Fm 7-40 Scout Dog Training and Employment 1973 Text

7/28/2019 Fm 7-40 Scout Dog Training and Employment 1973 Text

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FM 7-40FIELD MANUAL

SCOUT DOG TRAININGAND

EMPLOYMENT

H E ft D Q U A R T E fl S , DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYMARCH 1973


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PM 7-40FIELD MANUAL ^ HEADQUARTERS

( DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYNo 7-40 ) Washington, D. C. 1 March 1073

SCOUT DOC TRAINING AND EMPLOYMENT

GHAPTEH 1, INTRODUCTTON . . . . L J2. SCOUT DOG TEAM TRATNING

Section Ir Si:r#sn]ng Dojm for TraininE ^' ^^ 'II. Princlplfli of Training 1113 5Til. Tralnlnj RmjuiremBnti ... -.- 1419 9

CHAfTO 3, THE POOD-REWARD METHODSection I. General 20 9

XL The SPBTCh Chiin 2B3Z UCbaptck 4. BASIC SCOUTING

SBCtion 1. GerenU SSZi it11. SuBpkiouA Tnininb- - -- 383S 2SHI. Training ConsidemilDna ----- 3^*^ 2IV. [nieuriiilon of TripwlMs, Miiu-n. BoohTlrnnj 4866 36

And CachCbaptBI 5. INTERMEDIATE SCOUTING

aection 1. Tmlnlni Coiiidationi 7flO 4311. EffKU of Wind Md Tflrrain 61,62 44IIL Ditflctffln at PHisnfl*! and Equiurrunt Undcnrround, 63Bfl M

Above sroiuid, ind UnderwmttrIV- Nithi Trmmlna ''*^ *^

Cbawbh a. 3PEC1AIJ2ED TRAININGStEon 1. G-nml '' '^ *^

IL Rir Crouinff - "^2- ^^ SBm. Rapi-uiTii - '^''^5 "IV. Sreh of BoUt-Up Arena ^S1 ^

CaAyTBt 7. ADVANCED SCOUTING 9Z-^i 69S. EMPLOYMENT

Stdon L G*ntL a- '1n. Trpa of EmpIoyiMiiE fll100 73

AmiHDix A. ftEFBRENCBa - ^^B. PATEOL BRIEFING DATA GUIDE 82C. 9ENTBV DOG THAlNING ^D. BASIC SCOUTING AREA LAYOUT 9'^

INDEX ^*


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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION

\. PurposeThis manual is a ffuide for Army personneicharged wjtb the training and employment ofacout do^ teams. When combined with other ap-plicable manuals and programs of inatfuction,this manual forms the basis for conduct of a for-mal program for the trainiiiff of scout doga andhandlers. Additionally, this manual provides guid-ance for commanders and staff officer's in theeapafaifiCles, imitations, and tacticaE empteymentQf scout dos: elements [n infantry operations,

Z ScopeThis mBnual covers the general and speciaiiaedaspects Of the training and employment of scoutdags and handier^.

,Vort: FM 20-20, Baalc Ca>* and TrilnruB of Mtlit&ryd^ Is a pr#nqui4lt :ar UAe of ihi4 njAnuL ]atlvF to3. The Scout Dog TeamThe scout dcg tesm caaBiats of one trained Ger-man Shepherd scout dog and one schooUtraioedhandler. Most of the Inforamtion in this publica-tion deals with the trajninj and employmentof this element- Scout dog teams can be groupedwith adminiatracive, technical, and commandand control personnel to form scouc dog platoonsor sections of composite tactical dog platoons.A detailed diacuaaion is contained in chapter 8.4. Scour Dog Tom MftifonThe mission of the acout dog team is to supportInfantry combat operations by providing silent.ear^ warning of foreign presence or devices out-side the main body of supported troops,5. CapabHititfThe scout dog's superior senses of ameJl, hearing,and sight enable it to give silent indication of thepresence of a variety of foracgn presences. Com-bined with the handler's ability to interpret theseindicattons and judge their significance, the

team can ptovjde the commander with the fol-lowing;

a. Silent, early detection of individuals orgroups in the vicinity of a friendly patrol (am-bushea, snipers),

b- Detection of infiJtraiors sp^toaching afriendly position.

e. Assistance in the detection of tunnels,bunkers, or other means of hiding- personnd and/or storing food, ammunition, or supplies.

d. Assistance in the detection of casualty-producing devices.

6. LimitatfoniAlthough the scout dog team is a tactical ele-ment, it La neither self-austaining nor self-protectiuf> Since the handler must concentratehia efforts on interpreting his doff's reactions,and on controlling ttie dog during contact withthe enemy, the team is normally provided withone or more bodyguards to protect the teamuntil the handler can defend himself or withdra'.vfrom contact7- Evolution of th Concvpl

a. The scout dof, under various names, hassupported combat operations for over SfOOO years-The requirement for a means of providing earlywarning of the enemy is essential to any army-

b. The modern evolution of the scout dog teamas a tactical element began in World War TT, whenlarge numbers of s


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concept (the aae of modem behavioral trainiiiff has reaponaibifity :or trnining instructors, lead-methods, and the ^ievelopment of electronic con- etg, handlers, and dogs in the ai;oiit dog pro-trol meaaureg) will insure the value of the scout gram.dog team in any future conflict ^ Comvrand. Commandera are reaponaible for

the proper employment, handlin^n care and con-S. Responiimmiei tinuej training of scouc dojja aasiened or attached

a. fmininij. The US Army Infantry School to their unita.


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CHAPTER 2SCOUT DOG TEAM TRAINING

Section I SCREENING DOGS FOR TRAINING9. ProcedureThe scoot dog is the basic infantri' tactical dog.As sach. it must be more versatite and adapCab/flthan other military working dogs. The term"screening" refers to the procedure used to claas-ify dogs tor the type at military service for whichthey seem best qualified. This daasiflcation labased on observation of the physical and psycho^Eo^cal traits manifested by the dogs from thetime they are tested upon arrival at receptionand troining^ centers^ throughout their baBJctraining period, and even after they have begunapeciaiized training. It is imperstivE to continueobserving the dogs throughout the training pro--am. The potentiolitiea of some dogs and in-herent weakneaaea of others may come to lightuDKipectedly- The dofa are initially observed bya daa3ilii:atlon board conaiatiug of a command-ing officer and selected inatructors^ On the basis

of physical and psychological traits manifested,the board may reject a dog before it is accepted,or at any time during training,10, Selection for Type of Spci(illicl TrainingThe claasiflcation board has the responsibilityfor deciding which dogs will be trained as scoutdogs anij which will be trained for other duty.The selection is based on consideration of thedemonstrated qualities of an individual dog asmeasured against the requirements for the aeveral types of duty. Scouting makes many demandson a dog's intelligence, temperament, and stam-ina. Dogs that qualify best in these traits may beselected for acout training. During the courseof acout training, a. dog may ahow that It is not,after all, suitable. It may then be transferred toanother type of training.

Section IL PRINCIPLES OF TRAINING1 1

.

GenrolBasic dog training is an end in itself. It servessimply, hut necessarily, to develop in dogs thebehavior that is eaaential to efficient and effectivetraining for apecific military funddons. A dogthat successfully completes basic training is dis-ciplined and prepared to receive instruction inita particular military duties. Furthermore, itsbehavior during basic training, if properly ob-served, la an indication of the type of specialfiedtraining for which it ia best auited-

12. Scout Traininga. TTaiwiig the dog to scaat begins immedi-

ately after obedience training. This training issubdivided into basic, intermediate, and advancedscouting. During the latter portion of trainingrappelling, village and/or built-ui> area search.

and river crossing are integrated into the train-ing.

b. Basic scouting eraphasiaes teaching thehandler how to read his dog's alerts, teaehingthe dog what Co aJert on, and deweiopfcg teamability in scouting; techniques auch as quarter-ing the fleld and suspicioua training.

c- Boobytraps are introduceij during interme-diate training along with medium range patrol-ling- Emphasis is on tripwire explosives andmineSs

d. In advanced scouting the hsndler Is readyto employ what he has learned. Decoys are setDot over a large area and the h^dJ^ is subjectedto all types of terrain and unuaual conditiohs inorder to find the ilecoy. A number of dog teamsare tsJ^en out on patrol with one team scoutingat a time. The handler should now be ready to


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detect the enemy and his devkes. He learns toscout over dry grouncl, hiHsr and swnmps. Ob-stacles such aa croasmg a logp a atreamn or a deepravine should be mastered m that both the dogand handier jain c;onfidencsH

13. Sfatemenr of PrinciplesThe effectiveness of apeciaJized dog training de-pends on the regard shown far the fQllo"wln^fundamentn] principles h

a. The General Attitude of tfu Hîndler. Ahandler must fully really the importjince of thework that he \a doing. He must understand andappreciate the fact that dojfs are used to conservenmnpowerp conserve life> and to further the workof the military service through the use of theirinnate abiiities.

b. The ImpcrtaTice of the Handler-Dog Reta^tioTtship, The dog and handler must ôrk as ateanin Therefore^ no handler must be forced totrain an animal that he deems unsuitable. Forthe same reason, if a dog^ appears unwilling toserve a. certain haadlerp it may be necessary toassign it to another. On the other hand, once ateam ha been establishedp the relationahlp shouldbe maintained. Only the handler should pralatfeedp or otherwise handle his dog.

c. Assoaniioti of Idâs Fti/îtatea Lmming.Where special equipment is used, the dog mustleam^ to asaociate this equipment with ita work,

d. Motivation. The do; should be motivatednot only by food, or by praise and pettingp but

also by the goal of accompli shitiu a ?n]53ion. Thedog- can and should be trained fo coinplete atngk as an end in itself^ not simply for the snkeof reward by the handler. In all trainingp there-fore, the dog must be permitted to finish everyexercise successfullyp no mtitler how Tiany errorsit makes. The dog mast alwa^js succeed.

f. Terrain, Di3tra':tions. Traininj is conductedover varying terrain and in the face of gunfireand other distrjictLons to develop the doj^'s re-aponaibility for îven tasks and to insure theaccomplishment of its mission.

f- The Ability of the Dog is Developed byTraining Dunnff Daylight. The effects of day-light training will carry over into actual serviceat nisht. Training Js difficuJt to conduct in dark-ness because the handler cannot see well enoughto observe the dog's errors and correct them.But the dog can carry over the effects of gooddaylight training into night performance. Thedog and handler must be proAclent in daylighttraining before any training at night is attempt-ed.

g. Revievi of Previous Traimn^ Maintains a/ndRaises the Level of Performance. Handlers mustuse their beet judgrnent in determininj howoften previously learned everciaes should be re-peated,K Siicceaaful Training of Scotd Doga Depends

on the Care Taken for Their Welfare. Unleeiathe dogs are kept in ffood health* properly groom-ed, fed, and kenneled, the effectiveness of thetraining program will be diminished-

Stion 111. TRAINING REQUIREMNTS1 A. GeneralMost types of military dog training require anunusually high instructor/student ratio. Exceptfor obedience training, nearly all practical train-ing must be conducted on an individual basia.The primary reason for this is the fact that theinstructor/trainer will normally be training stu-dents with untrained doga. Since the dog cannotunderstand verbal instruction, the instructor/trainer must "filter" his instruction to the dogthrough the medium of a student who is himselfuntrained. This unique aspect of military dogtraining demands an unusually high degree ofexpertise and patience on the part of the instruc-tor/trainer. Other reasons include the types ofterrain over which instruction is conducted, andthe fact that each student team mut be workedindividually on uncontaminated training lanes.

