill 1310 1st Fill of modern pit Dark greyish-brown silty-clay >0.53 1.08 0.2
13 1312 Fill 1310 2nd Fill of modern pit Dark brownish-grey sandy-clay >0.53 1.21 0.35
13 1313 Layer Made ground Mixed gravels, CBM, clays and concrete >1.8 1 Modern
14 1400 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown silty-clay >43 >1.8 0.24 Modern
14 1401 Layer Subsoil Yellowish-brown sandy-silt >43 >1.8 0.23
14 1402 Layer Made ground Grey silty-sand and CBM, concrete and gravel inclusions
>43 >1.8 0.13 Modern
14 1403 Layer Natural substrate Light orangey-red and brownish-grey silty-sands
>43 >1.8
15 1500 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.26 Modern
15 1501 Layer Subsoil Yellowish-brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.25
15 1502 Layer Natural substrate Light orangey-red and brownish-grey silty-sands
>50 >1.8
16 1600 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.38 Modern
16 1601 Layer Subsoil Yellowish-brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.2
16 1602 Layer Natural substrate Light orangey-red and brownish-grey silty-sands
>50 >1.8
17 1700 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.17 Modern
17 1701 Layer Made ground
Reddish-grey silty-sand and CBM, concrete and gravel inclusions
>50 >1.8 0.6 Modern
17 1702 Layer Natural substrate Light orangey-red and brownish-grey silty-sands
>50 >1.8
18 1800 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.19 Modern
18 1801 Layer Subsoil Yellowish-brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.15
18 1802 Layer Alluvium Light greyish-yellow sand with rounded gravels
>50 >1.8 0.3
18 1803 Layer Natural substrate Light orangey-red and brownish-grey silty-sands
>50 >1.8
19 1900 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.32 Modern
19 1901 Layer Subsoil Yellowish-brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.14
19 1902 Layer Natural substrate Light orangey-red and brownish-grey silty-sands
>50 >1.8
20 2000 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown silty-clay >25 >1.8 0.16 Modern
20 2001 Layer Subsoil Yellowish-brown sandy-silt >25 >1.8 0.29
20 2002 Layer Alluvium Light greyish-yellow sand with rounded gravels
>25 >1.8 0.34
20 2003 Layer Natural substrate Light orangey-red and brownish-grey silty- >25 >1.8
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation
sands
20 2004 Cut Tree throw pit Irregular pit/bioturbation 0.52 0.43 0.17 Modern
20 2005 Fill 2004 Fill of tree throw pit Brown silty-sand 0.52 0.43 0.17
21 2100 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.4 Modern
21 2101 Layer Made ground
Reddish-grey silty-sand and CBM, concrete and gravel inclusions
>50 >1.8 0.33 Modern
21 2102 Layer Natural substrate Light orangey-red and brownish-grey silty-sands
>50 >1.8
22 2200 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.27 Modern
22 2201 Layer Made ground
Reddish-grey silty-sand and CBM, concrete and gravel inclusions
>50 >1.8 0.51 Modern
22 2202 Layer Natural substrate Light orangey-red and brownish-grey silty-sands
>50 >1.8
22 2203 Cut Modern pit Rectangular modern pit cut 1.28 1.8 Modern
22 2204 Fill 2203 Fill of modern pit Brown silty-sand 1.28 1.8 23 2300 Layer Topsoil
Dark greyish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.42
23 2301 Layer Natural substrate Light orangey-red and brownish-grey silty-sands
>50 >1.8
23 2302 Cut Ditch
SW/NE aligned linear ditch with shallow sides and concave base
>1.8 1.04 0.18 Undated
23 2303 Fill 2303 Fill of ditch Light brownish-grey silty-sand >1.8 1.04 0.18
24 2400 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown silty-clay >26 >1.8 0.27 Modern
24 2401 Layer Subsoil Yellowish-brown sandy-silt >26 >1.8 0.43
24 2402 Layer Natural substrate Light orangey-red and brownish-grey silty-sands
>26 >1.8
24 2403 Cut Modern post-hole Square modern feature 0.41 0.4 Modern
24 2404 Fill 2403 Fill of modern post-hole Dark brown silty-clay 0.41 0.4
25 2500 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown silty-clay >47 >1.8 0.32 Modern
25 2501 Layer Subsoil Yellowish-brown sandy-silt >47 >1.8 0.2
25 2502 Layer Natural substrate Light orangey-red and brownish-grey silty-sands
>47 >1.8
25 2503 Cut Ditch
NW/SE aligned linear cut with steep sloping sides and concave base
>1.8 4 1.1 Undated
25 2504 Fill 2503 Fill of ditch Greyish-brown sandy-silt >0.5 1.75 0.35
25 2505 Fill 2503 Fill of ditch Brownish-grey sandy-silt >0.5 4 0.5
