Fluvial Geomorpholgy Task Force for Massachusetts

Technical Meeting November 10, 2014

Introduction

•  Why are you here?

•  What are we asking of you?

•  The task at hand

•  Motivation

•  What we’ve done so far

What is Fluvial Geomorphology?

(River) (Landform evolution)

•!River width and depth

•!Channel slope

•!Floodplain

•!Sinuosity or meander

•!Sediment load, size

•!Flow and velocity

•!Erosion

•!Deposition

FGM Task Force Meeting Agenda

9:00 am Introduction: Function of Task Force, Summary of ongoing UMass projects and our hope(s) for Massachusetts Christine Hatch, UMass Amherst

9:30 The River Corridor as a FGM tool (the VT statewide map, and using the Active River Area method)

Mike Kline, Vermont Rivers Program, VT ANR 10:30 Break 10:45 River Sensitivity Coarse Screening Using Stream Power

as a FGM tool Roy Schiff, Milone and MacBroom

11:45 Where to begin? A Database of past damage locations Steve Mabee, Massachusetts State Geologist

12:00 pm Task Force Discussion on tools

1:00 Adjourn

Update on Projects at UMass and Massachusetts Geological Survey

•  FGM Workshop UMass 2012

•  Pilot FGM Assessment (MA Geol. Survey)

•  FEMA Proposal

•  RiverSmart (I)

•  RiverSmart (III)

•  FFFGM (RiverSmart II)

•  MA DOT

•  MET Proposal

•  FRCOG and other Projects

Fluvial Geomorphology Workshop October 25th, 2012

UMass Amherst

OUTCOMES:

Management Objectives:

• To manage fluvial erosion hazards to protect public health and safety.

• To protect water quality in order to maintain vibrant riparian habitats.

Tri-Track Approach Needed:

1. Policy statements are a key precursor to changes in regulation; focus should thus be placed on policy development & implementation. • Develop policies around geomorphic assessment as a standard practice of consultants and state agencies working in rivers (See above management objectives).

• Gather economic data to evaluate the cost savings or costs avoided by using FGM to manage river corridors and help convince policy makers of FGM benefits.

Tri-Track Approach Needed: 2. Technical Aspects • Develop a standard protocol that incorporates rural, urban and tidal stream corridors, defines the data needs for each, and identifies data collection techniques. • Develop an emergency protocol (rapid geomorphic assessment) that can be employed for communities in need following a flood event.

• Train agencies and local consultants in the use of these protocols.

• Develop a database structure for geomorphic data, a system for storage & find an administrative home for the database.

Tri-Track Approach Needed: 3. Education & Outreach

• Develop training programs and train agencies, consultants and volunteers in the use of the above protocols.

• Develop fact sheets for the public and potential funders.

Next Steps:

Establish the Geomorphic Task Force to develop a strategy to implement FGM in Massachusetts and to develop a prototype river management plan. • Determine a funding mechanism for the task force.

• Develop a meeting schedule.

• Develop a task list.

Develop a marketing plan for soliciting funds to support the effort. • Fact sheets.

• Prepared presentations.

Next Steps:

Prepare a proposal for the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program, 5% Initiative funds, due December 3rd.

• Does support of the task force qualify?

• Alternatively, could we pilot a project in the Green or South rivers in the Deerfield River watershed:

- Green River would be a pilot of the protocol.

- South River would be a pilot of the impacts of FGM. • Identify other funding sources for Education and Outreach, developing the protocol, and developing the database:

- Federal Highway Administration

- Insurance companies

Motivation Hurricane Irene in Massachusetts

(and beyond)

NASA 2011: Hurricanes/Tropical Cyclones Hurricane Season 2011: Hurricane Irene

How unique was 2011 Irene Flooding?

W/Irene W/O Irene

Log P III 380 2200

Gumbel 22000 5.30E+08

0

500

1000

1500

2000 19

40

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

m3 /s

North River Colrain, MA

Watershed = 231 km2 Return Periods in years

Irene

100 m 100 m

6 m3/s/km2

Pre-Irene (2005) Post-Irene (Sep, 9 2011)

1927 Storm of record vs. Irene

0

50

100

150

200

250

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36

1927

Irene

1927 Cum

Irene Cum

P (m

m) P (m

m)

time (hr)

Photo by Chris Condit (Umass)/John Fellows

970-ft, ~700-ft, 620-ft slides along Rt.2, Cold R., MA!

Photo by Chris Condit (Umass)/John Fellows

Photo by Anna Nagurney

Deerfield R flows N near CT R confluence!

Pecausett Pond

Chapman Pond

Hamburg Cove

Great Island Marsh

Dead Man’s Marsh

Data from Jon Woodruff, UMass

….and out to sea.

Pilot Fluvial Geomorphic Assessment •! Massachusetts Geological

Survey Project •! Collaborated with NEE •! Applied the Vermont

Protocol (SGAT) •! Four reaches, tributaries of

the Deerfield River: Clesson Brook, Pelham Brook, North River, Green River

•! Produced detailed fluvial erosion hazard maps for each reach

Farms, Floods and Fluvial Geomorphology

Hatch USDA-NIFA NIWQP 110.C !

project. In addition, there is a seamless coordination between this effort and two other existing projects currently underway in Massachusetts: (1) Development of a Fluvial Geomorphological Assessment Protocol to Reduce Flood and Erosion Hazards in Massachusetts. This project, led by State Geologist Steve Mabee, has been recommended for full funding to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA GPID# 17283). In its early stages, this initiative was advanced in an October 2012 FGM workshop convened by the Water Resources Research Center at the University of Massachusetts to explore the question of who needs and will use FGM assessments. It was attended by representatives of state environmental agencies in Massachusetts, Vermont and New Hampshire, as well as DOT and MEMA, federal agencies such as the USGS, NRCS, USEPA, USFWS, and a number of non-government organizations. The workshop generated a list of needs or desired outcomes, including better information on the location of unstable stream reaches; data that shows location of fluvial erosion hazard zones; knowledge of what infrastructure is susceptible to damage; education and outreach on river processes. Two outcomes of the workshop were (1) the establishment of a Task Force to provide technical guidance on any future work regarding FGM development in Massachusetts; and (2) a proposal prepared by University of Massachusetts (partners: WRRC, Massachusetts State Geologist Steve Mabee) and submitted to FEMA to fund the work described below. In a related development, a pilot assessment program was funded by FEMA (through MEMA) to conduct a Vermont-style FGM assessment on four tributaries of the Deerfield River (Pelham Brook, North River, Clesson Brook and Green River, shown in the figure)

