TECHNICAL REPORT M-22July 1972
4I
"INSPECTION OF(I PILE DRIVING OPERATIONS
byFM.T. Davisson
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORY
Champaign, Illinois 61820
DlECOCT 10 191Z
TCT IO
Approved for public release; distribution unlimitcd
NATIONAL TECHNICALINFOR.MATION SERVICE
-4* ..'
UNCLASSIFIEDSecunty Classification
DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA- R & 0(Secuity classification of title, body, of abbetct and Indeslng anetatlon must be entered when the overall report is clasellfed
ORIGINATING ACTIVITY (Corpotrte jiuthe,) |lN eOT ir{'U111I.X lASIrICATION
Construction Engineering Research Laboratory L hnclassiredP.O. Box 4005 ,. GROUPChampaign, Illinois 61820 !
3 NREPORT TITLEr
INSPECTION OF PILE DRIVING OPERATIONS
4. OESClIPTIVC NOTS (7ype o tetelt elnd Incluelve dates)
Final ReportG. AU THOR(S) (P1,18 neMe. Middle InRtal, Ilst name)
M. T. Davisson
4. REPORT OATC 75. TOTAL NO. uor PAGES ib. NO. Or steps
July 1972 56 14sa. CON4MACT ON GRANT NO. Se. ORIGINATOR*S REPORT NUWI@ |I8)
b. PROJECT NO. Technical Report M-22
4.N78012AOK Sb. OTHER REPORT NOS) (Any eR1s, niinbeS .et ., be...,ISedthise port)
d. AD# obtainable from address block 1.10 OISTRISUTION STATEMENT
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 1i. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY
Copies of this report are obtainablefrom National Technical Information Department of the ArmyService, Springfield, Virginia 22151
IS. ASSTRACT
The inspection of pile driving operations involves the accumulation andinterpretation of technical data and the simultaneous recording of pay itemdata. This manual is designed to explain the range of tasks inspectors mustperform and to put the tasks in the broader perspective of the entire piledriving operation.
The manual begins by explaining pre-construction organization, then thepile driving operation, and finally the data that the inspector mist record.Two appendices include additional technical information on pile drivers, boththe hammier and vibratory types.
14. KEY WORDS
hammer pile drivers vibratory pile drivers pile driving inspection
plwREPLACES DO FORMs IS7S. 1 JAN 0.W"IC" ISDD ,.v4..1473 "j,8"LETE FO" ARMY USE.t s$%critYClasirsfication
I4
TECHNICAL REPORT M-22
INSPECTION OFPILE DRIVING OPERATIONS
byM. T. Davisson
July 1972
Department of the ArmyCONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORY
P.O. Box 4005
Champaign. Illinois 61820
Approved for publi, release: distribution unlimited
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT iiiFOREWORD iv
1 INTRODUCTION ............ ... ...................... 1Purpose and Scope
References
2 PRE-CONSTRUCTION ORGANIZATION ...... ............ 1PurposeDocumentsSequence of Construction
Driving Equipment
Data FormsProduction Day NumberInspector Attitude :
Pay Items
Composite Piles
Material Specifications
3 DRIVING OPERATIONS ........... ................... 6Stake OutPile Marks
Pile Placement IPile Splices iPile Driving
Final Driving CriteriaIndicator and Load Test Piles
Cetermining Final Driving Resistance iLoad TestsPile Markinc. and Cut-Off"Daily Summary of Pile Driving
4 iNSPECTION AND MEASUREMENT ..... ............. ... 16Purpose and Scope
Marking Cut-OffSolid Cross-SectionsPile Tolerances
Cast-in-Place Piles
Concreting of PilesConcreting Problems
Reinforcing Steel IS~~Pile Heave -Rvjected PilesPile Driving Summaries
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APPENDIX I: PILE DRIVING HAMMER OPERATION 35APPENDIX II: VIBRATORY PILE DRIVERS 43
REFERENCES
DISTRIBUTIONDD FORM 1473
FIGURES
Number Page
1 Individual Pile Driving Record 82 Dynamic Formula (Engineering News) 123 Wave Equation Analysis 124 Daily Summary of Pile Driving 145 Pile Marking Template 176 Inspection and Measurement of Piling-Solid Cross-Sections 187 Inspection and Measurement of Piling-Cast-in-Place 228 Inspection of Concreting of Piling 249 Piling Production Summary 30
10 Pile Summary 3211 Steam-Air Hammers 3512 Single-Action Hammer 3613 Schematic of Diesel Hammer 4114 Schematic of Vibratory Drivers 4315 Forre Output of Vibratory Drivers 4416 Power Consumption of Vibratory Drivers 4517 Power Chart for Bodine Resonant Driver 4718 Vibratory Pile Driving Equipment Data Record 4919 Pile Penetration Rate Data Record 5120 Daily Summary of Vibratory Pile Driving 52
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KI>IS:I
INSPECTION OFPILE DRIVING OPERATIONS
I INTRODUCTION If the inspection team is properly organized priorto construction, the pertinent facts will be observed
Purpose and Scope. The manual describes the infor- automatically as standard procedure. Then, if troublesmation that must be accumulated during the inspec- arise, an investigation to determine cause and recoi-don of pile driving operations. It is assumed that the mend remedies can be completed with maximumsoil investigation phase is completed, that plans and speed. This in turn benefits the project schedule andspecifications are finalized, and a contract written. minimizes losses to both contractor and owner. Thebenefits of thorough preconstruction organization[ The inspection techniques described herein are con-cemed primarily with technical items, but methods of cannot be overemphasized. Further, at the start ofincorporating information on pay items are also des- construction, the presence of apparently excess in-cribed. spector manpower can be economically justified as a
trivial cost relative to the potential losses caused byThe manual begins by explaining pie-construction delays if trouble is encountered.