25 2506 Fill 2503 Fill of ditch Greyish-brown sandy-silt >0.5 2.7 0.17
25 2507 Fill 2503 Fill of ditch Greyish-brown sandy-silt >0.5 2.7 0.1
25 2508 Fill 2503 Fill of ditch Brownish-grey sandy-silt >1.8 4 0.17
26 2600 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.41 Modern
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation
26 2601 Layer Made ground
Reddish-grey silty-sand and CBM, concrete and gravel inclusions
>50 >1.8 0.47 Modern
26 2602 Layer Natural substrate Light orangey-red and brownish-grey silty-sands
>50 >1.8
26 2603 Cut Ditch Unexcavated continuation of ditch 2503
>1.8 3.5 >0.4 Undated
26 2604 Fill 2603 Fill of ditch Greyish-brown sandy-silt >1.8 3.5 >0.4
27 2700 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.43 Modern
27 2701 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
28 2800 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.46 Modern
28 2801 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
29 2900 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.4 Modern
29 2901 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
30 3000 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.3 Modern
30 3001 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
31 3100 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.34 Modern
31 3101 Layer Subsoil Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8 0.06
31 3102 Layer Natural substrate Yellowish-reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
32 3200 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.48 Modern
32 3201 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
33 3300 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.36 Modern
33 3301 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
34 3400 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.34 Modern
34 3401 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
35 3500 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.32 Modern
35 3501 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
36 3600 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.3 Modern
36 3601 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
37 3700 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.35 Modern
37 3701 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
38 3800 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.38 Modern
38 3801 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand with sandstone bedrock patches
>50 >1.8
39 3900 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.42 Modern
39 3901 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
40 4000 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.34 Modern
40 4001 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand with sandstone bedrock patches
>50 >1.8
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation
41 4100 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.43 Modern
41 4101 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand with sandstone bedrock patches
>50 >1.8
42 4200 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.35 Modern
42 4201 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
43 4300 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.4 Modern
43 4301 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
44 4400 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.4 Modern
44 4401 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
45 4500 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.36 Modern
45 4501 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
46 4600 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.37 Modern
46 4601 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
47 4700 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.46 Modern
47 4701 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
48 4800 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.34 Modern
48 4801 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
48 4802 Cut Posthole Circular cut with vertical sides and flat base
0.5 0.5 0.12 Undated
48 4803 Fill 2802 Fill of posthole Dark reddish-brown sandy-silt 0.5 0.5 0.12
49 4900 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.39 Modern
49 4901 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
50 5000 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.33 Modern
50 5001 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
51 5100 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.4 Modern