Massachusetts currently has no FGM protocol, and does not use FGM in its basin assessments. This leaves the state without the tools or foundation to adapt river management practices in a way that ensures that repairs and maintenance work are not going to be destroyed in the next storm. Replacing structures in kind may not be the best practice. Without such assessments, there is no data that establishes a baseline of existing conditions in river corridors. By contrast, Vermont has taken the lead in New England when it comes to managing their river corridors toward dynamic equilibrium. Vermont is creating incentive programs for towns to develop river corridor management plans and apply river corridor

Green River, S •! Massachusetts Geological

Survey and NEE completed the maps in 2013

•! Included detailed cross sections and bank evaluations throughout

•! Learning the protocol was arduous, too complex for application throughout the state without extensive training and expertise

Projects at UMass Updates on: • RiverSmart (I)

• RiverSmart (III) - IWR • FFFGM (RiverSmart II) • MA DOT

Integrating science, social science & extension to advance Ecologically Resilient River Flood Management PIs: Eve Vogel, Political and Environmental Geography; Christine Hatch, Extension and Hydrogeology Graduate students: Noah Slovin, Nicole Gillett, Peter Huntington Undergraduates: Gina Accorsi, Nayha Chopra-Tandon, Cecilia Frisardi, Alex Schwartz, Laurel Payne, Daphne Chang (and others!)

House in the White River valley Source: Jerry LaBlond, The Herald. Reprinted in Drysdale, M. D., S. Morris, and S. Levesque. 2012. The Wrath of Irene: Vermont's Imperfect Storm of 2011. Randolph, VT: The Public Press.

Land destroyed by silt deposits, near Hancock VT, White River valley. Source: Lars Gange, Mansfield Heliflight. http://www.mansfieldheliflight.com/flood/index.html

“River claims a new channel through VT RT100” Source: From Mansfield HeliFlight, printed in Vermont Agency of Natural Resources Climate Change Team 2012:

“Tropical Storm Irene by the Numbers,” http://www.anr.state.vt.us/anr/climatechange/irenebythenumbers.html

“Dig deep, ‘cause you might not get a second chance” - Governor Peter Shumlin Quoted in Kevin Paquet 2011: “In Bethel: Shumlin Optimistic, But Citizens Have Questions,” The Herald of Randolph, 8 September.

Photo source: Drysdale et al. 2012. The wrath of Irene: Vermont's imperfect storm of 2011, p. 105.

Source: Conservation Law Foundation: Tropical Storm Irene archives. http://www.clf.org/blog/tag/tropical-storm-irene/

Camp Brook, Bethel, VT

supporting ecologically restorative flood prevention and remediation in New England A project for New England communities combining river science

with institutional insights for resilient river management

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White R., VT Bronson Br., MA

Science: Fluvial Geomorphology (FGM) •! Geomorphology: form of Earth’s surface •! Fluvial: related to flowing water

Hydraulic Processes

!

Stream Morphology !

Distribution and quality of:

Habitat, Hazards, Health

Fluvial Geomorphology (FGM) •! Geomorphology: form of Earth’s surface •! Fluvial: related to flowing water

Hydraulic Processes

!

Stream Morphology !

Distribution and quality of:

Habitat, Hazards, Health

• Geomorphology: form of Earth’s surface • Fluvial: related to flowing water

Hydraulic Processes !

Stream Morphology !

Distribution and quality of:

Stream Morphology

Stream Geomorphology

Assessments

Vermont Stream Geomorphic Assessment

Assesses: "! Form and Process

Methods: •!Remote sensing •!Field assessment

The River Corridor

•! Resilience •! Ecosystems •! Floodplains •! Infrastructure

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Institutional and policy research: Case studies of successful institutions

Vermont Rivers Program

White River Partnership

Deerfield Creating Resilient Communities

Town of Hawley

Institutional and policy research: Case studies of successful institutions

Vermont Rivers Program - Statewide regulatory body under Vermont Agency of Natural Resources. - Prelim findings: The VRP has been able to use creative means to integrate a program based on science and data into other state and national frameworks. “Let’s define the space a stable river needs, and then, go! This is science providing a dependable way to establish what space rivers need.” – VRP rep

White River Partnership - Watershed citizen non-profit. -  Prelim findings: A single dedicated and full time employed who is able to negotiate the complicated

system of grants, regulations, and individual cases can key reason for success. -  “They are the glue that pulls together all the other government and conservation groups… They are the

connection to the local people, the towns and the landowners.” - Forest Service rep.

Deerfield Creating Resilient Communities - Inter-town networking group who is building towards an interstate watershed group. -Prelim findings: CRC acts a network forum for many stakeholders to discuss and find solutions to many historical small town issues such as funding burdens, etc. “They don't know it yet, [but] the work that work is doing is what we are going to be dealing with looking forward. In a word it is resiliency” - Emergency Planning rep.

Town of Hawley - The town that never could have foreseen Irene nor the damages it would inflict and how their government and practices have changed since. “We learned one thing from this experience. Things are never quite as bad as they first seem when you have good friends and neighbors to lend a helping hand.” Hawley resident

Some preliminary results….:

1. Some of the policy challenges of reshaping river management along lines suggested by fluvial geomorphological understandings:

•  Designing and constructing “natural channels” is expensive – but •  Restricting land use is politically and legally difficult •  Common management tools for these objectives – TMDLs, habitat

protection, flood mapping and zoning – are often used to armor stream structure and ignore fluvial erosion

•  Governmental budgets are small (and many are shrinking) •  Programs should be state-wide (or national) but in New England, local

governments often control land use •  “Disciplining” streams is politically popular (so is bashing government.

lowering taxes, etc.)

: 2.  Some of the lessons about policy successes:

•  Joining programs for safety and ecological objectives can streamline funding and message – if people and agencies work well together (easier in a small state)

•  It may be possible to limit land use without politically unpopular prohibitions, through incentives, technical training, outreach, etc

•  Data and projects can be ambassadors •  Political support is crucial - from governor and legislature,

environmentalists, Departments of Transportation, Public Works, local governments

•  Floods can be allies – but in an emergency, be helpful first

Planned Products: RiverSmart Educational Toolkit

• RiverSmart Factsheets Easy-to-use decision-making tools on science of fluvial geomorphology and riverine ecosystems; local, state and federal regulatory requirements, etc.

