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Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 1
Dynastore
Sponsored by the German BMWA under contract FKz.:0327305 I
Flywheel Mass Energy Storage withHTS Bearing – Development StatusW.-R. Canders, H.May, J.Hoffmann, P.Hoffmann, F.Hinrichsen, I.Koch,
D.Röstermundt
WCRE / Eurosolar International Conference on Renewable EnergyStorage
IRES I
Oct.30-31,2006, Gelsenkirchen, Germany
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 2
Dynastore
Any stressed un-buffered
non-linear system is highly
susceptible to collapse
Imre Gyuk, Programm Manager, Energy StorageResearch, DOE
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 3
DynastoreUNIPEDE Statistics (1995)
bis 100 ms 0,5 s 1 s3 s
20 s > 20 s
100
60 bis 100
30 bis 60
10 bis 30
111
68
12
6
10
13
38
12
6
10
12
20
42
10
1
1216
33 4
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
power failures per Year in Europe:
> 10 ms: 346> 100 ms: 209
> 3 s: 10
Interruption time
Num
ber o
f Out
ages
p.a
.
Volta
gesa
g %
In Germany:
55 failures per year, with 9,6 shorttimebreaks < 100 ms,
0,4 longtime breaks > 1 min
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 4
Dynastore
Liberalisation and reduced reserves in power grids will cause increasing number of power failures
Increasing numbers of disperse and regenerative energysuppliers will affect the stability of the power grid
Increasing numbers of computer controlledmanufacturing processes leads to increasing sensitivityof customers against disturbances in the power grid
In consequence necessity to use energy storagesystems to maintain power quality
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 5
Dynastore
A stable Grid with regenerative sources needs at least twotypes of energy storage:
Fast responding (msec .. sec) storages for transientstability and power quality
Slow responding systems (sec..min) for balancing thedifference between actual demand and actual production
In general the amount of stored energy corresponds withthe response time (fast responding systems have usuallysmall amounts of stored energy)
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 6
DynastoreCharacterisation of storage systems
H2 tank+fuelcell, fossile fuel tank + thermal energyconverter (ICE, Gas Turbine..) Chem. batteries (PB-, NiCd-, Li-Ion, VaRedoxFlow, NaS)
chemical
Flywheelkinetic
Pumped hydro storageCompressed Air
Compressed Air (CAES)Spring Storage1)potential
Hot water, hot steam, molten SaltSolid body storage (Cowperstorage, rock, concrete etc.)
thermic
LTS-SMESHTS-SMES
magnetical
CapacitorSupercapacitor
electrical
longhrs ..day
mediummin .. hrs
ShortSec .. min
dischargetime
Type of Energy
1) In practical use for brakes only
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 7
DynastoreFeatures of a flywheel storage
Fuel cellsPb-, NiCd-,
NaS-Battery
Supercapacitor
LTS-SMESHTS-SMES
Ppumped hydroCAESSteam-
storage
mag
netis
chchemischele
ktrisch
thermisch potentiell
•
•
•
•
•
SteelTitaniumGlass fiberAramid fiberCarbon fiber
•
•
•
•
•
High efficiency
High power density
Advantageous cumulatedEnergy consumption
Small stand by losses
High lifetime / Cycle Numbers
Flywheelstorage
kinet isch
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 8
DynastoreGoals for a fast responding Flywheel energy storage system
Flywheel energy storage with rated power P = 2 MW
Ride through time 20 sec
Netto Energy content 11 kWh (Brutto : 14 kWh)
Minimum „Stand By“ Losses
Power quality and UPS
Peak shaving
Urban Traffic
Applications
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 9
DynastoreThe dynastore consortium
High temperature superconductors
Mit Schwung
ins nächste Jahrtausend
Market leader
for large power supply systems
Piller GmbH
Electrical engineering
Institute for ElectricalMachines, Drives andTraction, TU Braunschweig
GmbH
Flywheel, Energy Converter,Inverter, HTSC-magnetic bearings
Power semiconductors
MaterialsResearch & Production
DLR e.V., BraunschweigInstitute for Structural Mechanics
CFRPand production technology
gGmbH, Göttingen
IPHT e.V., Jena
SuperConductors
Solvay GmbH
UtilitiesUser
Net
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 10
Dynastore
High Temperature Superconductor(HTSC) Flywheel Bearings
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 11
DynastoreComponent structure of a Flywheel with active / HTSL bearings
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 12
DynastoreTypical properties of SMB, Summary of experiences with SMBs
HTSC bearings are specifically „soft bearings“, whichshould be operated above the critical speed
The low Eigenfrequency yields high running smoothness
Inherent damping is weak. External damping necessary
Superconducting bearings show a progressive characteristic and linearisation at the point of operation bythe gradient of the local hysteresis loop is possible