51 5101 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
52 5200 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.4 Modern
52 5201 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
53 5300 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.4 Modern
53 5301 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
54 5400 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.4 Modern
54 5401 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
55 5500 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.35 Modern
55 5501 Layer Subsoil Greyish-yellow silty-sand >50 >1.8 0.1
55 5502 Layer Natural substrate
Reddish-brown clay and sandstone, reddish-brown silty-sand
>50 >1.8
56 5600 Layer Topsoil Dark brownish-grey clayey-silt >37 >1.8 0.34 Modern
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation
56 5601 Layer Subsoil Light brown sandy-silt >37 >1.8 0.09
56 5602 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand with sandstone bedrock patches
>37 >1.8
57 5700 Layer Topsoil Dark greyish-brown clayey-silt >45 >1.8 0.25 Modern
57 5701 Layer Subsoil Light brown sandy-silt >45 >1.8 0.15
57 5702 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand with sandstone bedrock patches
>45 >1.8
58 5800 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.4 Modern
58 5801 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
59 5900 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.4 Modern
59 5901 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
60 6000 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.4 Modern
60 6001 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
61 6100 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.3 Modern
61 6101 Layer Subsoil Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8 0.18
61 6102 Layer Natural substrate Light reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
62 6200 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.5 Modern
62 6201 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
63 6300 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.5 Modern
63 6301 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
64 6400 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.5 Modern
64 6401 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
65 6500 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.48 Modern
65 6501 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
66 6600 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.43 Modern
66 6601 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
67 6700 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.55 Modern
67 6701 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
68 6800 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.56 Modern
68 6801 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
69 6900 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.44 Modern
69 6901 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
70 7000 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.35 Modern
70 7001 Layer Natural substrate Reddish-brown silty-sand >50 >1.8
71 7100 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >29 >1.8 0.25 Modern
71 7101 Layer Subsoil Light brown sandy-silt >29 >1.8 0.15 71 7102 Layer Natural substrate
Reddish-brown silty-sand >29 >1.8
72 7200 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.27 Modern
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation
72 7201 Layer Subsoil Brownish-grey clayey-silt >50 >1.8 0.09
72 7202 Layer Natural substrate Light brownish-red silty-clay >50 >1.8
73 7300 Layer Topsoil Greyish-brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.28 Modern
73 7301 Layer Subsoil Brownish-grey clayey-silt >50 >1.8 0.08
73 7302 Layer Natural substrate Light brownish-red silty-clay >50 >1.8
74 7400 Layer Topsoil Dark reddish-brown silty-clay >52 >1.8 0.46 Modern
74 7402 Layer Natural substrate Light yellowish-brown silty-sand and sandstone bedrock
>52 >1.8
74 7403 Cut Ditch NE/SW aligned linear with irregular sides and flat base
>2.5 3 0.25 Post-med.
74 7404 Fill 7403 Fill of ditch Reddish-brown sandy-silt >2.5 3 0.25
74 7405 Cut Ditch SW/NE aligned linear with steep sides and concave base
>2.4 0.6 0.24 Post-med.
74 7406 Fill 7405 Fill of ditch Light reddish-brown silty-sand >2.4 0.6 0.24
75 7500 Layer Topsoil Greyish-brown clayey-silt >50 >1.8 0.25 Modern
75 7501 Layer Subsoil Brownish-grey sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.25