It is therefore necessary that auHicient qualiiiedpersonnel be available to permit the assignmentof one instructor/trainer to three student/dogteams (in effect, one instructor to six "students").To provide realism, insure troop and dog safety,and achieve the requisite technical proficiency,this ratio should he maintained as closely aspossible.

15. lnrtry


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.-.coat das trajn[jii;. Whun a shonase uf qualifiedtrainers exists, e^-perienced scant dog handleramay be used as asaistant instructors. This ia not.liowever, desirable since few handlers have thedeplK of experieni:*- neceasary to cope -vith themany traminj: and motivational prohlema thatiiievjtibly develop .n training scout dag teams.

16, HandlersA icciut dog team con^iists of one sc:oiit do? andIts handler. Handler/students must meet the re-quirements discussed in FM 20-30, The handlerig responsiole for the daily care and arooniineof his dog and the maintenance of it3 kenneiarea. Since a strong bond of affection betweendog and handler must be eatablished and main-tained, each handler should be assigned only onedog, and he should retain that animal until theygraduate as a team or until one of them ia elimi-nated from the training program,17, DogiSufficient dogs must he available so that there isone for every student to be trained. An additionalnumber of dogs equal to at least 10 percent of eachatudent class should be available. In any givengroup, a certain number of students and dogswill not be psychologically or motivationallycompatible, thus, sufficient excess dogs must beavailable to allow for proper "mating" of handlerand dog.18, Equipmn|Scout dog handlers require the following equip-ment in addition to their normal fteld gear:

,1. Choke ^jhain tuilar,b. Leather collar.c. ^-foot, and ^.i-foot leashes.T. Feed pan.t. k'enne! nr "stake out" chain.f Equipment holder.J. fntrenchini; tool.h. Harness.[. A pouch or baa for carrying food.y. Whistle,

The military construction worker's apron (tig1) IS ideal for carrying food, although ammuni-tion pouches or other items which can be securedto the web belt are acceptable.

19. TerrainAll infantry tactical dog training requires largeareas of terrain. Fifty student scout dog teams,for example, require a minimum of 10,000 acresof training area, A good rule of thumb is tomultiply the number of teams by 100 acres, andthen doublfi or triple this figure to allow forrotation. There are three primary reasons forthese large terrain requirements.

tu C&ntamvnation. After scout dog traininghas been conducted In a given area for approri-matdy 1 week, the area becomes so contaminatedby confusing human and animal scents that it

FiffwvT. MUitarff ajinm Ktfd if oarrv fo^ hr dog.


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becomes dirfkuJt or impossilile for the dogs todistinguish between thtse scents and chose of th*personnel they are expected to locate. For thisreason, areas should be rotated weekly to allowthe diitractinjr scents to dis:?ipivte, the vegeCafionta re


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CHAPTER 3THE FOOO-REWARD METHOD

Section I fNTRODUCTJON20. GonvelThere are two btiaic methoda used in thft trainingof mjiiit&ry dogz, the prBise-puniahment metliodand the food-reward method- Both methods makeuse of thft principle Of reward for perforroflncoand punishment for nonperformance or mJabe-havior-

a. Praite'PitTiiahment Metht>d. This is the tra-ditiooal method uaed by animal trainers. Simplystated, when the dog successfuJiy performs sometaak it is rewarded by praiae and petting. Whenit fails to perform, or miabehaves^ it is puniahedby verbal disapproval sad physical diEcomfortor Enild pain. This method la moat effectively usedwhere hig^hly disciplined dogs are required, andin training military dogs which must be Hiffhlyagvresvve.

b. FoodrRewtird Method. This meth


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and other nonworkin^ days. Depending on eachdoj'a food requirementSH appetite, and motiva-tion, it may be given fu[I ration (minus goalfood) on Saturdays and half-ration an Sundaysor half-ration on Saturdays and no ration onSundays.

23. Veterinary SupervisionCJose coordination with nnd supervision hy thestation veterinarian is necessary when asing thefood-reward methodn No dog should undergo thepreparatory food deprivation until the veterinar-iao^ has insured Chat the do^s state of healthwill allow it. Due to variations in moEivatiDnand appetitCp some dogs will gain or lose weightduring training. Close coordination "with veteri-nary personnel will prevent excessive weight lossor gain. If a dog is unable to leara quicklyenough to earn its minimum daily ratioQp itahould be eliminated from trainingH24, Training PenaAlthough not essential^ tralninff P^^ facilitatethe introduction of the food-reward method hy

isoiating ea


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2b. CDfidiTioning of 'GQgd'Êiitzh handler sho^Jd we:ir his L^proti filled withtrainini^ food. The apron iti worn at the wa]5C,in fron*- of or on Che riuht side (fig" 3)^ TheKindh^f \v]ll C:ikt KLs ^lny into the pen. close Thei^Lite. Li];d romove his doy'd leash, Thu rJr^r; i:;Ldlovvt."] 10 I'^nm [diout *hii pen for :i low ininntesto LLt.vu^roni :tÂi to it-^ 3i]froi]nLl]ni^- The hand-let" then l^'tTLns iJie ri:hnaitLon]n]r to "l5oiiii_"

^c_ Stt J V Whi=ni^vj_^r tli^ do^^ lt r]ear th-ihiLncilern and eapec]ariy if ]t L:i lookinjj at him.the htindler aaya "Gomii" l/Ll aecond later hetakes a cube of food from his apron and placesit in hlada^'s itioiich (R^ -I),

jVoe: TLTrim;? is Gsaentlil during thia and aW futureatage^ ^f i:QndL tinning. The prO[:Edqre muat oittuyt b^:"G^mdr' i ~ sen^flrid pause, appeftranH:e o/ iotxl- Tlie handlermuEt not ]VQ the dDg an}^ cue gr aLgnii], aLich 19 renchmrtuw&rd the aprfln or bending over t>eCore the word '^Gcd"ifi ftaid. This proccdui-B \s intLnud for uvermi ttiaCStuntil the doff atarta waUhin^ its handler and wtJtinf forfood, i^r otherwlAe eidiLblta what Ia termed ''beS^rLffbehavior "

b. Step S. The handler waits until his dotlooks or moves away from him before saying"Good" followed 1/2 second later by food asbefore. When the handler ia sure his dog is re-spondijig to "Good" and not other sianals^ suchas various body movements, he can bejpf^ "shap-ing^' his dog's responses ^ Conditioning of "'Gcwd"is considered complete when the handler can"shape" the dog to move away from him withthe word "Go^Jd/' Traininff time for the averaffedog is five or sis trials* each lasting 10 to 15minLites-

27. Exercise in Shoping Proedursa. St&p 1, To shape the dog's behavior into a

certain response, such as moving away from thehandler^ he says "Good'" whenever his dog ^^^âway from him untii the dog repeats ''lookingaway" consistently.

&. Step 2. The handler waits until his dogmakes a slight move away from him before say-ing 'Good," and continues this until the doRrepeats "starting to move away."

c. Step J. Thfi handler waits untii his don takesa step away, then several ateps^ or until the dogmoves 4 or 5 feet each time, before saying ''Good''and h:ive [he dog reCuru for food.

d. Step in When thedog repeats "movingaway/' the handler may wait to say "Good" unU\the dog moves in a desired direction. The in-structor must insure that the handler doesn'texpect too much of his dog at one time. The

FiffuT^ J. HanditT" wtariiiff imlii^ry apr^m*

handler will hav^ to wait a long time for hiadog to accidentally go to the right spot in thepen. He will have to wait again to get his dog tocontinuously go to that apot, and he must expectonly slow results. During this phase of trainingsome dogs will become quite confused, and manywill constantly hesitate until they are sure theyare performing the correct action. Many handlerswill also become impatient or discouraged dur-ing this periodi especially if :hey see otherhandlers' dogs progressing faster than their own^The instructors muat consrantly remind thehandlers that each dog progresses at its ownpace and encourage them to be patientn If ahandler becomes disgusted or loses his tempernany benefit from that day's training may belost.

e. StApa 5 and S. One good technique for gflt-11


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FiffTirf ;. Pta^^ff foO


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HANDLER

DOG

Fiffun S. Dividinff pn {irainittff faffilitv), doa in oju haifaf p*n.

ripure B. Diiridivo p*n, quadroMt.

13


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Section THE SEARCH CHAIN2 a. GeneralThe search chain (fig 7) la a aequence of eventawhereby the procedure outlined in paragraphs20 through 27 is used to ahape the dog's hehaviortoward some practical task {e.^., obedience sx~qrcise, finding people, boobytrnps, and the like).In the same manner as the dog's behavior wasshaped to go to a particular spot in the pen^it can be shaped to perform aimost any desirableaction.