• Mini-report RiverSmart Across New England’s Diverse States and Towns: Profiles of four successful institutional case studies

•!White paper Recommendations for policy, institutional coordination and funding changes.

www.geo.umass.edu/riversmart

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Making the most of our natural resources

Cold R. MA!

Deerfield R. MA After Hurricane Irene, August 2011!

What is the role of farms in floodplains? What resources help farmers before and after floods?

River Science (Fluvial Geomorphology): Christine Hatch

Goal: To promote knowledge about the role of farms in the floodplain, natural fluvial and geomorphological processes, and apply that knowledge to a whole watershed to promote coordinated watershed management.

Planned Products: • Fluvial erosion hazard map of the river corridor for the entire Deerfield River Watershed in Vermont and Massachusetts to promote “living with the river” management on the watershed scale • Coordinated outreach efforts to farms overlapping the active river corridor • Generation of Farm-Flood tools for preparedness, remediation and strategies for riparian land management to maximize overall watershed/river health and minimize damages, sources for relief and post-disaster assistance, and pro-active measures for riverfront property management • Climate change round table discussions: what will the future hold? • Report of “Best-practices” in FGM assessment

www.geo.umass.edu/riversmart

Duration: Sep 2013 - Aug 2016

Farms, Floods and Fluvial Geomorphology Making the most of our natural resources

Jerr

y Sc

hoen!

and federal collaborators

Deerfield R. MA!

What is the role of federal agencies during/after floods? What would make successful partnerships?

Attuning federal agencies and programs with state, regional and local efforts

We want to hear from YOU! We will be visiting your community Nov-Jan to learn your thoughts and experiences regarding successful federal agency programs, and constructive

criticisms of not-so-successful ones. Help us help them help your community.

PI (Geography): Eve Vogel

www.geo.umass.edu/riversmart

Duration: Feb 2014 - Aug 2015 and federal collaborators

Model Case Studies Four case studies of successful collaborations with federal programs

Applied Workshops • Community Needs We’re coming to you, and we want to hear your community’s needs

and ideas related to flood prevention, mitigation and remediation, plus watershed ecological goals. • Federal Agencies opportunities, constraints, and possible solutions to meet these needs

Recommendations Ways programs can be targeted to work more effectively, economically and sustainably with state, regional and local agencies and existing programs in New England to effect ecologically restorative flood prevention and remediation (including policy recommendations). Information Tools website, factsheets, interactive presentations to

communities and back to federal agencies

MA DOT Project: Climate & Crossings

Develop a systems-based approach to improve the assessment, prioritization, planning, protection and maintenance of roads and road-stream crossings that: •! Is proactive with respect to upgrading structures to

account for climate change; •! Complements existing MassDOT project development

and bridge design processes; •! Provides a decision-making tool that can be used during

project planning and development phases; and •! Familiarizes and engages other agencies (MassDEP,

ACOE, FEMA) with this approach.

An Integrated Approach Reduce uncertainties and improve prioritization schemes by including: •  Culvert condition/history, •  River & stream continuity (aquatic and wildlife organisms

passage), •  Climate change hydrologic/hydraulic impacts, •  Geomorphic condition (vulnerability to cc, adjustments in

river morphology, etc.), •  Future development (tentative), •  Ecological resiliency, & •  Potential disruption of local services.

Project Objectives •  Vulnerability assessment for roads and road-stream

crossings under present climate conditions, •  Vulnerability assessment for roads and road-stream

crossings under future climate conditions (mid-century and end-century),

•  Integration of vulnerability factors and aquatic stream continuity and fragmentation into a decision support tool,

•  Complement, support, and augment present MassDOT system planning, project development, and inspection processes

Progress Report •  Collection of existing relevant data (1) •  Stream crossing passability, condition assessment,

and critical linkages analysis (2, 3, 4) •  Fluvial Geomorphic Assessment (5) •  Culvert capacity calculation (6) •  Assessment of current and future vulnerability due to

extreme flows (7, 9, 10) •  Future climate assessment (8) •  Ecological services (11) •  Potential disruption of local services (12) •  Ranking and decision support matrix (13) •  Overall project management (14)

The Task at Hand •  We’re going to present you with two

screening techniques that could be applied thoughout Massachusetts with minimal staff and budget

•  You are the experts: will these work to begin assessing the geomorphology of Massachusetts streams and ultimately drive better land-use decisions around rivers?

•  Evaluate each individually and together and discuss as a group

The River Corridor

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rivers and to cultivate and settle the fertile floodplains andriparian lands they create. These efforts disrupt the naturalprocesses and disconnect rivers from their riparian landsand floodplains with a cascading series of impacts (Burcheret al., 2007) that threaten river and riparian habitat andthe broad range of benefits that thesee areas provide.

The active river area framework adds an important approachto efforts to protect and restore natural hydrologic regimes,restore and maintain connectivity within and along rivers,and mitigate other threats such as pollution sources, invasive species, over-harvest of fish and other resources,mineral and material extraction, and the conversion of riparian areas to other land uses. Without the protectionand restoration of key physical and ecological processes andthe areas within which they occur, efforts to protect riversare likely to fall short of their goals and expectations.Healthy rivers also provide a broad range of other socialand economic benefits to society as discussed in Chapter 3.

� ?3 E=5>D�% F5BF95 GChapter 2 of this document describes the five components

of the active river area, and the dominant physical processesand habitat values associated with each of these compo-nents. Chapter 3 describes the broad range of ecosystemservices gained by society by having active river areas maintainmost of their natural features and conditions, including re-ducing flood and erosion risks to human infrastructure,water quality protection and recreation opportunities.Chapter 4 describes approaches to delineating the active riverarea at various scales and provides a case study of an ap-proach for the Connecticut River watershed. Chapter 5provides a list of existing assessment protocols that canhelp provide more detailed evaluations of the condition ofactive river areas as the basis for protection, restoration andmanagement actions. Chapter 6 describes how the activeriver area can be used as the basis for designing protectedarea networks, for informing river restoration activities and informing river management programs and policies.Chapter 7 presents an overview of how the active river areaframework forms an approach to identifying and planningon-the-ground restoration projects. Chapter 8 provides ashort conclusion to the paper.