75 7502 Layer Natural substrate Light brownish-red silty-sand >50 >1.8
76 7600 Layer Topsoil Brownish-grey silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.3 Modern
76 7601 Layer Subsoil Light brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.1 76 7602 Layer Natural substrate
Sandstone bedrock with red sand >50 >1.8
77 7700 Layer Topsoil Greyish-brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.25 Modern
77 7701 Layer Subsoil Brownish-grey clayey-silt >50 >1.8 0.09
77 7702 Layer Natural substrate Light brownish-red silty-clay >50 >1.8
78 7800 Layer Topsoil Greyish-brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.28 Modern
78 7801 Layer Subsoil Brownish-grey clayey-silt >50 >1.8 0.13
78 7802 Layer Natural substrate Light brownish-red silty-clay >50 >1.8
79 7900 Layer Topsoil Greyish-brown clayey-silt >50 >1.8 0.29 Modern
79 7901 Layer Subsoil Orangey-brown clayey-silt >50 >1.8 0.16
79 7902 Layer Natural substrate Light brownish-red silty-clay >50 >1.8
80 8000 Layer Topsoil Greyish-brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.25 Modern
80 8001 Layer Subsoil Brownish-grey clayey-silt >50 >1.8 0.07
80 8002 Layer Natural substrate Light brownish-red silty-clay >50 >1.8
81 8100 Layer Topsoil Dark brownish-grey silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.2 Modern
81 8101 Layer Subsoil Brownish-grey silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.23
81 8102 Layer Natural substrate Light brownish-red silty-clay >50 >1.8
82 8200 Layer Topsoil Reddish-brown clayey-silt >50 >1.8 0.4 Modern
82 8201 Layer Natural substrate Dark reddish-brown sand with sandstone bedrock patches
>50 >1.8
83 8300 Layer Topsoil Greyish-brown sandy- >50 >1.8 0.28 Modern
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation
silt
83 8301 Layer Subsoil Brownish-grey clayey-silt >50 >1.8 0.06
83 8302 Layer Natural substrate Light brownish-red silty-clay >50 >1.8
84 8400 Layer Topsoil Greyish-brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.26 Modern
84 8401 Layer Subsoil Brownish-grey clayey-silt >50 >1.8 0.08
84 8402 Layer Natural substrate Light brownish-red silty-clay >50 >1.8
85 8500 Layer Topsoil Greyish-brown sandy-silt >50 >1.8 0.31 Modern
85 8501 Layer Subsoil Brownish-grey clayey-silt >50 >1.8 0.07
85 8502 Layer Natural substrate Light brownish-red silty-clay >50 >1.8
86 8600 Layer Topsoil Dark brownish-grey silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.18 Modern
86 8601 Layer Subsoil Brownish-grey silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.2
86 8602 Layer Natural substrate Light brownish-red silty-clay >50 >1.8
88 8800 Layer Topsoil Dark brownish-grey silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.25 Modern
88 8801 Layer Subsoil Brownish-grey silty-clay >50 >1.8 0.25
88 8802 Layer Natural substrate Light brownish-red silty-clay >50 >1.8
89 8900 Layer Topsoil Dark brownish-grey silty-clay >45 >1.8 0.35 Modern
89 8901 Layer Subsoil Light greyish-brown sandy-silt >45 >1.8 0.3
89 8902 Layer Natural substrate Light reddish-brown silty-sand >45 >1.8
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation
APPENDIX B: THE FINDS
Context Category Description Fabric code Count Weight (g) Spot-date
400 Worked flint Microlith 1
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation
APPENDIX C: OASIS REPORT FORM
PROJECT DETAILS
Project Name Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire
Short description
An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in September and October 2015 at Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire. Eighty eight trenches were excavated. Two undiagnostic flint flakes and fragments of Iron Age pottery were recovered from the subsoil horizon within Trench 31, along with a possible fragment of polished stone axe. A single Mesolithic microlith was recovered from the topsoil within Trench 4 and medieval pottery was also recovered from the subsoil horizon in the same trench. Evidence of post-medieval marl extraction was identified in Trenches 2, 4 and 5 and a post-medieval field boundary was recorded in Trench 74. Modern truncation and disturbance was recorded in the south-western area of site, along with a number of modern features. Undated linear ditches were identified in Trenches 23, 25 and 26 and may represent parts of field/enclosure systems pre-dating the post-medieval period.