29. Basic Search ChainThe basic search chain can be diagramed ag anunvarying, continuous sequence of simple eventsas follows:

S, + R, - Rf, - S, + H, - Rf, ^As an example, the above sequence can be readas "The First Stimulus (3) (a feed pan) plusthe First Besponaa (H) ((oing to the feed pan)leads to the First Reinforcer (Rf) (Good +food) which leads to the opportunity to go to thefeed pan again which leads to "(Jood" + foodwhich leads to , . . '*30. PairingThe primary purpose of the search chain is toprovide a basic stimulus (S,) which can be as-sociated or ^-paired," with practical actions toteach the dog. in smooth steps, its job of findingpeople and objects. Sfrnplj- stated, the baaicstimulus


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Fiff^T^ S. Oritnlnff [A? doff On iht feediB pot-

it may be necessary to take the dog by thecollar with the left hand, gently lead it two orthree ateps away from the pan, and turn to theright to face the pao again. As the handlerbegvr^ his trun to the right, the dropper dropsa cube in the pan. At the same time the handlerreleases hia dog which, hearing the noise(plunk), should go to the pan and eat. Thjsprocess will normally be repeated three to fourtimes before the dog starts returning '.vuhoiitassistance. Eai^h lime the handler allows S to 4seconds between hia command and his movementto guide the dog. Initially, the sound should beheard as the dog's head is passing the handler'sHiikt leg (fig 10); at this point the handlerinsures that the dog continues around behindhim and goes to the pan from hia left (heel)

side. To do this he may have to start by grasp-ing the dog's collar with hL right hand untilthe dog's head is behind him, then bend andchange hands, releasing the dog with his lefthand as the dog poises the heel position (fig11, 12, 13), When the handler has his dog re-turninjj satisfactorily without assistance, thedropper begins delaying until the dog movesa few inches farther around the handler, andcontinues delaying (with about five triala ateach sta^el until the food is hitting the panjust as the dog reaches the heel position. Thedog is allowed to pass the heel position withoutbeing stopped. Recall training in the searchchain Is complete when the dog returns to itshandler on command and is being reinforced aait passes the heel position on its way back to

15


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fliI

Figare 9. Dropper'a potitiitn.the pan (flg 14). The dog should perform aminimum of 10 trials before going on to thenext atep In the search chain. Trainins timefor the average dog la four to six 15-miniiteaessiona.

c. Step 3Stay at Heel Position. Begin byreviewing step 2. On about the fourth trial,the handler catches hia dog's collar with hisleft hand as the dog la juat to his left rearand hoLda it at the heel poaition (fig 151, Thedropper delays dropping the cube just ^ntil theinstant the dog Stops siraininq at the eoilar.When the dog atopa at the heel position withlittle or no pressure on Its collar, the handlercan stop holding his dog. Make sure* however,that the food is still dropped at the moment thedog stops at the heel position, until it has stoppedon its own for eight to ten trials without

hreakititf the aearcrh uhain. The dropper oan th^'ndeby by fructioiis of a seizond over LO to l!itrials until the dog [s staying at heel for -^ever:!]-secondn. Stay at the heci position is completewhen the dog stays at heel for about '> secondsIjefore being reinlorceir. .vz'Jiout bre;iki;i]: thesearch ohain, and 'A-lthou'. the handler'.-, rii'i'i.st-anoe, Tr:iinmg; twn to three IrVminute ^eisioius.

d. St''j' ^Movoiit Cominiind. '.Ths -lom-mand MOVEOL'T, givon .n a lou", :hm vnici.'.will be used to initiaf? nearly all future trainingexercises; it is aJsn used to initiate operationalpatrols or exercises,) Review steps 1 to 3 asneededr After several trials of step 4, the handlergives the command MOVEOUT, accompanied bythe moveout arm gesture. This gesture is ac-complished by using the right hand and arm ina casting motion. With the fingers extended andjoined, the right forearm is brought forwardand up from the side until the fingers are point-ing nearly straight up (fig 16). Continuing ina smooth motioOf the forearm is brought smartlyforward until the elbow is locked, with the armparallel to the ground at shoulder height (li?n). lEEMEMBER: sloppy gestures producesloppy performance by the dog.) The moveoutcommand is given as soon as the dog sits; atthe moment the moveout signal la complete, thedropper reinforces. This continues until the dogstarts moving out on command^ instead of wait-ing for reinforcement (10 to IB trials). Thedropper will then start dlayiug reinforcementuntil the dog is a few inches cloaer to the pan,and contlnueB this procedure until he Is rein-forcing when the dog reaches the pan. This stepis considered complete when the dog sitSt waitsfor the moveout command, and goes to the panbefore being reinforced (at least 10 trials).Training time for the average dog is two 15-minute sessions,

e. Step SReorientation on the Pan- Eeviewthe previous step, then begin reinforcing whenthe dog looks at the pan, even though it may beseveral steps away (five to six trials). Somedogs will orient on the dropper at this stageand won't look In the pan. If the dog is losinginterest in the chain of events, the dropper cansilently place a cube in the pan as the dog isreturning to its handler. This should cause iito look in the pan when it approaches, and thedropper can start reinforcing the pan orienta-tion. This step is complete when the dog orientson the pan for 10 to 15 trials. Reorientationtime averages two 15-minute sessions.

/, Step 3Sit at the Pan. Haview previou.^step. At about the fourth trial the handler give?

1*


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1,^î4^^ -1

F^ff^r^ i^^ ^^^ p^/J^t dr^pp^d L^lfl rti?dinfj p^n tu ^ff pa^êj handles riffhl !^g.

the command SIT just as the dos ^s odeat'mgon the pan and before it^ head comes np- TheJttoment the dog sita it is reinforced, eventhough it may not be looking at thw pan as itsits- If the handle):- jiving the command inter-ferea with the d^^s position at th^ pan (thedog may want to face its hundler}^ the ri'ropperC3n "ive the crpmmnj>d AJter five to si:^ trialsthe do? should oriejit on the pan and sit withouttômmand- !f the dog fails to orient before uittinsnthe dropper may have to reinforce orefntationfor a few trials. Training tim^ averages two tothree !5-:nJJJUe s&^lonSr

g. Step T-^R&^ypientatioii After Sit Revle-^vprsvimj^ step and then wait to r^ly^Sorce untilthe dot ]ooka bac!^ at the pan- The dog may lose

jnterest after one or two trials and return totts handler to atart again, but it should at leastglance in the direction of the pan after sittingoti the second or third trial, ft tran then be re-oriented on the pan- Reorientation is consideredcomplete aftei^ 15 to 30 succeiâful trials. Trainingtime- two to three IS-minute sessions.

'he iios Was rt&riEnTed to the pun folLowlni? the Lnlrtjciuc-tifin to the new îi^tion. This prucedui-e will L]onunuE intofyrther 5tae*^s Qi tr:iinrfi^.

9. Whtn working tht search chalnn kp in mind th&tIn order to be t-anifurcHid. If it omita &]iy atep it is re-qijir^d tr, hetfLti the tfial aiPiLci- Sotn& rtogs wiaL try toMif* s^^ cuts iff î r^jjiforced, i"jch ai rerrtaining atthfl pad to E^t Tnflrs food wlthutit wotkini for it- The dojt

J7


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FigMTf il. Step IhaitiHer flui^jji^ dog [u kefl poettion ififfltt ha-Ttit).goon leama ihat chig doesn't worJt, and it reiurna 1o thesearch chain. Somctimeg a dOg will faj[ Tn stop flt h*eLv/hvn it aKould, but ugam it ia aos reinfarced; ic ia re-quired to E!flrt a^mn. and it learna that gloppinif At hvîLB the onif aollon [hat îll "tum on" reJnfoiTemenL

3r A common proJjlBm inBtructor^ muat be alert for ja[hat of f:arnJ[i!ra aft-'-npiing to inlvanize their dags aLongthe gporch chair too Quickly. Th]a will only ônfuac thedojTS. Another pitfall ia trying '.o neach a doe- -.^.o la^k:,fe.^., orEentilla and ailtir.gf at the same :ime. A|fain,mo?t doga wiLj oilJ^ become coniuied and quit working.Thia often oaiisea Ihe handler to Iwlieve hia dag is gtupidor Lack niiHivaLinn.

h. Step SRKi:onditioning of R^jnforcsr'Good.'^ In preparation for elimination of thedropper, the dogs must first be reconditionedto "Good" (i,e., "Good" will replace the noiseat the feed pan indicating the appearance of

food). Review step 7; when the dog orients othe pan after sitting, the dropper reinforcwith "Good." waits 1/2 second, then takescube of foofl, quickly places his hand, palm uinside the pan and allows the dog to eat tcube. Since the dog haa previously been condtioned to "Good," it should quickly learn ththe uoide sound "Good" has replaced the noiat the feed pan as the signal that producefood. Recond[[.ioning should average two lO-minII te sessions.

I. Step 9EU-mination of the Drop-per. Reviestep S. The handler will now take over the rolof reinforcing his dog. When his dog orienton the pan after sitting, the handler reinforcewith "Good," steps up to the pan and placehis hand, palm up with food, into the pan, allow

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Ffjjure ISr Step Shandler a^ntinu^f g-^:idi^g doff to keH ^^tt^^ (both, hanrffll

ing his dog to eat the cube- When atarting thisprocedure the handler should stand about 2 feetto his dtig's re^r- He will alternate iu his do?âleft and right sides when reinfordng. Thiimaintains the doR'a position relative to the pan.The dropDer will be standing in his usit;l1 pos-ition unti] it ia determined that the doH ha.^learned hjs reinforcement ^g tôniinst from hiahandler. The dropper then takes one st*>p bai:lS\. If M, It ftl\Qld b*given in the same manner aa regular s^\ food.The handler will need to know how many aes-sions his dog will work that day and reguTjiteits food accordingly. The end-of-tha-day goa]food must be the lariat portion. It is desirable,but not always practical, to give goal food atdifferent times each day, ao the dogs will notlearn to anticipate it. Once a dog has learnedthat "Chow" will be followed by goal food, itshandlei tan gi&dîans IntTtaM the ijiteTval ba-

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Figurt !lr Food peHet dropptd ii paî; Ton* to altrootdoe'i atleatio-Ti.