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Stream Power / River Sensitivity Coarse Screening

Roy Schiff, Milone & MacBroom

source area supply >> deposition

transfer / transport zone

supply ~ deposition accumulation zone supply << deposition

confined valley

partly-confined valley laterally-unconfined (alluvial) valley

instream sedimentation begins

floodplain pockets begin to form floodplains become

continuous along both banks

Schematic representation of the relationship between downsteam changes along a typical stream profile, and associated transitions in sediment process zones and valley setting (Fryirs and Breirley, 2005 & 2013; Church 1992)

stream discharge

bed material

texture

Incr

ease

in v

alue

Distance downstream / catchment area

floodplain pockets begin to form floodplains become floodplains become floodplains become

continuous along continuous along both banksboth banks

continuous along continuous along both banksboth banks

begin to form floodplains become floodplains become bed material

continuous along continuous along both banksboth banks

bed material

texturebed m

aterial

texture stream dischargestream dischargestream discharge

bed material

texture stream dischargestream dischargestream discharge

bed material

texture

Specific Stream Power (W/m2)

Valley Confinement

Increase (%) in Confinement by Infrastructure

0-60

>10

<10

LOW

60-300

6-10

10-25

MODERATE

>300

<6

>25

HIGH

supply >> deposition 0-60 60-300 >300

sedimentation beginssedimentation begins>10 6-10 <6

<10

LOW

10-25

MODERATE

>25

HIGH

<10 10-25 >25

LEVEL OF RISK

Specific Stream Power (W/m2)

Number of slope decreases > 5%

Number of > 3rd order confluences

>300 0 0 0

LOW

60-300 1 1

1-2

MODERATE

0-60 "2

>1

>2

HIGH

Incr

ease

in v

alue

>300 60-300 0-60

Incr

ease

in v

alue

0 1 "2

Incr

ease

in v

alue

0 1 "2

0 1 >1 0 1 >1

Number of road crossings

Schematic representation of the relationship between downsteam changes along a typical stream profile, and associated transitions in sediment process zones and valley setting

0 1-2 >2 0 1-2 >2

LEVEL OF RISK

Risk of Erosion

Risk of Aggradation (Deposition)

Photo by J. Kopera

Steve Mabee, Massachusetts State Geologist

Barricade

Heavy Bank and Road Damage

Erosion Damage to Bank and Road

Picnic Area Gone Debris Flows and Road Damage

Major Bridge Damage

Heavy Damage to Black Brook Road

Barricade

Barricade

1 Rotational Slide

4 3 2

Three Translational Debris Slides

MGS, 2011

Data of Past Damage

•  Provides evidence for repeated failures in the same locations à funding for upgrades and repairs

•  Can be used as calibration points for stream power calculations and improve the tools predictive capacity

•  Help prioritize

Fluvial Geomorphology Workshop October 25th, 2012

UMass Amherst

OUTCOMES:

Outlined the following data desires and priorities:

• Desktop Assessment

• Field Assessment

• Other Objectives for the MA FGM Protocol

Desktop Assessment

•  Historical land use •  Updated FEMA maps •  Aerial Photos (LiDAR) •  Updated regression curves, rainfall •  New evaluation tools •  1D Fluvial erosion hazard zones •  Assessment of wetland losses

Field Assessment

•  Habitat Assessment •  Slope/ longitudinal profile, streambed

form, reach condition •  Sediment volumes •  Meander belt width •  Stream classification •  Culvert locations

Other Objectives

•  Estimation of future conditions based on basic river properties

•  Standardization of spatial and temporal scales for data collection to meet various management objectives

•  Data Interpretation: e.g. upstream causes, downstream impacts

•  Strategic Data Clearinghouse

Deerfield Resilient Communities

•  Citizen’s group organized around damages from Hurricane Irene, seeking advice, assistance and financing for repairs

•  Compiled preliminary data, largely from NRCS representative Rita Thibadoux

Legend

Impaired Areas

Town Boundaries

Roads

Streams

Ponds

Green River

East Branch North River

North River Mainstem

Deerfield River-Sherman Dam to Cold River

Cold River

Chickley River

Deerfield River-Cold to North River

Clesson Brook

South River

Deerfield River-North River to Mouth

Subwatersheds (12-dig HUC)

Deerfield River Watershed (MA) Impaired Areas

E BranchNorth River

NorthRiverMainstem

Deerfield RiverSherman Dam toCold River

Cold River

Deerfield RiverCold to North River

ChickleyRiver

ClessonBrook

Deerfield RiverNorth River toMouth

SouthRiver

Watershed

Outlet

Data from MassGIS 2011Impaired Areas information provided by members of Creating Resilient Communities 2012Locations of impairment are approximate