organization, then the pile driving operation. andfinally the data that the inspector must record. Two Documents. Prior to construction the following docu-appendices include additional technical information ments should be gathered:on pile drivers, both the hammer and vibrtory types. 1. PlansReferences. The following Engineer Manuals should 2. Specificationsbe available to the inspection team: 3. Contract
EM 385-1-1 General Safety Requirements 4. Soil Boring DataEM 1110-2-1803 Subsurface Investigation of Soils 5. Design MemorandaEM 1 110-2-2000 Standard Practice for Concrete The pile plans are most useful in reduced sizes.EM 1110-2-2906 Design of Pile Structures and On the plans each pile should have a unique designa-
Foundatio.,q tion, usually a number or a combination of numbersTM 5.258 Pile Constructicn and letters. Commonly, column numbers or structure
The reference list at the end of this volume can designations are used to precede the pile number. Itsupplement the manuals. is essential that only these designations be used in
communications between field and office forces onthe part of both contractor and owner; otherwiseconfusion will result. Ordinarily the pile numbering
2 PRE-CONSTRUCTION ORGANIZATION system will be given on the engineer's plans, but thesystem may also be a required submittal from the
Purpose. There are often immediate needs at the contractot. If the engineer has neither supplied aPP beginning of pile driving that place a great burden on numbering system nor required the contractor to
the inspection team. In many cases unknown or submit one, the inspection team should proceed toSunanticipated factors cause piles to drive much longer initiate a system in coordination with both the
or shorter than the design length or pile damage. contractor and engineer. All parties should haveT.ese factors usually make their presence known in copies and adhere to the system finally adopted.the early stages of construction and lead to investiga-d dons to determine whether the design is proper for The inspector should locate the driving operationthe conditions actually encountered in the field, or close to a soil boring in order to compare drivingwhether the contractor is using proper techniques. behavior to soil conditions. To facilitate this, the soil"Such investigations are based on facts observed in the boring locations should be shown on the pile plans. Ifearly stages of construction; it is the duty of the a particular plan does not cover an area in which ainspection team to observe all pertinent facts. boring has been made, co-ordinates should be given
locating thie nearest boring or borings relative to a soil profile in the design report, thus saving him thepoint on the plan. work described above with respect to soil borings.
The technical specifications should be studied for Sequence of Construction. Specifications often re-the usual purpose of becoming familiar with the job. quire the contractor to make a submittal indicatingNormally, the specification will cover the general the sequence in which he proposes to perform histopics of actual pile construction along with other operations. On projects with complicated workingprocedural matters, including (a) contractor submit- conditions or tight schedules, the sequence may betals relative to the type of pile, follower (if any), and specified for the contractor. Whether from submittalshammer that will be used, (b) load test arrangements, or conferences with the contractor, the inspectionand (c) the sequence in which the work will be agency needs a knowledge of the following events:performed. All contractor submittals required by con- 1. Date of first driving operation and the numbertract to be submitted prior to construction should beobtained. It is likely that additional information and types of rigsidescribed later, beyond that required by contract, 2. Schedule for startup of additional rigs.should also be obtained for the inspector's file prior 3. Location of each rig and the order in whichto construction. work wi