Ween ''Chow" and receipi of goal food a fewfeet each day. This will be usefuL when workinglong lanea, as the dogs will run to their panaon "Chow" and wait for their goal food-

l Timeout. A dog is "timed out" when it willnot work, when it misbehaves or malperforms.whether through ignorance or deliberately. Acommon reasori is lack of motivation for food.Instmttors must insure that the handlers don'tcause timeouts by expecting too much of theirdogs or trying to advnrice them too qiiickJy. Thiaonly confuses the dog; [f it is confu&ed or fim?dout too many times in successfon, it may refuseto work at all. If a handler's dog is confused,he should reestablish its confidence by backingoff to ^ eir?fer step of traiiiing: th&t the dgj?can perform successfully. Once he has deL-ided to

time his doj out, the handler must be sure thathe gives the signal at the jnoTnent his dog isdîng something wrong. A low, stern NO is agiiod signal for this parpoas. After giving thesignal, the handler immediately puts his dogon-leash, keeps it at côse heel (fig IS), andCakes it io s.n sre^ Rway from other Aas^ andfrom its usual stakeout, After locating a suitabletree or post, the handler will tie his dog 30 thatis cannot run around or lay down,^Varning: This la done only when directed byan instructor and under his supervision! (Jij;19 and 3t.The dog is left alone, btit the handler stays wher^he can watch to insure his dog doesn't chok?or hurt itîf. The instfnctor will determine ifthe dog should be timed out for a short period

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Figun J J, fland^T mou*! ioff: U/t AaTfd on a^lar.

and worked again, or timed out until the next day.In hot weather the dog will be staked in the shadewith wacei-. Moat timeouts should not exceed 15 to20 minutes.

32, CancurrenP TrainingConcurrent training is performed outside thepen without the search chain. It should include^onditioninK of "Good/' MOVEOUT, COME,KEEL, SIT, DO^^^ and STAY.

Q. Start on the 5-foot leash while conditioning"Good." then advance to the 25-foot leash andto off leash as the dog becomes profldent atthe movements. Condition the dog to ''Good" inthe same manner as outlined in paragraph 2S.The difference being that thfl dog is on-Ieash

instead of in the pen. Conditioning of "Good"outside of pen should progreaa at the same rateas inside. When the dog is conditioned to "Good,"the handler can start shaping his dog to moveaway from bim as outlined under paragraph 27.He should advance to the 25-foot leash at thistime and shape the dog to a minimum distanceof 15 feet before starting recall training.

b. Up to this point the dog has automaticallyreturned to the handler when the word "Good"has been given. In effect, "Good" has been a formof recalling the dog. Xow, the dog is to returnon the command COME. It will be neceaaaryto pair the old signal "Good" with the newsignal COME. COME is given first, followed im-mediately by the old signal "Good." When thehandler sees the dog starting to return on COME,

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r. I.

FipuÔ Jfl- Sffp IrnatirOHr Jt^fTire, starting pDailitm. Figure 17. Step J fflOUfOMt fffff^nrf, CO ^npfVrerfrhe can start delaying the word '^Good." As htadog atarts tg fum and come back to the handlerwhen COME is given, the turn movement isreinforced writh "Good," The dog completes theturn before hearing "Goo^;" the handler thenwaits until his do^ takes a ^tep tnwiird himbefote gaytnj "Good," then tivo stepa iir.d â otiuntil the dog has êen shaped "o retLivii to :hehandler's right side on COME before bemg vein-forced with "Good."

c. When the doR is performing ^vell on COME,the handler starts talking hia dog by the collarwith hia nght hand and gentii' pa/Jmg it aroundto hia rear, catching 'the collar with hi^ lefthand and bringing the dog; to the heel position.At the moment the dog reaches Che hsei position,ita handler reinfortea with "Good" and 1 2 sec-

ond later delivers a piece of food. After three orfour trials the hjindler can start giving his dogHEEL when he reaches for ita collar to guideit around and into the heel poaition. The handlergives less and less help to hia dog as trainingprogresses, until the dog is coming aronnd himand stopping at the heel position on the com-mands of COME and then HEEL.

tL When the 'iusr stops at Ehe heel position.the. handler ptits his left hjind Ji th^ >;jtfe >fthe dog'^ tall ami applied mild pressure ui\l]the dog sits. At the moment the dog sits it isreinfonred ivrth "Goad" and th^n giv^n food inthe usual manner. When the dog starts sittinHas the handler touches it at the base of the tuiJfcroop^p the handler cû then sfarC giviîg theverbal SIT command an instant before touch-


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r -j

Figifi IS. D13 at clogt ke^L

ing the doff, until the dog' is aittlng on theverbal command for reinforcement and the touchhas been eliminated-

fT, Whi-'Ti the iloL' ii sittinn nn .-ommaiid. r.\\vhyndlef t.ikes the leash in hii left hand. i;]oseto [he ilf>i^''s [leck, [gently pLiJhnj; ^Igvvn until theitojj y;


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F'flfifj* t^ D'?ff f^tQkt-d rnr tixsn-^^i^itatirtrn^.

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Fi^HT^ JO. Dc^p ^tnk^d /or iim^iyU-tJiitlTtp.

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CHAPTER 4BASIC SCOUTING

Section L GENERAL33. Sop

a. During basic scouting, th handler learoa:(1) How his dof alerta on different targets,(2) Kow to rend (interpret) on dog's

alerts,(3) How to work his dog on short 150- to

300-meter) patrols.(4) How to judge wind> weather, and ter-

tain factors.b. The scout dog leama:

{1) That it must be suspicious of and Andhidden human decoys.

(2) That ^t must recognize and alert ontripwires, mines, boobytraps, and caches-

34. Th* Changovr(L The Leather HamtBB, The use of the leather,

or warkiuff harness Is an important part of thedog's trainins. Most types of military dogs EeamIn their training to associate wearing of thechoke chain or leather collar with obediencetraining, play^ or rest* and associate the leatherharness with work- The leather harness alsoremoves the restriction around the dog's neck,gives It more freedom of action, and give thehandler greater control over his dog during ad-verse conditions such as difficult terrain or con-

tact with the enemy. It is therefore required thatthe collar be replaced with the leather harnessprior to any scouting exercise. This procedureis called the change^er.

b. Providure. The handler faces his dog intothe wind and straddles it from the rear to effectthe changeover (fig 21). He will run the leashdown his dog's back, place the harness over thedog's head, and buckle it snugly (he keeps theloop over Ms wrist during this procedure). Thehandler will then unsnap the leash and attachit to the D-rlng on the harness, holding ontohis dog by placing two Angers under the har-ness. He then removes the collar and places Iton his web belt, in his pocket, or an empty pouchof his apron.

35, Nois* DisclpirneFrom the beginning of basic scouting, the scoutdog is always reprimanded if it barks or whinesfor any reason while working (except for sus-picious and chase training). The scout dog mayttark or nhlne only in the kennels or duringplay, stakeout, or travel periods. The handlercan correct his dog by commanding KO. Thisfailing, he may gently hold his dog's mouth shut-When necessary, he will strike his dog in thewindpipe with his hand or grasp it by the throatand apply pressure until the dog stops trying tomake noise {fig 22).

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yiffiirt ti. Chanff^^^r.


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Section II. SUSPICIOUS TRAINiNG36- IntroductionSLispicioiis training la conducted the first flay ofliasic scoEirinR so the haniller can see e*r:^ct[yhow hii^ do^ iilerts on sound, aight, and scent.In aiiBpicLOiLS training, the inatnictor places adecoy downwind, out of the acent and aiffht ofthe dog. He places the h:indler at a (tegipiatedpoint, hjivini; the handler kneel ly hia dog. Theinistructor then hoa the decoy make a noise,suUi as clicking the safety of hia rifle^ so thehandler can see how hia dog alerts on sound.The decoy wiil then move in a crouched andauapicioua manner so that the handler can seehow the dog alerts on sight. The decoy thenmoves to a position upwind of the dog so thatthe handler can see how his dog alerts on scent,Thia should be repeated until the instructor issure that the handler can recognize the dog'sthree types of alerts. Handlers should he givenan understanding of the various techniques usedto train a dog to detect and give early silerttwarning of enemy presence as well as how toread and interpret these aleria properly. Deapitethe scout dog's innate senses it is not instinct

,

but repeated training that develops the dog'sdeure to detect a hostile force aad to do thissilently under the control of the handler. It isalso training that teaches the handler how toread his dog's behavior accurately; one mustcomplement the other if a well-trained team isto result.

37. Typei of Abrtia. Natural AUrU The natural alert ia normaily

used when alerting on personnel. Each dog willalert in its own individual manner. Some dogswill give a very pronounced alert, e.g., hacklesraised, growling, tail erect, ears forward, or evenstanding on the hind legs. Other dogs may giveno more than a slight head or ear movementÎt is, therefore, necessary for each handler toobserve his dog's behavior carefully when work-

ing so that he can determine when his doa aiertsand judffethe tj'pe"^ ^lî't.

'>. Co'itiiSio'tFfi /Sit) An-'-' SluilC do^s jrecnnditioiied to îve the ît tx]e:-. iin objects; trip-wifea, pits, and boobytrap". This alert ia un-mistakablg, and pinpoints [he location of whiit-tiver [hh? iloij liaa found. Furthermore, it providesihii handler with a L-lejr distinction betweenpersonnel and object alerts. This is an importantconsideration when the handler must advise thecommander on his dog'a alert.33. The DcoyDecoys are peraonnel used to simulate the enemy.They play a vital role in the training of scoutdogs. A poor decoy can retard or ruin a scoutdog's progress.

a. Decoys should Ideally be totally unfamiliarpersonnel. At least they should be from differ-ent training squads or groups, so that the dogsdon't become familiar with them and lose inter-

b. Dogs associate certain happenings with cer-tain localities, sounds, or people. During earlybasic scouting, decoys should iwt always concealthemselves behind only trees, rockst or bushes.If, on the first several scouting runs, a dogAnds its decoy behind the same object tt willassociate such objects with finding decoys. Thiswiil, consequently, cause the dog to rely on itseyesight, which is inferior compared to Its sensesof smell and hearing. This rule also applies totraining areas. They should be rotated frequentlyso the dogs don't associate only certain areaswith decoys,

17. Since a decoy may sometimes have to re-main In position for several hours, he must notmake himself so comfortable that he might tendto fall asleep. This problem is especially evidentin very hot or very cold weather- This cautionis particularly Important if a decoy must per-form some action when a dog team approaches.