TextText

1

2

3

4

5

6

78

10

911

12

13

14 15

1617

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

Landslide

Dam failed

Gabions failing

Failing culvert

Failing culvert

Failing culverts

Armored stream bank

Repeated road washouts

Stream armored w/rip-rap

Washouts at Green Bridge

E Branch North R. erosion

Stream erosion, repeatedly

Bridge footings undermined

Bridge footings undermined

Bridge footings undermined

Ag fields damaged; landslide

Stream bank erosion at bridge

Ag fields, dam at BBC damaged

River banks armored repeatedly

Stream bank armored repeatedly

Stream banks armored repeatedly

Rip-rap in stream post TS Irene

Extensive problems post TS Irene

Bank erosion old bridge abutment

Perched culvert; gabions failing

Highway Dept saltshed; bank erosion

3 sites post TS Irene rip-rap, repeat

Ag fields severly damaged by TS Irene

Rip-rap along Cold River post TS Irene

Rip-rip along Cold River post TS Irene

Armored river banks upstream of bridge

Schneck Brook bridge abutments failing

Erosion, rip-rap repeat, homes damaged

Ag fields eroded; bridge footings eroded

Ag fields damaged; excessive storm debris

Rd closed; landslide, stream bank erosion

Bank failures armored w/rip-rap post flood

Bank failures armored w/rip-rap post flood

Stream bank armoring post TS Irene, repeat

Bank erosion, armored banks, dam & bridged damaged

COLRAIN

ROWE

HEATH

HAWLEY

SAVOY

FLORIDA

CONWAYASHFIELD

SHELBURNE

CHARLEMONT

BUCKLAND

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GREENFIELD

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CO

UN

TRY C

LUB R

OAD

TUN

NEL

RO

AD

EAST BU

CKLAN

D R

OAD

CENTRAL SHAFT ROAD

SOUTH RIVER ROAD PLAIN

RO

AD

CHARLEMONT ROAD

MOUNTAIN ROAD

TANNERY ROAD

NU

MB

ER N

INE R

OA

DPOTTE

RS R

OA

D

FORD HILL ROAD

MONROE ROAD

MAXWELL ROAD

MU

RR

AY RO

AD

TILD

A H

ILL

RO

AD

ZER

AH F

ISKE

RO

AD

WILLIAMSBURG ROAD

HEATH

RO

AD

HAW

KS R

OAD

TAY

LOR

RO

AD

BARN

ES R

OAD

MIL

L VI

LLA

GE

RO

AD

SADOGA ROAD

NO

RTH

HE

ATH

RO

AD

LESHURES ROAD

BUCKLAND R

OAD

WEST LEY

DEN

RO

AD

DAV

IS MIN

E RO

AD

EDEN

TR

AIL

FORGET ROAD

YO

RK

RO

AD

SOUTH COUNTY ROAD

BLA

CK

BRO

OK

RO

AD

HAZELTON ROAD

RO

WE R

OAD

EDEN

RO

AD

SILVER STREET

FLAG

G H

ILL

RO

AD

HAWLEY ROAD

FLOR

IDA R

OA

D

DAV

IS S

TREE

T

HALLOCKVILL

E ROAD

SH

ELB

UR

NE

LIN

E R

OA

D

COLRAIN STAGE ROAD

CO

LRAI

N R

OAD

LA BELLE ROAD

STRYKER

S R

OAD

SOUTH ROAD

MAIN STREET

HO

SMER

RO

AD

WEST OX BO

W RO

AD

WE

ST

DE

ER

FIE

LD L

OW

ER

RO

AD

WH

ATEL

Y R

OAD

REE

D B

RID

GE

RO

AD

CLESSON BROOK ROAD

WISDOM WAY

TAYLOR BROOK ROAD

RO

YE

R R

OA

D

CREAMERY ROAD

EAST

GLE

N R

OAD

EAST OX BO

W RO

AD

CO

OP

ER

LA

NE

RO

AD

WEST HILL ROAD

HILL ROAD

HO

PE STREET

SMITH

RO

AD

WHITCOMB HILL ROAD

ASH

FIEL

D M

OU

NTA

IN R

OAD

PECKV

ILLE RO

AD

EAST

CO

LRAI

N R

OAD

MA

RC

H R

OAD

UPPE

R ST

REET

SMEAD

RO

AD

SAVOY ROAD

FOX

HIL

L R

OA

D

LOW

ER STREET

VAN NEIS ROAD

WEST BRANCH ROAD

GO

RE

RO

AD

WELLS

STREET

DELL ROAD

BLIS

S R

OAD

BELDINGVILLE ROAD

NO

RTH

POLA

ND

RO

AD

BUR

RIN

GTO

N R

OA

D

A W

HIL

LMAN

RO

AD

FEDER

AL S

TREE

T

BUR

NET

T R

OAD

SKIN

NE

R R

OAD

MO

NR

OE

HILL R

OA

D

HAR

T R

OA

D

FRAN

KLIN

HIL

L R

OAD

CO

UN

TY R

OAD

SU

BU

RB

AN

DR

IVE

SOU

TH S

HIR

KSH

IRE

RO

AD

CO

NW

AY STREE

T

PRO

LOVIC

H R

OAD

PFERSIC

K RO

AD

CO

LRAI

N S

HE

LBU

RN

E R

OAD

SU

MN

ER

AN

D S

TETS

ON

RO

AD

BELLUS ROAD

SHEPARD ROAD

HOO

SAC

ROAD

NORTH ROAD

READSBORO ROAD

HUNT ROAD

PON

D R

OAD

TOWER ROAD

SCO

TT R

OAD

STATE FARM ROAD

CH

APMAN

STRE

ET

BR

UN

ELLE

RO

AD

BASSETT R

OAD

SHERMAN ROAD

CYRUS STAGE ROAD

NELSON ROAD

OLS

ON

RO

AD

APPLE VALLEY ROAD

BULLITT ROAD

CONWAY ROAD

PURINTON ROAD

LONG HILL ROAD

PHILLIPS ROAD

NILM

AN R

OAD

REY

NO

LDS

RO

AD

STACEY R

OAD

BRAT

TLEB

OR

O R

OAD

CALVIN

COOMBS R

OAD

DAVIS ROAD

OLD ALBANY ROAD

DEER

FIELD STR

EET

STETSON

BR

OTH

