Here, the flies gain upper hand ! Hindu 13th July 2013

• Unhygienic conditions in poultry farms result in fly menace

• People of several villages have blamed the owners of the poultry farms for the problem

• Houseflies breed in the waste dumped by the poultry farms

• Owners accused of not taking steps to maintain cleanliness

News report

• The poultry farm owners had been warned.

• The villagers have demanded shifting or closure of the poultry farms.

• The villagers also staged an agitation in front of the deputy commissioner’s office recently in support of their demand.

Fly menace in Mangalore returns with

a vengeance

• Waste fish stock is posing a serious health hazard

Residents seek steps to combat fly

menace! • Mangalore

• Davangere

• Bangalore

• Rural Coimbatur

Fly Menace and their Control

Prof. R.N.Sreenivas gowda Ex- Vice Chancellor, KVAFSU,Bidar

About presentation

• Introduction

• Distribution

• Life Cycle

• Damage and their Importance

• Threshold

• Management

• Control

Introduction

• The House fly is a pest of both farm and home.

• It is a well-known cosmopolitan, always found in association with human activities.

• It is the most common species found in piggery , Dairy, poultry farms and horse stables.

• Any filth, garbage encourage the activity of fly.

Fly Nuisance

• Irritant to farm workers • Cause public health problem • Transmits Enteric diseases. • Farms at outskirts and villages are threatened. • Flies are not just a nuisance; they carry diseases

which pose a serious health hazard to people and animals. Globally, they cause livestock and poultry production losses estimated in the billions of dollars.

Diseases transmitted by House Fly

• Most commonly transmitted diseases by house flies are Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Escherichia, Enterococcus, Chlamydia, and many other entero-bacteria

• House flies also transmit food poisoning, typhoid fever, dysentery, tuberculosis, anthrax, ophthalmia, and parasitic worms.

House fly

• Common name: house fly

• Scientific name: Musca domestica Linnaeus

• Insecta: Diptera Family: Muscidae

Facts about House Fly • The housefly vomits stomach fluid onto its food

and sucks up the dissolved nutrients.

• Flyspecks are dried vomit and fecal material.

• It has been estimated that in a six-month period, a pair of houseflies and their descendants would total 191,000,000,000,000,000,000 if all the offspring survived.

• The House fly’s eye is an engineering marvel that gives the fly a nearly 180 degree field view

What do you know about House Fly?

• House flies can travel up to

six miles in 24 hours, but they usually prefer to stay close by their breeding ground.

• Fly infestations are often found on farms because it is hard to keep them away from breeding in the readily available manure.

• House flies like to perch on things like wire or string.

Life cycle

• Four distinct stages: 1.Egg, 2.Larva or maggot, 3.Pupa and 4.Adult

Life Cycle-------Eggs

• Egg: Depending on the size of a female fly, can lay up to 500 eggs in a three to four day period.

• Eggs are white in color and are usually less than half an inch in size.

Life cycle-----Larvae or Maggots

• Larvae: Larvae are commonly referred to as maggots.

• Maggots emerge from the eggs within eight to 20 hours of being laid.

• Larvae begin eating whatever they can find in the area they were laid.

• They prefer warm, moist environments to grow in.

Life cycle------PUPA

• Pupa: After about four to 10 days, a maggot will move to higher, drier ground to move into the pupa stage of its life.

• In about three to six days, the maggot encases inself in a reddish-brown skin where the final stages of development take place.

ADULT FLY

• Adult: Once the adult house fly hatches from the pupal stage, it has an approximate life span of 15 to 30 days.

• Females are able to start producing eggs after two days of life and will continue to lay eggs for about a month.

• Female house flies are usually larger than the males.

Biological Behavior of the Fly

• Adults usually live 15 to 30 days, but may live up to two months.

• Without food, they survive only about two to three days.

• Longevity is enhanced by availability of suitable food, especially sugar.

• They require food before they copulate, and copulation is completed in as few as two minutes or as long as 15 minutes.

• Oviposition commences four to 20 days after copulation.

• Female flies need access to suitable food (protein) to allow them to produce eggs, and manure alone is not adequate-------Take care of spillage of feed.

• The potential reproductive capacity of flies is tremendous.

• As many as 10 to 12 generations may occur annually in temperate regions, while more than 20 generations may occur in subtropical and tropical regions.

• The flies are inactive at night and stay on ceilings, beams and overhead wires within buildings, trees, and shrubs around poultry houses

How to measure the Fly Threshold?

• 3 X 5-inch white index Spot cards attached to fly resting surface.

• A minimum of five cards should be placed in each animal facility and left for seven days.

• A count of 100 or more fecal or vomit spots per card per week indicate a high level of fly activity and need for control.