Section m. TRAINING CONSIDERATIONS39. Command!There are three basic commands used whenscouting: MOVEOUT, OUT, and NO.

tL The command MOVEOUT is used to starta scout dog searching. This command should berepeated only as often as necessary to keep thedog working. The command MOVEOUT should

be given in a low, suspicious tone of voice toarouse the dog^ It should not be given so loudthat it distracts the dog from its mission,

b. The second command introduced duringscouting is the command OUT. This commandsignifies to the dog that it is to break off andeither continue the search for another decoy or

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Llie problem is over. The cnmmand OUT [a nota L'ot relation. If the doji fiiils to react to thecommand then the handler precedes the com-mand with NO-40. ChaaBDurini; .-iQspii'ious trnin[n2, liOnie lioga may showlittle interest m the decoys. Others may appearfrightened or ahy iit first. Dogs that lack ag-gressiveness must have their confidence nnd in-terest increased if they are to be scout dogs.This can usually he accomplished by using thechase procedure, A handler can work his dog,on leaah, to within 15 feet of a decoy. The decoywill rise from hiding in a alow, threateningmanner. When he has the 6og'3 attention, hewill break and run straight away froni the dog.The dog's chase instinct should take over at thistime; the handler will encourage the dog byrunning with it, giving it verbal encouragementssuch as "Watch Him, Boy," or "Get Him." THEDOG IS NEVER ALLOWED TO CATCH THEDECOY AS THIS MAY DIMINISH THE DE-COY'S DESIRE TO BE CHASED. The dojf isallowed to pursue for 15 to 30 meters; by pre-arrangement the decoy will break to one aideand the handler will give Ms dog OUT andbreak in the opposite direction. He will thenpraise his dog. During the chase the decoy doesnot shout or wave his arms as this may cause adog to become noisy and aggressive, even thoughchase is the one tirrte when. the dog is allowedto bark-

4T. Using lh Winda. The wind is the most important considera-

tion in the proper employment of a scout dog.In addition to the various scents carried to thedog by the wind, there are also sounds- There-fore, it is esaentiai that a scout dog handler bewind conscious, because the wind direction dic-tates what route he should follow with his dogin order that the dog may pick up the scent ofthe decoy.

&. There are several methods by which thehandler may check wind direction while runninga problem. A reliable method is to watch thedog, as it will point its noae into the wind tosample and test the air currents. This is in-stinctive with dogs. The handler may removehis hat to allow his brow to come into contactwith the wind. There will be a drying effecton the side exposed to the wind. By payingclose attention he can also feel the wind blowingon exposed portions of his face and hands.

r There are marL.v- ',vays of ^.'hecking the wind,hut there are also ^'ays which ihouid not beused for security reasons or because they mightdistract the dog from its mission. One methodthat is not recommended is pulline hair fromthe cio^'s back. This could be painful, if thehandler id not careful, and physical contact withthe dog can he a distracting influence. Kickingthe ground and stooping over to pick up g^,Â5 ordust is aiso distracting to the dog. There iâlso the risk that you might alert ;he enemyby the noise. Lighting a cigarette is danêrDUs,especially at night. So there are two points toremember when seeking a method of checkingwind direction: Does it violate security? Willit distract the dog?

d. There are several points that should be takeninto consideration when working the wind. If thesector to be cleared of decoys is rather narrow,usually no wider than 50 meters, then the han-dler ordinarily works his way straight into thewind allowing his dog to roam hack and forth Infront of him. On the other hand, if the area isquite broad, the former method is not advisablebecause the dog may miss a scent cone to itsright or left ; therefore, under such circumstances,the handler should check the area, starting atthe downwind aide and working diapjnallyfrom right to left, then left to right, or viceversa.

e. The vind is a variable factor, one that canplay tricks on the handler and the dog is theyare,not careful. It is subject to change withoutnotice, and many dogs will lose the scent only toregain it later when the wind switches back.There are also those dogs which will catch thescent of a decoy, forget about the wind, andstart charging ahead blindly in the direction theyalerted. This must be avoided, for if the windshould suddenly change the dog will soon runout of the scent cone and subsequently end upbewildered. It is always best to stop the dogmomentarily after it alerts to confirm that ithas alerted and to see if the wind might change.This stop-and-go method is also advisable period-ically throughout the entire duration of the prob-lem, for the same reason. It is particularly vitalon any sudden wind change, so the handler candetermine if a new paitem of approach is re-quired if the wind fails to switch back. In ghortndo not rely on the wind always blowing from thesame directionit may be fatal if an enemyambuflh is nearby.

/. U the handler observes hia dog carefully hewill notice that his dog often alerts and instead

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of aoinjj iCraigh[-in the doR- wi\] angle all toit5 right or left The doff does this because morethan likely it has hit th^ edge of the ^cent coneand is working tta way ?oitrii?-rf (ê t?enicr îxftere^']r fi^revt Is stronjêr. He should pay atnct atten-[joTi to JiLS dog's behavior at this moment. Heshould he ab;e to determine by its actions whetherthe croi; Ls wnrking the scent cone or has lostinterest (fly 23).

{f. An tn^portant point for the handler to re-member Ls not to permit the dog to lead him allover the area. Many dogs will do this if thehandler doesn't watch them. They haven't alert-ed, they're just wandering. Therefore^ the handlersticks to the route he is to follow^ guiding hisdog as necessary.43. Speed

a. Many scout dogs develop a tendency to worktoo fast. This h usually due either to their overanxiety to find and give chase to the decoy orexcess energy, A scout dog which works too fastla apt to miss alerts by running out of the scentcone. It will tire quickly and create undue noise.At night it could make enough noise to aLert anenemy a half-mile away. Hesult: Ad ambushedpatroL

b. The handler must cojiccTiutîire on -Igwin;^ bi,=^dosj down after the lirsC re\v triiLn]E^ prnldem-^He must however, temper his uorrtjctLons withjudument: They must not be so har?h that thedo^ is discouraged frgm working Some r^î^'om-mended correttivs meaaur&s Lire'

([} Work the doj^ a few Limes ^^^thrKJt ^]e'coys, so it will learn not lo expeul decoys on cvt-ryproblem,

(2) Recall the doj; penodi^."al!3 . mzike l' -]tuntil it îectles down before con[Jnu]n^ {(ig 2-^).

{3) Let the dog trail Che ^.Vfoot [eash. Itwill soon tire of the leash snaggring or beinjj .-step-ped on by the handler.

(4) Tie a 10-pound weight to the leash andlet the dog drag it. It will soon tire of this.43. Sil9n


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\

fEfrun fJ. SfTiûC d^ff. on patrolateiy. The handler can do hia by damping hiadogâ mouth shut and commanding NO, or bychoking off the dog's air supply momentarilyuntil it is quiet

(?. Keeping scout dogs quiet ia a SA-hour-or^yjob in a scout do^ unitn If the dog^s handler isnot present to make the correction another han-dler or the charge-of-quartera should aasum thereaponaibility, Thia they can do by commandingNOp or throwing a small object near the dog.The point h that a scout dog must be quiet.There is no -^ther alternative.

44, Placing Decoysd. Never walk across the area to be scotited.

This will leave fresh tracks for the dog to followif it is ao inclined. In going to his posiîon^ thedecoy should make a big sweep around the area tobe worked, coming in "from the rear {fig 2&),

6. Never allow handlers or dogs to see wherethe decoy is beinjj placerir This w[]] cause vhe han-dler to lead his dop into the decoy instead ofpermitting^ the dog to find him using its senses ofsmell and hearing. On the other hand^ if the dogsees where the decoy is hiding it will rely onits eyesight to find him. In such instances it isa waste of training time to even st*trt a problem.

Cr Once the decoy is in place he should remainsilent and out of sight He must refrain from^smoking. Mistakes on the part of the decoy can^cause a dog to become a sight-hunter.

45^ Breaking a Scout Dog of Trackinga. It is instinctive with doga to tracks hat for

a scout dog it ia undersirable. The dog mustlearn to reJy excluaiveJy on airhorne 3cent inorder to bfl totally effective. A dog that trackscould lead a patrol into an ambuah. Tracldn^ \3not a dJJîcult habit to breakp nor does it requirean undue amount of elFort and patience on Chepart of the handler^ but it must be constant* Allit requires ia skiJip repetition, and ample opport-unity for the doff to pick up an airborne scent.For the latter reason the handler should try toavoid all situations which might encourage thedog to track.

br There are two means by which a dog can hediscouraged from ground trailing while on pa-to3: the handler can jerk its head up with theleash whenever the dog puf^ its nose to theground, at the same instant commanding N"0,followed by the command SEARCH. The mostsiTective means is to eliminate the cause fortracking.

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OOCCAHTR>CDECOI

Figi'-'^ J*' Pl*"^'"'-'^^ "f ^""V-

46. Action* Taken by Handlflr Whn Goingin on Decoy

a. In an actual combat situation the handlerwould never ruah in on an enemy position. Thisis not the scout dog team's mission. The team isonly a detection and warning device for the pa-trol. Therefore, in the latter stages of training,Che handler will be taught what to do when hisdof gives a definite alert and what actions totake in relaying information to the

patrol leader.

b. It must be remembered that allowing a dogto go in on the decoy during training is doneonly to stimulate and maintain its interest, and toconfirm that it knows where to decoy is located.47^ Sound and Smetl AlertsSound and smell alerts are essential in the train-ing of scout dogs and should be a familiar portionof the daily training. Best results may he obtain-ed during night training, while conducting out'post find ambush patrols.