ERS

RO

AD

NEW

CO

UN

TY RO

AD

STATE FOR

EST RO

AD

KEETS ROAD

BRIER ROAD

REILS R

OAD

BRIE

R HI

LL R

OAD

OLD GREENFIELD ROAD

HAW

K HILL R

OAD

HOG HOLLOW ROAD

NO

RTH

STRE

ET

WEST MOUNTAIN ROAD

BLAC

KSTO

NE

RO

AD

NEW

HAL

L R

OAD

BEN ROAD

FRIZZELL HILL ROAD

CROSS ROAD

KINGSLEY HILL ROAD

LUDWIG ROAD

STI

LLW

ATE

R R

OA

D

LOO

P RO

AD

SOU

TH STR

EET

OLD

MAI

N S

TREE

T

TUR

NER

HIL

L R

OAD

MU

NS

ON

STREET

JOE JUREK ROAD

BELL ROAD

GATES R

OAD

WILDER HILL ROAD

JUDD

RO

AD

CEM

ETERY R

OAD

CR

ITTE

ND

EN

RO

AD

CH

UR

CH

RO

AD

BARNARD ROAD

NORTH RIVER ROAD

FOR

D R

OA

D

RILEY ROAD

BRAN

CH

HILL R

OAD

DEPOT RO

AD

HOWES ROAD

BUG HILL ROAD

DO

DG

E RO

AD

TORREY M

OUNTAIN RO

AD

POG

UES H

OLE R

OAD

RICE

FER

RY R

OAD

OLD

FER

RY R

OAD

FRENCH KING HIGHWAY

BRO

WN

RO

AD

BIRD

HILL R

OAD

TATR

O R

OAD

COLRAIN STREET

NEW

TON

RO

AD

ELM

STR

EET

MOODY SPRING ROAD

ME

CH

ANIC

STR

EET

PUD

DIN

G H

OLL

OW

RO

AD

BRITTINGHAM

HILL ROAD

WARFIELD RO

AD

CHRISTIAN HILL ROAD

LED

GE

S R

OAD

BIR

CH

STR

EET

MAPLE STREET

HELLS K

ITCH

EN R

OAD

HORTON ROAD

BRIE

R RO

AD E

XTEN

SIO

N

MER

CY AN

DER

SON

RO

AD

KNO

TT RO

AD

MEADOW LANE

YANK

EE R

OAD

FARM ROAD

GRAVES ROAD

HALIFAX ROAD

SHEARER ROAD

ME

RID

IAN

STR

EET

COLLEGE DRIVE

RIVER STREET

DIC

KEN

SO

N R

OA

D

BEACON STREET

NASHS MILL ROAD

SEAR

S S

TREE

T

CAP

E ST

REE

T

LUNT DRIVE

LOVERS LANE

STONE ROAD

GEO

RGE LAM

B ROAD

HICKS R

OAD

KOCH ROAD

VINCENT ROAD

TRUCE ROAD

HO

ME

STE

AD

AVE

NU

E

TILTON ROAD

DE

ER R

UN

LAN

E

MOORE HILL ROAD

OR

CH

AR

D R

OA

D

WO

OD

ARD

RO

AD

TOW

N FAR

M R

OADLE

DG

E LA

NE

STE

TSO

N A

VE

NU

E

SANDERSON STREET

OVERLAND ROAD

BELL

OR

RO

AD

HIG

HLA

ND

AVEN

UE

BAILEY ROAD

MONT

AGUE

CIT

Y RO

AD

NAVAHO LANE

EDEN

TRA

IL BR

ANC

H R

OAD

NO

RM

AN

RO

AD

JACOBS ROAD

PETRIES R

OAD

LIVELY ROAD

WH

EELER

RO

AD

CASCADE DRIVE

ELMER ROAD

GROLL ROAD

MILL STREET

SQU

ARE

LOT

RO

AD

PAN

EL H

ILL

RO

AD

MO

OR

ES R

OAD

FORT LUCAS ROAD

OLD GORGE ROAD OAKLAND STREET

DEER RUN PATH

PHIL

LIPS

HIL

L R

OAD

DEPOT STREET

LEON HERZIG ROAD

HAM

ILTON

RO

AD

CHILDS CROSS ROAD

COOMBS

ROAD

BOYDEN ROAD

GR

EE

R R

OA

D

EAST HILL R

OAD

HIGH S

TREET

STETSON ROAD

LOW

ER

RO

AD

KINGS HIG

HWAY

PHIPP

S RO

AD

DA

CE

Y R

OA

DWAYLAND DRIVE

LEE ROAD

TINNEY RO

AD

LAUREL STREET

BLACKSTONE ROAD

BIR

D H

ILL

RO

AD

SOU

TH R

OAD

BRAY

ROAD

HAWLEY ROAD

ADAM

S ROAD

DODGE ROAD

GRAVES ROAD

WEST LEYDEN RO

AD

ELM STREET

INTE

RST

ATE

91

DELL ROAD

BUCKLAND RO

AD

CO

UN

TY R

OAD

POND R

OAD

COUNTY RO

AD

MA

PLE STR

EET

SOUTH ROAD

MA

IN R

OAD

GR

EENFIELD

RO

ADC

HU

RC

H R

OA

D

BASSETT RO

AD

COUNTY R

OAD

RO

WE R

OAD

ZOAR R

OAD

SOUTH STREET

AVERY ROAD

STET

SON

AVE

NU

E

SAVO

Y R

OAD

RIV

ER

RO

AD

COLRAIN ROAD

STON

E RO

AD

CO

UN

TY R

OA

D

BR

OW

N R

OA

D

MAIN STREET

ADAMS RO

AD

ASHFIELD ROAD

ELM

STR

EE

T

SOUTH ROAD

BRO

WN

ROAD

¹2 0 21 Miles

GreenRiver

E BranchNorth River

North RiverMainstem

Deerfield RiverCold River to North River

Deerfield RiverSherman Dam to Cold River

Cold River

ChickleyRiver

ClessonBrook

SouthRiver

Deerfield RiverNorth River toMouth

Legend

Impaired Areas

Town Boundaries

Roads

Streams

Ponds

Green River

East Branch North River

North River Mainstem

Deerfield River-Sherman Dam to Cold River

Cold River

Chickley River

Deerfield River-Cold to North River

Clesson Brook

South River

Deerfield River-North River to Mouth

Subwatersheds (12-dig HUC)

Deerfield River Watershed (MA) Impaired Areas

E BranchNorth River

NorthRiverMainstem

Deerfield RiverSherman Dam toCold River

Cold River

Deerfield RiverCold to North River

ChickleyRiver

ClessonBrook

Deerfield RiverNorth River toMouth

SouthRiver

Watershed

Outlet

Data from MassGIS 2011Impaired Areas information provided by members of Creating Resilient Communities 2012Locations of impairment are approximate