The frequency dependence of the properties are linear up to high frequencies, but additional effects due to eddycurrents may appear
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 13
DynastorePrincipal bearing topologies of SMB
Inherent stability in radial and axial direction
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 15
DynastoreHTS Bearing with 500 kg load capacity for a 4 MVA HTS Generator
SIEMENS
HTSC Bearing with movable sleeves for centric rotor position
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 16
DynastoreAssessment of superconducting bearings for flywheels
ActivationSimple activation by vertical movement of the rotor into operation positionunder gravitySafetyno crash possible if proper designed (No EMC problems, no sensor failure) Long thermal time constant when cooling failsLossesNo stator losses, if smooth flux distribution is achievedno rotor losses except parasitic eddy current lossesEnergy consumption of the cryocooler increases the loss balance
ButLong cool down time necessaryActuators for Activation of bearing necessaryLong lifetime, low cost stirling-cryocoolers with sufficient power are underdevelopment but not yet available
For a continuous operating flywheel with high energy content HTSC bearings are preferable due to the safety aspects
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 18
DynastoreMass loaded Flywheel with external Motor, Jp/Ja < 1
Flywheel for bus propulsionP = 150 kW, n = 40.000min-1, W = 2kWh
University of Austin, Texas,
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 19
DynastoreFeatures of mass loaded flywheel
Shaft with bearings on small diameter,
Active bearings with small gap and reduced losses
Heavy construction with high amount of fiber material
Low energy density
Jp/Ja < 1
Requires bearings of high stiffness and damping
Suitable for high rpm designs together with AMBs
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 20
DynastoreStator, Rotor and cooling conductors assembly
Rimmed Flywheel
CFRP Rim
Hub with CFRP
reinforcement
Couplingstructure
HTS Bearing
Stator of Motor/Generator
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 21
DynastoreHub – rim construction with integrated machine and bearings
Compact in size because machine and bearings areintegrated into the rotor bore
Low weight, main portion of energy is stored in the rim
Differences in elastic deformation between hub and rimcompensated by a patented novel radial elastic couplingstructure providing structural Eigenfrequencies far awayfrom the rotational frequency
Bearings with large active surface possible
Jp/Ja > 1,5
Suitable for high circumferential speeds with SMBs
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 23
DynastorePowerbridge, Piller Power Systems, 4.6 kWh, 14 sec
Technische Daten:Stored energy 16.5 MWsRated power 1650 kVASpeed 1800 bis 3300 rpmtotal weight 6000 kgRotorweight 2900 kgNo load losses 10 kWBearing regreasing 6 monthsBearing lifetime 8 years
Features:- Helium atmosphere- Magnetic load control- Redundant bearings
lift magnet
upper bearing
Up. aux. bearing
exciter machine
main Engine
flywheel
lower bearinglower aux. bearing
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 25
DynastoreBoeing Phantom works, 100 kW, 4 kWh, 2.4 min
HTSC bearing
Hub
Motor/Generator
Composite Rotor
Lift bearing
Vacuum vessel withenergy absorbing liner
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 26
DynastoreExperimental Flywheel assembly with vacuum container
11 kWh,
2 MW, 20sec
10000 rpm
Minimal standbylosses
Response time2 msec
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 28
DynastoreStructure of redundant power and control electronics
Customer
Brake choppers
Flywheel withdouble machine
GridGrid failure
Rect. control
ControlWR 2
ControlWR 1
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 31
DynastoreCentral mechanical hub structure
Bearing hubs
Motor/Generator hub and water jacket
958 mm
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 32
DynastoreStatorwinding of the SRM hub drive
Central Hub and water jacket
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 35
Dynastore
The Dynastore Flywheel energy storage projectaims at transient stability of power grids and urban traffic applications
The development of the basic technologies and the design phase are finished
The production of the parts and the assembly of the flywheel and the bearings are in progress
The power electronics and control cabinets arealready finished and pretested
Cd / 17.10.2006 / Eurosolar11/06 36
DynastoreComparison of technologies
CoventionalFlywheeel„Powerbridge“
Dynastore
Usable Energy 4 kWh 11kWh
Rated Power 1200 kW 2000 kW
Efficiency
Stand By Losses
0,93
10 kW
0,94
1 kW
Mass 7000 kg 1200 kg
Dimensions D = 1500 mmH = 2000 mm
D = 1500 mmH = 600 mm