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r

DEcarOFDDa

^f^ws 5JC^mftniwi

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Sactlon IV. INTEGRATION OF TRIPWIRES, MINES, BOQBYTRAPS, AND CACHES48, GnralPrior ia he^nmng Quia tr^lniag, the h&ad}&fshould have had the opportunity to observe hisand other doe:a prorkiiif . By doing this he willLearn that each dof reacts difTerently undervarious aituationa, and how hia do? ^reacts. Minea,boobytrapBy and homemade devices have beenused in warfare for centruies; they can kill,disable, h^raaa, and affect the morale of a fight-ing unit. Patrols will ^counter th^ devices incombat; therefore, it i^ imperative that handlerspay strict attention to this training. Althoughthe military dog ta one pf the moat effective meansof detecting these devices, and often the onlymeans on hand, the doi[ is not infallible. It is thehandler's ability to Interpret and react to hiador's alerts that may mean the success of a mis-

sion. Training in detection of tripwires^ mines,boobytfaps, and caches in conducted concurrently^ith basic scouting procedures. For training pur-poses, the four classes of targets are deAned asfoUovJS;

a. rnpitiVea. A length of material stretchedacross diagonal or parallel to, the dog's path.Material may be standard tripwire, string, ormonofilament line. Tripwires may be at varyingheights, angles, and degrees of concealment.

b. MiTiea. Simulated or real (defused) anti-tank AUd antipsrsoUDei minei il] j]orma]]y beburled in road surfaces or shoulders at depthsvarying: from 1 to 12 inches and with varyingdegrees of conceahnent-

e. Baobytrapa. Explosive or nonexplosive i^as-35


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Tialty producing devices other than minea. Theseare nomuilly pyrotechnica or defused hand gre-nades. When not attached to tripwires, booby-traps may be hidden or buried at bridges, logs,doorways, eîces or other suitable locations.

d. Carhes. Any item of mihtary-related equip-ment hidden at, above, or below jround level.Items may include weapons, ammunition, cloth-ing or web gear.49. Introduction Jo Tripwire*Tripwires present some uoique problema in train-ing acout dogs. The moat important factor is toinatiJl in the dog a reasonably caution towardstripwires. Since moat dogs will have a naturalsuspicion of anything across their path, impropertechnique can change this to fear. For this reasonexploding devices are not attached to tripwiresuntil advanced training. A dog which has hadseveral boob>âpfl blow up in Ita face may be-come trail-shy and refuse to work. On the otherhand, if a dog is taught no respect for tripwires,it may accidentally break them, or even do sodeliberately to show its handler it has found one.A prudent balance must be made between desire

to Andthem.

tripwires and caution about touchi

50- Tripwire LanesWhen Rrst introducing tripwires, special lanshould be used. These may be narrow (ft tofeet) dirt roads or lanea cut across rioids. Ealane should contain five to ten movable stakat least 3 1. 2 feet long, with najls or hooka eve6 Inches apart for a length of 3 feet; the wirare placed at varying distances and heights. Triwire at this point should be heavy white stri(easily visible) with weights on both endshold it taut (flg 26 and 27). The strings shoube placed on different stakes for each dog.51, Tripwire Trainirrer DeviceSome doga may have difficulty with early triwire training, or may wander off the lanes abypass tripwires. In this case, a simple trainidevice may be constructed of lumber (fi^ 28The device should consist of two rails, 34 felong and 3 feet high, with posts every 3 feet.Tripwires can be attached to the posts as witthe stakes on the lanes. This device ia used

START

SSiS -V^Jîi'',- '.^Fiffllra Sfl, TripttHre lana.

fvxfi ir. TripvrifB hcelmp.36


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the iiame m;iriner us the traininff lanen but re-itrieta the HriR's attention to its immediate en-vironment. If desired, Che raib may be coveredon the oLiUide with chicken wire and gates may'IV added.

57. Method


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Fiffure Si. Veed pan Under u'Ajlfl ttrtnff.

lowed 1/2 second later by a light touch on hfadog's croup. WVien'tht %iX movemeni ia ttflnp^ete,the handler reiTiforces. This procedure ia con-tinued until the dog couaistentfy goes to the wireand 5its vjitho-Jt comrfiand.

/. Step 6. Begin delaying reinforcement tjt theait response. When the dog gits, the Iwuidlet slvesthe stay command. After 1 to 2 seconds, if higdog remains sitting-, the hantiler rdnforces. Con-tinue until th* dog retnaitia sitting up to 5 se-conifs before reinforcement. From this point oit,dogs should always be reqiured to ait at feast2 seconds before celnforcement. This i^mctice willlater insure that a dog'a alert jg piopomted andobserved b;y^ all members of a patrol.

ff. Step 7. Gradually introduce other tripwirematerials, making them increasingly diflrcult tolocate by eye. Vary height, distance, and flnglefrom one lane to another.

h. Step S. Concurrently with step 7, the han-dler "iH begin having Viis dog complete the searchchain with tripwires. He allows hia dog to go tothe wire and sit. After 2 seconds, he recalls hisdog to the heel position beJore reinlorcmg.

I, Step 9. Move from the tripwire lanea to openwads, trails, and ftatda. AH wIe^b are ncvj attach-ed to natural objects; be^n with white stringand change to other materials. Most dogs will(juickl^ learn to re^ioiisixe cues ttUing them tripwires may be nearby. Since the strongest cue 19the "track" left by the empJacer aa he stringthe Hire, thifl tY^ck ahovild initially ba quiteobvious. Other cues include: the scent of the wireor the device attached to it, the disturbances atthe er^da *>f the wir?, ^snal observance, oreven the sound of a taut wire vibrating in a strongbreeze.

} Step 10. Introduce off-traj], multiple, low andHB


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N^^vVvVV

rv'^'wwi

itL&HAPE

rfWS/W

hiffh wires. Off-tr^l tripwires are emplaced 1 toao feet fiMim the edê of the lane, up wind of andparallel to the dog's line of itiarch. Multipleaettinffs may be two, three, or more wirea atriuigin varying sh^pea [flg 30i and angles. Low wiresmay he i to 2 inches above the ground. Hiffh'xirss msy hi 4 to 5 feet shove the gr^*""^-53. MinnScout doga may be taught to detect buried mins

usLJ^li thy ounii: pmL-iiii'î''.' ;i.-: p;iii uriiîJ'JUnjricoJiplerl \vLi:h ûbstitutmri iri the ii?ari:h ^hiiii.InitLiaiy, the miny will he pUctJ oti the ^'round.Thtf feed pan may Ije p linked iiti:tt to the mjneixnd liiter t;idtfd onC i3r tlie food mny iie phiteîdii'e'?:|v un tht mintf. Oniê thi.' ôu^ iirî uomplet-mS ttii! ê;irdi i.'ti:iiri with mine^. ulm rainei^ 'jliei'ne plaueil in ^ncLlIiiw. r>pen holîir Î^LîiuiiJly 'nflîn

i\re .'iimpiiL'ti-'iv L'Overi?d zimi .Mtnonflii^^Pd

54. flooby'ôp*In most cases, boobytrflps are aitathed to trip-ivirea and require no special traininfi' procedure.It IS preferred thaf the dog he taught to detectand respond to the wire, not tKe boobytrap. Adog that finds a wire and then searches for theboobytrap may accidentally trip it, and someolder dogs wUl often deliberately aet off the booby-trapn hoping that th^y will he taken off the laneand staked out, thereby setting a free break.Where boobytraps ai-e not attached to tripwires,doga can be taught to detect them in the samemanner aa with mines.55, CachuSeoul dogs may be taught to give either the 'na-tural or sit response to caches- The natural re-sponse is preferred, since the equipment willprobably have a large amount of recent humanscent on it, causing the doz to give a per^nneJ(natural) alerts The natural response also otTersthe handler a means of dlfTerentiatlnff these alertsfrom those Oji casaal^-prcduans devices,56 Advancd TrainingIn the intermediate and advanced stages of train-ing, tripwires, mines, boobytraps, and cachesshould be integrated into personnel lanes any^where that it ^voaid be tactJcaJJy loffical to do 3o,

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FiQur3 r&Cm^i4^

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PtiFwe JOC7cmtiTUi(i

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FiffVTt soContinual

4a


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CHAPTER 5INTERMEDIATE SCOUTING

$*ction I. TRAINING CONSIDERATIONS57, ScQpDu fluff intermediate acoutluK the handler and hisdog Jearn

a. To increase and e.^paad ution the akillslearned in basic acoutin^.

b. To work mfldiuni distance patrols of 500 to1,000 mêra.

e. To recoffnlze and detect various types oftripwires and boobytraps, all of which are part-ialiy-to-weU-concealed.

d. To detect peraoonel and aquipnient hiddenunijersrounij, above graand. ^nd ur^nvater

6. To work at night. The handler teams to rec-ognize and interpret bis dog's actions and r.spdnaes at night.

/. During intermediate scouting the handlerand doff begin to function as a team. The handlerwill obtain almost complete control of his dc^by use of voice commands, hand and arm aignaia,and the dog whistle. They will operate und?rconditions more closely ilmulating combat.5B. Calling AUrtiCalling or interpreting his dog'a alerts may w]]be the handler's moat important function as aniember of a acont ths ie&m- Any muTiber of apatrol iân probably give the dog commands, Jindthe dog may even work for him, TMbh however, isnot aufndent. It is the handler's ability to trans-late hia dog'a actions into information that makthese kcthris valuable. To 6d this, the handlermust perform a sometimes complex mental opera-tion. The process may work as Follows:

n. The handler recognizes that his dog hasalerted.

b. The handler recognizes the type of alert.?. The handler observes md analyzes the wind,

weathei', and terrain factors bearing on his dog'salert,

d. The handler considers thitse elements ofavailable Intelligence and information which maybear on his dog'a alert.

F- The handler combines the above into a cleat,concise statement that a patroJ leader or unitcommander can use immediately. An example ofsuch a statement might be: "Sir, my dog hasgiven a strong peraonnel alert between 1 and 3o'clock. The distance is 200 to 250 meters, Isuspect eight to ten dismounted enemy person-nel." Ajiother example would be: "My dog isalertins between 11 and l o'docic, at sbc:it 15meters. Is uspett a tHpwire acrosa the trail."