TextText

1

2

3

4

5

6

78

10

911

12

13

14 15

1617

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

Landslide

Dam failed

Gabions failing

Failing culvert

Failing culvert

Failing culverts

Armored stream bank

Repeated road washouts

Stream armored w/rip-rap

Washouts at Green Bridge

E Branch North R. erosion

Stream erosion, repeatedly

Bridge footings undermined

Bridge footings undermined

Bridge footings undermined

Ag fields damaged; landslide

Stream bank erosion at bridge

Ag fields, dam at BBC damaged

River banks armored repeatedly

Stream bank armored repeatedly

Stream banks armored repeatedly

Rip-rap in stream post TS Irene

Extensive problems post TS Irene

Bank erosion old bridge abutment

Perched culvert; gabions failing

Highway Dept saltshed; bank erosion

3 sites post TS Irene rip-rap, repeat

Ag fields severly damaged by TS Irene

Rip-rap along Cold River post TS Irene

Rip-rip along Cold River post TS Irene

Armored river banks upstream of bridge

Schneck Brook bridge abutments failing

Erosion, rip-rap repeat, homes damaged

Ag fields eroded; bridge footings eroded

Ag fields damaged; excessive storm debris

Rd closed; landslide, stream bank erosion

Bank failures armored w/rip-rap post flood

Bank failures armored w/rip-rap post flood

Stream bank armoring post TS Irene, repeat

Bank erosion, armored banks, dam & bridged damaged

COLRAIN

ROWE

HEATH

HAWLEY

SAVOY

FLORIDA

CONWAYASHFIELD

SHELBURNE

CHARLEMONT

BUCKLAND

LEYDEN

GREENFIELD

DEERFIELD

MONROE

BERNARDSTON

PLAINFIELD

ADAMS

NORTH ADAMS

GOSHEN

MOHAWK TRAIL

INTER

STATE 91

RIV

ER R

OAD

GR

EEN

RIV

ER R

OAD

MAIN ROAD

WE

ST RO

AD

MID

DLE

RO

AD

WES

T H

AWLE

Y R

OAD

ADAMSVILLE ROAD

GR

EEN

FIEL

D R

OAD

ZOAR ROAD

BRAY ROAD

SHELBURNE FA

LLS R

OAD

JACKSO

NVILLE R

OAD

EAST HAWLEY RO

AD

EAST

RO

AD

ED CLARK ROAD

OLD RT 2

JACKSO

NVILLE STA

GE

RO

AD

PATTEN ROAD

ROUTE 2LEYD

EN R

OAD

AVER

Y RO

AD

CHAPEL ROAD

ADAMS ROAD

BERNARDSTON ROAD

BAPTIST CORNER ROAD

BARTON ROAD

ASHFIELD ROAD

WIL

SO

N H

ILL

RO

AD

NEW STATE RO

AD

GR

EENFIELD

RD

MAIN P

OLAND R

OAD

CALL R

OAD

LITT

LE M

OH

AWK

RO

AD

LEGATE

HILL R

OA

D

THOMPSON ROAD

BARD

WELLS FER

RY R

OAD

PINE HILL ROAD

CO

UN

TRY C

LUB R

OAD

TUN

NEL

RO

AD

EAST BU

CKLAN

D R

OAD

CENTRAL SHAFT ROAD

SOUTH RIVER ROAD PLAIN

RO

AD

CHARLEMONT ROAD

MOUNTAIN ROAD

TANNERY ROAD

NU

MB

ER N

INE R

OA

DPOTTE

RS R

OA

D

FORD HILL ROAD

MONROE ROAD

MAXWELL ROAD

MU

RR

AY RO

AD

TILD

A H

ILL

RO

AD

ZER

AH F

ISKE

RO

AD

WILLIAMSBURG ROAD

HEATH

RO

AD

HAW

KS R

OAD

TAY

LOR

RO

AD

BARN

ES R

OAD

MIL

L VI

LLA

GE

RO

AD

SADOGA ROAD

NO

RTH

HE

ATH

RO

AD

LESHURES ROAD

BUCKLAND R

OAD

WEST LEY

DEN

RO

AD

DAV

IS MIN

E RO

AD

EDEN

TR

AIL

FORGET ROAD

YO

RK

RO

AD

SOUTH COUNTY ROAD

BLA

CK

BRO

OK

RO

AD

HAZELTON ROAD

RO

WE R

OAD

EDEN

RO

AD

SILVER STREET

FLAG

G H

ILL

RO

ADHAWLEY ROAD

FLOR

IDA R

OA

D

DAV

IS S

TREE

T

HALLOCKVILL

E ROAD

SH

ELB

UR

NE

LIN

E R

OA

D

COLRAIN STAGE ROAD

CO

LRAI

N R

OAD

LA BELLE ROAD

STRYKER

S R

OAD

SOUTH ROAD

MAIN STREET

HO

SMER

RO

AD

WEST OX BO

W RO

AD

WE

ST

DE

ER

FIE

LD L

OW

ER

RO

AD

WH

ATEL

Y R

OAD

REE

D B

RID

GE

RO

AD

CLESSON BROOK ROAD

WISDOM WAY

TAYLOR BROOK ROAD

RO

YE

R R

OA

D

CREAMERY ROAD

EAST

GLE

N R

OAD

EAST OX BO

W RO

AD

CO

OP

ER

LA

NE

RO

AD

WEST HILL ROAD

HILL ROAD

HO

PE STREET

SMITH

RO

AD

WHITCOMB HILL ROAD

ASH

FIEL

D M

OU

NTA

IN R

OAD

PECKV

ILLE RO

AD

EAST

CO

LRAI

N R

OAD

MA

RC

H R

OAD

UPPE

R ST

REET

SMEAD

RO

AD

SAVOY ROAD

FOX

HIL

L R

OA

D

LOW

ER STREET

VAN NEIS ROAD

WEST BRANCH ROAD

GO

RE

RO

AD

WELLS

STREET

DELL ROAD

BLIS

S R

OAD

BELDINGVILLE ROAD

NO

RTH

POLA

ND

RO

AD

BUR

RIN

GTO

N R

OA

D

A W

HIL

LMAN

RO

AD

FEDER

AL S

TREE

T

BUR

NET

T R

OAD

SKIN

NE

R R

OAD

MO

NR

OE

HILL R

OA

D

HAR

T R

OA

D

FRAN

KLIN

HIL

L R

OAD

CO

UN

TY R

OAD

SU

BU

RB

AN