Climate & Fly

• In the summer, the rate of fly development in accumulated manure or other breeding medium is often faster than expected from weather data.

• The greater the accumulation, the more the heating, and the greater the range of temperatures that occur, providing fly larvae with greater opportunities to find a suitable habitat for development.

Control measures

The more commonly used control measures for house flies are:

• Sanitation, hygiene & Biosecurity measures

• Use of traps,

• Biological control

• Spray of Insecticides,

• An integrated fly control has to be implemented.

Effective fly control is integrated fly control.

• That’s the integration of products that tackle different stages of the fly life cycle with various cultural and biological techniques which reduce the amount of chemical treatment needed to achieve effective fly control in the first place.

• Integrated fly control is not only more cost-effective, it also helps prevent insect resistance and the build-up of insecticidal residues in animal tissues; two increasingly important factors facing farmers today.

Integrated Fly Management Programme

REMOVAL OF LITTER, TRAPS

Integrated Fly Management Programme

• CULTURAL • PHYSICAL OR MECHANICAL • BIOLOGICAL • CHEMICAL

1.Cultural Practices

• The cultural practice of adding large amounts of water to the manure creates a habitat unsuitable for the breeding of house flies.

• Preventing feed spoilage and keeping the feeds dry reduce habitats for fly breeding.

• Preventing moisture in potential fly breeding areas is the critical cultural factor in fly control.

Cultural control or Sanitation

• Good sanitation is the basic step in any fly management program.

• Spilled feed should not be allowed to accumulate and should be cleaned up two times a week.

• Don’t allow or throw broken eggs

• Avoid Leakey nipples- formation of water pools.

• Moisture management in litter is critical

Culural:Avoid Moisture in Litter

• Use of Foggers or sprinklers during summer also add to increase moisture .

• Heat stress causes wet litter problems of summer management is critical.

• Proper disposal of dead birds is key to avoid fly problems.

• Overall, manure should be dry as far as possible.

2.Physical or Mechanical control

Control methods involve :

1. Collection of eggs and pupae in plastic bags

2. Incinerating with flame guns,

3. Use of UV traps, pheromone traps,

4. Spraying diesel or turpentine or kerosine.

5. Applying limestone or Zeolite powder on the litter.

Physical Methods

• Removing manure frequently and thoroughly, or keeping it dry, reduces the habitat for fly larval development.

• The compactness of manure will affect the amount of fly breeding

How to avoid Wet Litter?

• Construction of poultry sheds at the elevated position in order to have better ventilation leading to dry litter.

• Physical removal of litter once in three days.

• Avoid leakage of nipples which is extremely important.

Manure management

• Fresh poultry manure is approximately 60 to 80% moisture.

• If the moisture level can be reduced to approximately 30%, flies will no longer find an ideal site for laying

• Another method of making manure unattractive to flies, is to add water and make the manure liquid.

Manure management -3 methods

1. The litter must be kept dry and, therefore, flies are not usually a problem.

2. In caged layers: weekly cleaning of the house and litter

3. Storage of manure in a deep storage area under cages.

–An advantage of this system is the flexibility of clean-out.

Cleaning in Cages

• Frequent flushing and scraping, and disposal of the manure into a lagoon, is effective provided lagoon design and maintenance is satisfactory.

Use of scraper • Scraper in a shallow-pit type, caged-layer

poultry house.

Dry & Wet Litter

Place Fly Traps

• Fly traps may be useful in some fly control programs .

• Ultraviolet light traps collect the flies inside an inverted cone or kill them with an electrocuting grid.

• One trap should be placed for every 30 feet of wall inside buildings.

• House flies are attracted to white surfaces and to baits that give off odors.

Bait Fly Traps

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Paint the baits

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• A number of species of hymenopterous parasites also visit the manure and lay eggs in fly puparia. • These parasites then develop inside the fly pupae, killing the flies as a result. •Introduction of parasites, beetles and wasps

3.Biological control

Macrochele Spp eating larve

Lifecycle of Parasite

Biological Control…cont

• Wasp spps • Chalcidoid wasps

(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae),

• Muscidifurax and Sphalangia spp

• Predatory insects (especially histerids [Coleoptera: Histeridae] and staphylinids [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae])

Parasite flies

• Parasite, Spalangia sp., oviposts in the puparium of a house fly.

Biological control…..cont

• The larva of the black dump fly, Hydrotaea (=Ophyra aenescens), is also regaining popularity as a biological control agent for controlling house flies on poultry farms without the use of pesticides.

CARCINOPS PUMILIO FEEDING

• Adult beetle, Carcinops pumilio, feeding on house fly eggs.

• Adults of the macrochelid mite, Glyptholaspis confusa, feeding on house fly eggs

Fly control by Fungi

• Some species have a broad spectrum of activity (e.g. Beauveria bassiana which can infect many insect species).