59- Th Clock SytmScoat dog haadiera use the cJock system to es-timate the direction of their dog's alerta. Indoing so, the handler imagines himself standingat the center of a standard clock face, with Madirection of march repreaenting the noon or 1.2o'clock pcBJtiwi ^flg. 31). When his dog alerts, heobserves the direction of alert and ôes throgghthe Mental proceea described in paragraph 5S.When the handler Is aure he has determined thecorrect direction, hn selects the appropriate haif-hour mark and "allB" the hitar pt>3Jriona loeither aide (fig 32). For example, if the handlerdecides that hla dog is alerting at 1: 30 on theclofk, he will call hia alert aa belrij between 1 and3 o'clock. This process ia done mentally and verb-illy: THE HANDLER NEVER POINTS IX THEDIRECTION OF AN ALERT:60, Range EstimationIn order to estimate the diatance to the objectof hia dog's alert, the handler combines standardrange estimating techniques with

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Ffffunff 41. Th* fA TittMad-

Fiffitrt St- CdUin^ alrrt bv the claek rtethod.a. Thestrenffthof the prevailinffwfnda. c. The strenjfth of his doff's aJert.b. Hia ^lupwiedge ol the effecta of visible \ar- d. Hla Itnowledje of how his dog raacla to

rain on the iviod. different tarff^ts,

Sett^on . EFFECTS OF WIND AND TERRAIN6T. Effects of Wind

{L Wind is the most important considerationin the propeT' employment oi a scout doff. Thewind carriea acenta and sounds to the dog. Deniedthe advanta^ of the nlnd, the e^ectiveneas of a

scout dog team ia dinUnished. Whenever possible,a flcout dos team shouM be empioyed to take ad-

b. Wind produces what is known aa a scentcone (fig 33)- Due Ut tha difference in wind r-eio-

44


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city. i-trQna wind will produce a adent cone thatIS nariflw in width compared to a moderateîtendy wind that produces a wider scent cono.A li^lit wind, ûch as a breeze, due to its lack01' force, will uiuie the sceric to drift wpakly.Sttnnij, ijcL^cy winds, on the other hand, will createijver chjinsjing dcent pacterns depending on thewind's velocity at thai particular momentr Toiiuiukiy and correctly report infiirmation provided[yy a flcmiC doif, the handler mnsl be conj^lantlyaware of the direction of the wind.67. EFfeeti of Tsrroin

a. Terrain.(1) Terrain is a determining factor in the

direction and force of the wind and a neceaaaryconsideration during Che employment of acoutdoga in order to properly locate the object ofthe doâ alert,

(2) The only wind that blowa steadily iathat which comes over a flat and even surface[fig 34), With this condition, alerta of 300 to

-100 meters are i;ommon, and .ilert,^ up vO I.Oili)meters are poasible.

{S) Wind hitting a hilltop or the crest of ahill fenda to break into two or thrt?e ^maileriCreams of air current 'i,

i-i) Scents borne by the wind off a mesamay he scattered, blown aiotL or die inifure î:^ycome into contact with ijroiLnd level ^rtE Sii?.A doif may pick up -i seen', far from a mezâonly [0 loip it upon comiiiy closer to the nie.'sabecause the aceni is being blown over ihe dog'jhead.

(B) Wind blowing from open terrain and apand over a hill, paas, cut, or mepa may carrya acent from the base or from some distant place.The doj may show some confusion when arrivingat the edge of such a terrain feature (fig 37),

|6) Dense jungles will restrict the travel ofscent considerably, cauainB: it to drift aimlesslydue to the general lack of air circulation in suchareas. An alert range of 15 to 30 meters is con-sidered good under such conditions.

STRONG VfIND LIGHT WIND

fLfun SS. Sv*nt conu.*5


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^TT^ ,, -^^"TTTTT ^vTFiovrw Si. Bfftot of vn-nd 9n open ttrr^in.

b. Deftected Scent. Certain terrain altuationawill deflect the scant cone from a tartretf caualnsthe need for careful judgment by the handler Incallinff alerts. Hera, hia knowledge of wind andterrain factors may he of critical Importance.

In fissure 3Sj for example, the scout dog is alert-ing at 3 o'clock, but the handler should call hisalert as "above the ground between 3 and 9o'clock."

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Fiffm'^ JS. Wind d^fMtioy% &v n^t'^^r^ terrain.

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Fiffure Jff. Sff^^t of u^ind bU>^nff /in- a ttuk.

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"OQCLiHE ."^

Figura S3. D^flentd nttiL

Section iri. DETECTION OF PERSONNEL AND EQUrPMENTUNDERGROUND, ABOVE GROUND AND UNDERWATER63. Underground

a. Phase I. The same procedure is followed asin the detection of decoys above ^ound-(1) Diff a fq>Jiole in open terrain and placna decoy in the position,(2) After the decoy ia in position bginthe problem from downwind; aa soon as the dogalerta urje the dog to seek out the decoy,(3) Action taken after the doff has found thedecoy:

(a J Weak dogs.1. Sit doff; handler praiaea doff withinsiffht of foxhole [about 15 feet).S. Order decoy to come out of foxholeslowly and auspiciously,J. After decoy emerges from :he hole^chaae the decoy about 10 to 15 meters, then cvitback in the direction previously indicated by Cheinstructor. At thia time the command OUT isgiven, and the problem is continued.

(6) Strong dogs.50

J. When the dog has alerted the handleiit ia allowed to go in toward the decoy(a),S. Every 5 to 10 raetera it is commanded to flit, be quiet, and then proceed with thf

patrol.S. After a number of repetitions the dotshould get the idea and slow down.

6, Phase II.(1) As soon as the acout dogs have pro-gressed, the decoya are placed in foxholes andcarefully camouflaged.(2) The alerts indicated by the dogs arenot as strong due to the reduced amount of scentthat escapes from air venta,(3) By this time the dcga ahoufd aaaociattthe source as coming from underground.(4) Some doga will approach suspiciously,while others may stick their nosea in the air venla

to sample the acent, then they may dig and grow!(flg39).(5) Some dogs may expect to see a decoy


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at the atfonsreat Bource of the icent and becomedcnfused when they do not, while some may runin circles, amelling^ the i^round.

(fi) It 19 at this time that the handler ihouldhe alert, oijijerve his 6os- ^id he ahle to readthe doi^.

64. Above GroundDetection ot' personnel or e^iiiipment .ihove ifrour.']presents some proLlems due to deads pa i:e De-pending on height, wind strength and direction,and nearby terrain features, the scent cone mayreach the ground some distance from the target,or even not at all. Other than sight or sound,there are two means whereby a scout dog can in-dicate ati alert on an above ground target;

a. If a doc enters the scent cone, it will oftenraise its head to aarapEe the air, or it may evenstart 3nil!lng close to the ground and work itsnose upward in the direction of the target-

fa. If a dog ia in the deadspace, it may be doae

enoui^h to the hise of the elevating oujec'- to de-tect the scent left where the personls) climbedthe object.

65, Underwater, RiverhcnksPersonnel ;ind eqnipmi'nt will sometimes be :oiindin cavities or hollows alon^ nverbanks. Fleeingor esciipin^' personnel may

hidinf!ciection iivaliO try

iinde!'ater.to avoidirea:hinu'

through ii hollow *traw or reed-[L Training for Detection Aton^t Riverbnnka.

Dig a tunnel below the water level of a streamor riverbank and into an undergronnd hideoutAir vents should be dug at an angle (fig 40),The scout dog should be able to detect the scentcoming either from the air vent or from thewater. When a handler ia certain his dog hasalerted, he investigates the area and the decoyis told to emerge from the water. This will as-tonish most dogs at firat, but they should soon beeagerly searching for air venta.

Fisart S9. Dtteetio-n of tne-mv pflrffanW^ undtrgroK'i.d,

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water breathinE through atraws, reeda, or bam-boo (fig li) 13 not difficult provided (h hancJUrt::in read his dog successfully- Seme dogg^ uponiiJerîn]f on live hrqath s^'ent or dea.d i^cent, willbduomt^ confuHtfl when :hey reudi Che \vL\z^r'êdge. Otnet^ w]]l enter the water and startrio-^vnatream, foifowing The ciarrent-borae scentnam] lose if. They mjiv len turn hack upatroiLinor swim in cirtfes OccahLOtiaity a suduc -io^;, upon

deCeottnR thLs .-sijent. wiJl 5:ick ]tg head in the"waterp thitikinn to see the decoy.66. Advanced Tripwire/Boobytrap ProcedureLJurin];^ mtermediate scoulLnu^ ini^tnicttjfs shoulcbeîtL teauhici]; th.i:, îj'tur nailing'- a tripwire o.liooiiytfftPn U?{' hti^fil^'r .- fio' id a^^ vii/.-j let hL^ d^}\lead hh7i itrou^\d ^t. \iin:^ anothor booby tra:may he ne^^rby, thi- isive-i :hi? dosf a sjharnje haJert

fi'jltr* iO, Detetftj'on ^f pT3^Yitiel uiiddr Hv^rb^nfc ^r ftxtml im-nA.

5a


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-'-^i ^^s*^

t^-^^VHri^-^H '^

riffiit-* il. Dfllflctioti 0/ pfrffonnfl^ aTiderwUir breathing tkrvugh reed.

Sacfion IV. NIGHT TRAINING67. ScopScout dog team^ normally receive three nightsof training early in intermediate scouting.

a. The scout dog learns that it must work atnight as well as in the daytime,

b. The handler learns how his dog reacts andwork at night.

c. The team learns the procedures for em-ployment on outpoats, listening poata, and am-bush patrols.

63. GeneralThere are a number of advantages and disad-vantages to working scout doga at night.

a. Advantages.(1) During hot weather, dogs will work bet-

ter and longer at night, due to the cooler temper-atures.

(2) The dog's senses of smell and hearingare heightened at night,

(3) Scout dogs can usually alert at greaterdistances at night, especially on sound.

b. Dtaadvantages.(1) Since the handler may not be able to

see his dog's alerts or control it at any distance,he must work his dog on the 5-foot leash. Thiswill reduce the warning distance during move-ment.

(2) Even on leash, the handler may misa a53


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personnel alert if he isn't obaervinj!: Iiis do^ care-fuJly.

(3) Some cfo^B bectime frisky at nighln wak-ing undue noise^ or may tangle their leashes inbrushr

69. ProcAdurva. iVo/jc Di.s


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CHAPTER 6SPECIALIZED TRAINING

Sclion I GENERAL

70. PurposeSpecialiMd traininff b conducted foilowins thecompletion of ifitermediate scouting. Its purposeIB to give the scoot doe team training in over-coming natural obetactes, enterinj or leavingareas of difficult access, and search techniques inbuilt-up areas.

71. ScopeSpecialized training ia normally conducted inthree concurrent phases:

a. River crosainff.b. RappellinB;.c. Search of built-up area.