Project dates 14 September to 8 October 2015 Project type Field Evaluation
Previous work Cultural Heritage Assessment (CA 2011) Archaeological Geophysical Survey (Bartlett-Clark Consultancy 2011)
Future work Further phase of evaluation PROJECT LOCATION Site Location Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire Study area (M2/ha) 55ha Site co-ordinates SK 1365 1056 PROJECT CREATORS Name of organisation Cotswold Archaeology Project Brief originator Lichfield District Council
Project Design (WSI) originator Cotswold Archaeology
Project Manager Richard Young Project Supervisor Alex Thomson MONUMENT TYPE None SIGNIFICANT FINDS None PROJECT ARCHIVES Intended final location of archive Content
Physical Potteries Museum and Art Gallery: 2015.LH.169 Pottery, CBM, flint, stone
Paper Potteries Museum and Art Gallery: 2015.LH.169
Trench and context records, registers and field drawings
Digital Potteries Museum and Art Gallery: 2015.LH.169 Typescript report, digital photographs
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2015 Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation. CA typescript report 15751
CITY OFDERBY
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Reproduced from the 2005 Ordnance Survey Explorer map with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109
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Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield Staffordshire
Site location plan
PROJECT NO.DATESCALE@A4
DRAWN BYCHECKED BYAPPROVED BY
527723/10/20151:25,000
AOLM/DJBREY
Andover 01264 347630
Cirencester 01285 771022
Exeter 01392 826185
Milton Keynes 01908 564660
w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk
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BM 75.30m
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Playground
74.1m
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Chimney
79.7m
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0
105
110
SK
4802
7003
1003
1310
Field 1
Field 2
Field 3
Field 4
Fig 3
Fig. 5
Fig. 7
See below
ditch
7403
ditch
7405
Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey digital mapping with the permission of
Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office
\\server4\projects\5277 F
oden P
ark S
treethay Lichfield S
taffs E
VA
L\Illustration\D
rafts\5277 F
oden P
ark S
treethay Lichfield S
taffs E
VA
L_F
ig 2 etc.dw
g
N
DRAWN BY
CHECKED BY
APPROVED BY
AO
LM/DJB
REY
PROJECT NO.
DATE
SCALE@A3
5277
23/10/2015
1:3500 & 1:1000 (inset)
PROJECT TITLE
Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield
Staffordshire
FIGURE TITLE
Trench location plan showing archaeological
features, geophysical survey results and the
location of selected historic boundaries
FIGURE NO.
2
site boundary
evaluation trench
archaeological feature
layer/deposit
modern
field drain
treethrow
historic boundary depicted on
1849 Tithe map of Streethay
Township
Andover
Cirencester
Exeter
Milton Keynes
www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk
w
e
01264 347630
01285 771022
01392 826185
01908 564660
magnetic anomalies (probably archaeological)
magnetic disturbances (recent/non-archaeological)
background magnetic activity (possibly
natural/non-archaeological)
probable cultivation
former boundary
probable land drain
strong (ferrous) magnetic anomalies
pipe (and associated magnetic disturbance)
Geophysics Key
(Bartlett-Clark Consultancy 2011)
150m0
30m0
74.1m
ditch 2604
ditch 2503
A
A
Streethay
Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey digital mapping with the permission of
Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office
P:\5277 F
oden P
ark S
treethay Lichfield S
taffs E
VA
L\Illustration\D
rafts\5277 F
oden P
ark S
treethay Lichfield S
taffs E
VA
L_F
ig 2 etc.dw
g
N
DRAWN BY
CHECKED BY
APPROVED BY
AO
LM/DJB
REY
PROJECT NO.
DATE
SCALE@A3
5277
14/06/2016
1:250
PROJECT TITLE
Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield
Staffordshire
FIGURE TITLE
Plan of Trenches 25 and 26
FIGURE NO.
3
site boundary
evaluation trench
archaeological feature
modern
Andover
Cirencester
Exeter
Milton Keynes
www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk
w
e
01264 347630
01285 771022
01392 826185
01908 564660
magnetic disturbances (recent/non-archaeological)
background magnetic activity (possibly
natural/non-archaeological)
strong (ferrous) magnetic anomalies
pipe (and associated magnetic disturbance)
Geophysics Key
(Bartlett-Clark Consultancy 2011)
10m0
Ditch 2503, looking north-west (2m scales)
CotswoldArchaeology
PROJECT TITLE
FIGURE TITLE
FIGURE NO.