• Other species of fungi are more selective (e.g. Metarhiziumanisopliae and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, which are more effective against the fly and the horn fly).

Fly control by Fungi

• Fungal infection of flies occurs primarily through the cuticle rather than through the digestive tract.

• The fungi penetrate the cuticle and proliferate in the haemolymph. The fly then dies quite rapidly.

• The fungus emerges through the cuticle, forming a mycelium which contains the next generation of spores.

• These spores are then spread to other flies by wind, or by direct contact between dead and living flies.

Fungus…cont

• It takes five to seven days for a flies to die after its cuticle has been penetrated by fungus.

• To be active, the spores need humid conditions. • Therefore, even though many fungi are able to

kill flies, the natural fungal population level is rarely high enough to have a significant impact on fly populations.

• Fungi form stages resistant to dry conditions, in order to survive throughout the year.

4. Chemical control

• Residual insecticides on adjacent vegetation an around building

• Apply larvicides to manure

• Fly bait stations (adulticides)

• Paint-on/misting for adult fly control

Chemicals Used for Fly Control

• Thiamethoxam: Paint-on product for the control of nuisance flies in animal housing.

• Thiamethoxam: Ready to use scatter bait for the control of house flies in farms.

• Cyromazine: Insect growth regulator for the control of fly larvae in poultry manure by feed through application.

• Cyromazine: Insect growth regulator for the control of fly larvae by topical treatment of breeding sites.

• Lambda-cyhalothrin):For the control of nuisance flies, litter beetles, other insects and poultry mites in and around animal housing.

4.Chemical control

• Application of adulticides, or larvicides to directly or indirectly suppress adult densities.

• Residual wall sprays can be applied where the flies congregate.

• Resistance to Permethrin develops more rapidly in fly populations from farms on a continuous permethrin regime than in farms in which permethrin and diclorvos have been alternated.

Chemical control…cont

• Pyriproxifen is a pyridine-based pesticide which is found to be effective against a variety of arthropoda.

• Pyriproxyfen is a juvenile hormone analog, preventing larvae from developing into adulthood and thus rendering them unable to reproduce.

Chemical control…cont

• Pyrethrins [0.1% - 0.6%] + Piperonyl Butoxide [1% 6%] Ready-to-use oil spray; apply as mist or fog. Spray at a rate of 1-2 seconds per 1,000 cubic feet. Close windows and doors for 15 min. or double dosage if area can’t be closed.

• Dichlorvos [43.2%] Mix with water as instructed on label, apply as mist or fog.

• Tetrachlorvinphos [50%] walls and ceilings Mix with water as instructed on label, apply to inside or outside

• Permethrin [5.7% to 25%] Check label for specific application instructions.

• Tetrachlorvinphos [23%] and

Chemical control.

• Outdoors, the control of flies includes the use of boric acid in the bottom of dumpsters, treatment of vertical walls adjacent to dumpsters and other breeding sites with microencapsulated or wettable powder formulation, and the use of fly baits near adult feeding sources.

Oral Chemical control

• Use of Cyromazine-1-2% in feed for 30 days @ 500 gms/ton of feed.

• Continuous exposure of flies to this insecticides has led to development of insecticide resistance to many insecticides.

Long term control over Fly Menace

• In order to gain long term control, it is desirable to use cultural and physical methods at initial stages, followed by biological methods.

• However, many farmers tend to use chemical methods in the beginning, thus aggravating fly menace.

• So, it is desirable to use cultural, physical, mechanical, biological and chemicals methods of control according to their order of preference as shown in the fly management pyramid.

Pool of Wet litter & Larve

Courtasy:NUTRICON Dr. Vasanth raj Daivd

Courtasy:NUTRICON Dr. Vasanth raj Daivd

Apply Silicate absorbent

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Apply Silicate absorbent

Courtasy:NUTRICON Dr. Vasanth raj David

Apply Silicate absorbent

Courtasy:NUTRICON Dr. Vasanth raj Daivd

Apply Silicate absorbent

Courtasy:NUTRICON Dr. Vasanth raj Daivd

Dry Litter

Courtasy:NUTRICON Dr. Vasanth raj Daivd

Dry Litter

Dry Litter

Dry Litter

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Dry Litter

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Clean Farm

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Checklist for Fly control

The following checklist is a tool for you to use in monitoring fly populations and in routine maintenance of key fly breeding habitats on your operation:

1. identify sites where flies are breeding on your operation,

2. locate the potential source of a nuisance fly outbreak, or

3. use as a weekly cleanup and maintenance checklist to ensure the effective control of fly populations on your operation.

“Clean Farm is a Healthy Farm” Keep the farm

fly free !