DR

IVE

SOU

TH S

HIR

KSH

IRE

RO

AD

CO

NW

AY STREE

T

PRO

LOVIC

H R

OAD

PFERSIC

K RO

AD

CO

LRAI

N S

HE

LBU

RN

E R

OAD

SU

MN

ER

AN

D S

TETS

ON

RO

AD

BELLUS ROAD

SHEPARD ROAD

HOO

SAC

ROAD

NORTH ROAD

READSBORO ROAD

HUNT ROAD

PON

D R

OAD

TOWER ROAD

SCO

TT R

OAD

STATE FARM ROAD

CH

APMAN

STRE

ET

BR

UN

ELLE

RO

AD

BASSETT R

OAD

SHERMAN ROAD

CYRUS STAGE ROAD

NELSON ROAD

OLS

ON

RO

AD

APPLE VALLEY ROAD

BULLITT ROAD

CONWAY ROAD

PURINTON ROAD

LONG HILL ROAD

PHILLIPS ROAD

NILM

AN R

OAD

REY

NO

LDS

RO

AD

STACEY R

OAD

BRAT

TLEB

OR

O R

OAD

CALVIN

COOMBS R

OAD

DAVIS ROAD

OLD ALBANY ROAD

DEER

FIELD STR

EET

STETSON

BR

OTH

ERS

RO

AD

NEW

CO

UN

TY RO

AD

STATE FOR

EST RO

AD

KEETS ROAD

BRIER ROAD

REILS R

OAD

BRIE

R HI

LL R

OAD

OLD GREENFIELD ROAD

HAW

K HILL R

OAD

HOG HOLLOW ROAD

NO

RTH

STRE

ET

WEST MOUNTAIN ROAD

BLAC

KSTO

NE

RO

AD

NEW

HAL

L R

OAD

BEN ROAD

FRIZZELL HILL ROAD

CROSS ROAD

KINGSLEY HILL ROAD

LUDWIG ROAD

STI

LLW

ATE

R R

OA

DLO

OP R

OAD

SOU

TH STR

EET

OLD

MAI

N S

TREE

T

TUR

NER

HIL

L R

OAD

MU

NS

ON

STREET

JOE JUREK ROAD

BELL ROAD

GATES R

OAD

WILDER HILL ROAD

JUDD

RO

AD

CEM

ETERY R

OAD

CR

ITTE

ND

EN

RO

AD

CH

UR

CH

RO

AD

BARNARD ROAD

NORTH RIVER ROAD

FOR

D R

OA

D

RILEY ROAD

BRAN

CH

HILL R

OAD

DEPOT RO

AD

HOWES ROAD

BUG HILL ROAD

DO

DG

E RO

AD

TORREY M

OUNTAIN RO

AD

POG

UES H

OLE R

OAD

RICE

FER

RY R

OAD

OLD

FER

RY R

OAD

FRENCH KING HIGHWAY

BRO

WN

RO

AD

BIRD

HILL R

OAD

TATR

O R

OAD

COLRAIN STREET

NEW

TON

RO

AD

ELM

STR

EET

MOODY SPRING ROAD

ME

CH

ANIC

STR

EET

PUD

DIN

G H

OLL

OW

RO

AD

BRITTINGHAM

HILL ROAD

WARFIELD RO

AD

CHRISTIAN HILL ROAD

LED

GE

S R

OAD

BIR

CH

STR

EET

MAPLE STREET

HELLS K

ITCH

EN R

OAD

HORTON ROAD

BRIE

R RO

AD E

XTEN

SIO

N

MER

CY AN

DER

SON

RO

AD

KNO

TT RO

AD

MEADOW LANE

YANK

EE R

OAD

FARM ROAD

GRAVES ROAD

HALIFAX ROAD

SHEARER ROAD

ME

RID

IAN

STR

EET

COLLEGE DRIVE

RIVER STREET

DIC

KEN

SO

N R

OA

D

BEACON STREET

NASHS MILL ROAD

SEAR

S S

TREE

T

CAP

E ST

REE

T

LUNT DRIVE

LOVERS LANE

STONE ROAD

GEO

RGE LAM

B ROAD

HICKS R

OAD

KOCH ROAD

VINCENT ROAD

TRUCE ROAD

HO

ME

STE

AD

AVE

NU

E

TILTON ROAD

DE

ER R

UN

LAN

E

MOORE HILL ROAD

OR

CH

AR

D R

OA

D

WO

OD

ARD

RO

AD

TOW

N FAR

M R

OADLE

DG

E LA

NE

STE

TSO

N A

VE

NU

E

SANDERSON STREET

OVERLAND ROAD

BELL

OR

RO

AD

HIG

HLA

ND

AVEN

UE

BAILEY ROAD

MONT

AGUE

CIT

Y RO

AD

NAVAHO LANE

EDEN

TRA

IL BR

ANC

H R

OAD

NO

RM

AN

RO

AD

JACOBS ROAD

PETRIES R

OAD

LIVELY ROAD

WH

EELER

RO

AD

CASCADE DRIVE

ELMER ROAD

GROLL ROAD

MILL STREET

SQU

ARE

LOT

RO

AD

PAN

EL H

ILL

RO

AD

MO

OR

ES R

OAD

FORT LUCAS ROAD

OLD GORGE ROAD OAKLAND STREET

DEER RUN PATH

PHIL

LIPS

HIL

L R

OAD

DEPOT STREET

LEON HERZIG ROAD

HAM

ILTON

RO

AD

CHILDS CROSS ROAD

COOMBS

ROAD

BOYDEN ROAD

GR

EE

R R

OA

D

EAST HILL R

OAD

HIGH S

TREET

STETSON ROAD

LOW

ER

RO

AD

KINGS HIG

HWAY

PHIPP

S RO

AD

DA

CE

Y R

OA

D

WAYLAND DRIVE

LEE ROAD

TINNEY RO

ADLAUREL STREET

BLACKSTONE ROAD

BIR

D H

ILL

RO

AD

SOU

TH R

OAD

BRAY

ROAD

HAWLEY ROAD

ADAM

S ROAD

DODGE ROAD

GRAVES ROAD

WEST LEYDEN RO

AD

ELM STREET

INTE

RST

ATE

91

DELL ROAD

BUCKLAND RO

AD

CO

UN

TY R

OAD

POND R

OAD

COUNTY RO

AD

MA

PLE STR

EET

SOUTH ROAD

MA

IN R

OAD

GR

EENFIELD

RO

AD

CH

UR

CH

RO

AD

BASSETT RO

AD

COUNTY R

OAD

RO

WE R

OAD

ZOAR R

OAD

SOUTH STREET

AVERY ROAD

STET

SON

AVE

NU

E

SAVO

Y R

OAD

RIV

ER

RO

AD

COLRAIN ROAD

STON

E RO

AD

CO

UN

TY R

OA

D

BR

OW

N R

OA

D

MAIN STREET

ADAMS RO

AD

ASHFIELD ROAD

ELM

STR

EE

T

SOUTH ROAD

BRO

WN

ROAD

¹2 0 21 Miles

GreenRiver

E BranchNorth River

North RiverMainstem

Deerfield RiverCold River to North River

Deerfield RiverSherman Dam to Cold River

Cold River

ChickleyRiver

ClessonBrook

SouthRiver

Deerfield RiverNorth River toMouth