Stion II RIVER CROSSING72- Expedient. MathodtThere are several expedient methods for crossingrivers or streams.

a- Fording. If a wide, shallow (less than 5 feetdeep) stream iiS encountered, a secluded shallowspot for fording sbould be aelected. The dog teamshould cross first, leading the security or recon-naissance elements. The handler or his bodyguardmay probe stream depth with a fathoming stick.If the water is swift-flowing, a safety rope shouldbe secured on both banks, when possible, to pre-vent men from falling and being Carried down-stream,

b. The One-Rope Brid{/e^ A rope ia strungacross the stream and pulled as tightly as pos-sible. The dog handler slings his rifle over his backand enters the water with both hands on the ropeand the leash tied securely to his leading hand.The scout dog is made to swim in front o thehandler. As the handler makes his way across bythe rope he always faces upstream in order to de-tect and avoid floating debris. In this and theother methods, handlers should not try to use theirdogs as flotation devices, as some dogs will be-come frightened and try to escape or even bite.Handlers ahould also discourage their dogs fromtrying to climb on them while swimming.

c. The Ajtstraiian Poncho Raft. This raft isconstructed by using the equipment of two in-dividuals as follows (flg 421

:

(1) One poncho is placed on the groundwith the hood facing up and tied off at the neck.

(2) The lacea are removed from the boots.The boots and clothing to be kept dry are placedin the center of the poncho.

(B) Packs and helmets are placed on eachside of the clothing; web gear Is placed on topof the clothing.

|4) The rifles are placed on each side of theclothing and equipment with the muzzles point-ing in the opposite directions, operating rodhandles facing toward the center, and front andrear sights padded with socks,

(5) The sides of the poncho are folded overthe equipment and snapped together,

(6) Starting at the snapped seam, theponcho is rolled as tightly as possible down tothe equipment.

(7) The ends of the poncho are twistedinto tight pigtails and are tied together over therolled seam with one boot lace,

(8) The second poncho is laid out as thefirst one was. If more bouyancy is desired, brushmay be placed between the ponchos,

(9) The poncho bundle is placed, pigtailsdown, on the second poncho,(10> The sidea of the second poncho are

folded over the equipment bundle, snapped to-gether< rolled, and tied off as before with an-other boot lace.

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STICKS USED LN LIEU OF RIFLEACCOEIDLNG TO TACTICAL SITUATION'^^^P^^^^^^^^.r-MUZZLE AND HEARsicKTPadded with socks

PACK. HELMET ON TOP

CLOTHING. eCOTSBELT, ETC.

TIED OFF HOODKEPT INSIDE PACKAGE

PONCHO HOOD PULLEDTALTT. BENT DOUBLE,TWISTED INTO GOOSENECKAND TIED OFF

{} BOOTLACE 2IF ONE PONCHO HAS HOLESUSE FOR INNER PACKAGEONE PONCHO FORMSINNER PACKAGE

SECOND PONCHO IS WRAPPEDAROUND INNER PACKAGE ANDSECURED WITH {3> BOOTLACES

BOOTLACES* 3 i#4Fifvrt a. Aattraliafi ponEha faft.

DIMENSIONSA2- X 15" X 10"

(11) The other two boot laces are tied aroundthe ends of the raft to further secure the ponchos,

d. Other Riv^r Crossing Expedients.U) Ammunition cans may be tied to theends of a piatoi be3t and used as water wings.(2) Five empty canteens tied to each end

of 3. pistol belt and used for support.(3) Air mattresses may be int!ated and used.(4| Waterproof bajfl, with equipment andclothiaj placed inside, can be tied off securelyand naed to support a person.

(5) An empty water can will float an indi-vidual and hia equipment.

(6) A pair of fatigue trousers tied off ateach of the ankles can be inflated and used aawater win^s.73. Crossing Thickly VegetaMd and SwoniipyAreasConditioning the mind and body to accept densevegetation and mucky underfootin^ is the key tocrossing this kind of obstacle effectively. On-the-job tralninff is the only way to sain this kind of


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c:onditJonini!, Handling :i dog while ivadingihrough a sivamp can be a diiScult ordeaL Fre-

quent marches through denae vegetariiin andswamps do muc:h to conditmn handlers and dogs.

S^tion m. JtAPPtiUNG74. Rcippelling

a- Team Rappelllvij- TKe team^ can (Jescenciupon olistaclei quickly ^ly m^jns '\i a riippel,siiding down i ^llng rope which hits ;ie?n doubledaround rappei points (trees, projecting rocks).

h. EHahliahing a Rappei.(1} In aefecting the routSn tie sure the rope

reaches the bottom or a place from which fur^ther rappe! can be flccompliahed,

(2) The rappei point should be tested care-fuJJy and inspected to see that th^ rope îll runaround it when one end is pulled frorn belowând that the area is clear of loose rocks or debris.

(3) If a i[itis rope is to be used for a rap^pel it should be tied twice to form two separateloops.

(4) The ftrat man shouldia) Choose a smooth route for the rope,

free of sharp rocka.(ft) Place loose rocks, which th ropemight later dialodge, out of the way,(c) See that the rope will run freelyBTOUod the J-appd points rt-he:? pulled irom beJow.

(5) Each man down wiU give the sifirnalOff Rappei. straighten the ropea, and see thatthey will run freely around ita anchors. Whensilence is needed a prearranged signal of pullingon a rope is substituted for the oral sijfnaL

(fl) When the last man is down, the rope inrecovered; it should be pulled smoothly, to pre-vent the riging end from whipping around th^rope. Persoi^nel should stand dear of the fallingrope, and T-ocka that may be dislodged by it,

(7) Bopes should be inspected freqaently iia large group of personnel I3 rappelling,

(a) To protect the palms of the hands fromsevere rope hums, gloves ahould be worn for ailrappelling.

(1) This method differs from others in thatthe .main friction is absorbed by a snap linkwhich is inserted in a aling rope seat fastenedto the rappeller. Thia provides a faster and lesafrictional descent than other methods [1, fig 4S).

t2| To attach the seat, the sling rope isplaced acroaa the dimber'a back 30 that the mid-

point icentert oi its length is on the hip oppo.siteto the hand that will be used for bralfing. Anoverhani3 knot 1^ tied in front of Che body. Theends of the rope ate brought bet^ve^n the h-x^(front to rear), around the legs and over thehips, and tied with a square knot and two halfhitches on the side opposite the braking hand(2. 3v fi* 43X The snjip link is placed throughthe single rope around the waist and through theoverhand knot. The snap link ig inserted with thegate down and the opening to^-^rd tha body. Thesnap link is then rotated one-half turn so thatthe gate Is up and opens awny from the body.

d. The Seai Hip .Method.(1) The rappeller stands to one side of the

rope twhen braking with the right hand on theleft side, and when braking with the left hand onthe right aide) and snaps the rope into the snaplink. Slack between the snap link and the an-chor point is taken up and brought underneath,around and over the snap link, and snajjpedinto it ajain. Thla results in a turn of ropearound the solid shaft of th snap link whichdoes not cmss itseif whî undej tensioa (Us 44).

(2) When a single rope is used, two wfapaaround the snap link are made to increase tric-tion. Fatting sideways, the dimber descends us-ing his upper hand as a guide and the lowerhand to brake. The rope is grasped by the brakinghand with the thumb pointing down and to-wards the body. The braking hand is held be-hind and siightly ^tbove the hip,

(3) Braking action is obtained by closingthe hand and pressing the rope againat thebody. The rappeller should lean well out. at anangle from the point where the rope \a secured,Bitd jnake a smooth and evejj descent. Thismethod is the least frictional and fastest. How-ever, special care must be taken that the rope15 snapped correctly into the snap link tn fivoidthe possibility of the gate being opened by therope. Loose clothing or equipment around thewaist la apt to be pulled into the snap link,locking the rappei. For these reasons the rap-peller must be checked carefully before each de-scent. For other methods of rappelling see FM31-72, and FM 31-50.

T


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4n*CMIH[iTHE ^E*T

(T) SOJARB KNOT (T) KVaHE iJ/DT *HD tW(J MiLf miCHFJ,

75. Rapptlling th* Scout Dog TamTha llejdbiiity of the scout dOff team to operatein mountains, juuffles, or other inaccessible ter-rain, make? it ^wential that a team b% ablft torappel. After the handlers leam to rappel, it lanecesaary to accuatom the dogs to variousheigrhta. By the use of pulleys, the do^a can atfirst be lifted by the uae of a scout doj rappel-Hnff siin^r or an expedient aiiiiir-

0. The Scovi Oflff Rti-ppeWing Sling. This typerappemns sUn^ (flg 45) can be easily fabricatedfrom durable nylon material (tubular nylon re-inforced with nylon thread). A larffe. medium,or small ai^ slinj is made to fit the dog, and lamore comfortable than other methods.

(1) First the dOff is muzzled: then it stepsinto the alin^ with the front loops passing overthe head.(2) The side and tiack loops are broughttogether over the dog's back and aU snapped intothe snap Unk.(3) The rappeOinff rope is then run throughthe snap link with one turn around the solid

SI

shaft if double ropes are used* or two tuma ifa single rope is used,

(4) The handler rappels first, then onematnJwr of the patrol hooka up tha YappeUingsling or expedient poncho sling to the rappellingrope preparatory to lowering the dog.

15) The handler on Che ground can slow thedescent of his dog by mereJy pulling on the ropeto apply friction,

(6) The handler receives hla dog and ap-pljea the proper praise.

ljl\ Moftt doga, after a few rapp^s, leamto accept this training.

h- Expedient EappeUmg SHng U3ing Hamessand 5-Foot Lea^h. This technique is a fast,simple expedient method that requires no 3pe-cial equipment and may be used under nearlyall conditions.

(1) Procedure. The first step is to insurethat the leather harness is wcurel^r faateMd.

(a) Make a loop by running the free endof the leaah through the hand loop. Place thisloop over the narrowest part of the dog's body.


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between the nb c-a^e and the pelvis. Make thebop snug with the hand loop portion at the spineand the free end running forward (I. % 46).

ib) Riin the free end aJonj the left sideof fhe spine, 'indf the rear body strap, over thedorsaJ or upper strap, and hack under the rearbody strap on the n^ht side, F[t anugly (2. ftp

i.-) Riin the free end back along thespine and under the loop (3, nff -llh

id) Repeat procedure ('^) if leaah ia longenough.

(e) Attach the leash snap to the D-ringon the harness. If necessary, wrap any excessleash around the upper strap until there is justenough left to snap (4, fij:46).

(/) Test the sling by grasping the^'handle," formed by the three lengths of leash,and lifting the dog. The dog should balance andfeel no diaconxfort (fig 47),

is) Attach a snap link to the "handle."It ia preferrable to

Documents

Fm 7-40 Scout Dog Training and Employment 1973 Text