4
Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield Staffordshire
Ditch 2503: section and photograph
PROJECT NO.DATESCALE@A3
DRAWN BYCHECKED BYAPPROVED BY
527723/10/20151:20
AODJBREY
Andover 01264 347630
Cirencester 01285 771022
Exeter 01392 826185
Milton Keynes 01908 564660
w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk
0 1m
2508
topsoil 2500
subsoil 2501 subsoil 2501
2507
2506
2505
2504
ditch 2503
74.0mAOD
S N
Section AA
pit 503
pit 406
B
B
Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey digital mapping with the permission of
Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office
\\server4\projects\5277 F
oden P
ark S
treethay Lichfield S
taffs E
VA
L\Illustration\D
rafts\5277 F
oden P
ark S
treethay Lichfield S
taffs E
VA
L_F
ig 2 etc.dw
g
N
DRAWN BY
CHECKED BY
APPROVED BY
AO
LM/DJB
REY
PROJECT NO.
DATE
SCALE@A3
5277
23/10/2015
1:500
PROJECT TITLE
Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield
Staffordshire
FIGURE TITLE
Close up plan of Trenches 1-5, showing
extraction deposits and excavated areas
within trenches 4 and 5
FIGURE NO.
5
site boundary
evaluation trench
archaeological feature
layer/deposit
modern
field drain
treethrow
Andover
Cirencester
Exeter
Milton Keynes
www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk
w
e
01264 347630
01285 771022
01392 826185
01908 564660
Geophysics Key
(Bartlett-Clark Consultancy 2011)
magnetic disturbances (recent/non-archaeological)
background magnetic activity (possibly
natural/non-archaeological)
strong (ferrous) magnetic anomalies
pipe (and associated magnetic disturbance)
probable land drain
20m0
Trench 4, looking east (2m scale)
407
extraction pit 406
topsoil 400
subsoil 402
411
408 403403
extraction pit 409
72mAOD
NW SE
Section BB
CotswoldArchaeology
PROJECT TITLE
FIGURE TITLE
FIGURE NO.
6
Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield Staffordshire
Trench 4: section and photograph
PROJECT NO.DATESCALE@A3
DRAWN BYCHECKED BYAPPROVED BY
527723/10/20151:50
AODJBREY
Andover 01264 347630
Cirencester 01285 771022
Exeter 01392 826185
Milton Keynes 01908 564660
w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk
0 2m
Ditch 3202, looking south-west (0.5m scale)
0 10m
1:200
0 1m
1:20
C
C
CotswoldArchaeology
PROJECT TITLE
FIGURE TITLE
FIGURE NO.
7
Foden Park, Streethay, Lichfield Staffordshire
Trench 23: plan, section and photograph
PROJECT NO.DATESCALE@A3
DRAWN BYCHECKED BYAPPROVED BY
527723/10/20151:200 & 1:20
AODJBREY
Andover 01264 347630
Cirencester 01285 771022
Exeter 01392 826185
Milton Keynes 01908 564660
w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk
archaeological feature
treethrow
field drain
ditch 2302
topsoil 2300
2302
71.2mAOD
SE NW
Section CC
ditch 2302
Trench 23, plan
25
Summary1. Introduction2. Archaeological background3. AIMS AND objectives4. Methodology5. results (Figs 2-7)6. The finds7. Discussion8. ca project team9. referencesappendix A: CONTEXT descriptionsappendix B: the FINDSAPPENDIX C: oaSIS REPORT FORM_5277 Foden Park Streethay Lichfield Staffs EVAL_Figures_14-06-2016edit.pdf5277 Foden Park Streethay Lichfield Staffs EVAL_Fig015277 Foden Park Streethay Lichfield Staffs EVAL_Fig06