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Fluids/Pressors Interactions
Dr. Maurizio Cecconi MD FRCA FICM MD(UK)
Consultant and Honorary Senior Lecturerin Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
St George’s Hospital and Medical School, London, UK
Disclosure
• Edwards Lifescience
• LiDCO
• Cheetah Medical
• Masimo
• Nexfin Bmeye
• Applied Physiology
Fluids/Pressors Interaction
• Guyton and Frank Starling
• CVP and Venous Return
• Venous Return Fluids and Pressors
• Arterial Load
Frank Starling The law of the heart
“The greater the heart muscle is stretched, greater is the force generated and the output from the ventricle.
In practice, within some limits the heart needs to pump all the venous return”
Actin
Myosin
Stroke Volume
Preload
Heart with Preload reserve
Heart with maximum fillingAnd optimal sarcomere lenght
No preload reserve,Heart failure
a
b
cd e
f
Pms
The mean systemic filling pressure
(Pms) is the pressure in the whole
vascular system when the heart is
stopped and there is no fluid motion
2
Clinical death and the measurement of stressed vascular volume.Magder, Sheldon; De Varennes, Benoit
Critical Care Medicine. 26(6):1061-1064, June 1998.
5 Patients, hypothermic cardiac bypass
Stressed volume1290±296 ml20.2±1.0 ml/kg
Stressed volume is 30±17% ofthe total blood volume
Bleeding DecrasedStressed Volume
Fluid Loading
UnstressedVolume
Stressed Volume
UnstressedVolume
Stressed Volume
UnstressedVolume
Stressed Volume
15
10
0
5
-4 0 4 8 12
Right Atrial Pressure (mmHg)
Cardiac Output and
Venous Return(l/min)
IncreasedPms
Venous ReturnCurve
Impaired Cardiac Function Curve
Normal Cardiac Function Curve
Fluid Response
Evaluation of mean systemic filling pressure from pulse contour cardiac output and central venous pressureJacinta J Maas, Bart F Geerts Jos RC Jansen
Clin Monit and Computing 2011 25:193-201
Airway Pressure
CVP (RAP)
CO
Evaluation of mean systemic filling pressure from pulse contour cardiac output and central venous pressureJacinta J Maas, Bart F Geerts Jos RC Jansen
Clin Monit and Computing 2011 25:193-201
Estimation of mean systemic filling pressurein postoperative cardiac surgery patientswith three methodsJacinta J Maas, Michael Pinsky, Bart F Geerts, Rob B Wilde Jos RC Jansen
Intensive Care Medicine 2012
Occlusion
Insufficient volume?
• Case DC9963
• Male 65 y.o.
• 1.77 m 109 Kg
• Admitted to ICU after a MVR and TV
anuloplasty
• 1 Fluid Challenge 20:09:00 10 min
• 2 Fluid Challenge 20:21:00 10 min
• CO monitor• MAP• CVP
Changes in the mean systemic filling pressureduring a fluid challenge in postsurgicalintensive care patients Maurizio Cecconi Hollmann D. Aya Martin Geisen Claudia Ebm Nick Fletcher R. Michael Grounds Andrew Rhodes
Intensive Care Medicine 2013
35 cm H20
130 mm Hg
5 cm H20
40 mm Hg
Air
way
pre
ssu
reA
rter
ial P
ress
ure
PPmax PPmin
SP max
SP min
SV max SV min
SPV = (SP max – SP min) mmHg
PPV =PPmax – PPmin
Average PPx100
SVV =SVmax – SVmin
Average SVx100
15
10
0
5
-4 0 4 8 12
Right Atrial Pressure (mmHg)
Cardiac Output and
Venous Return(l/min)
Increased Resistance
VR =Pms-RAP
RVR
Resistance
Sepsisdecreased
ToneFluid Loading
UnstressedVolume
Stressed Volume
UnstressedVolume
Stressed Volume
UnstressedVolume
Stressed Volume
Fluid Loading and Pressors
15
10
0
5
Right Atrial Pressure (mmHg)
Cardiac Output and
Venous Return(l/min)
Venous ReturnCurve
CO Increase and Pressors
Stressed Volume Effect
+ Resistance Effect
15
10
0
5
Right Atrial Pressure (mmHg)
Cardiac Output and
Venous Return(l/min)
Stressed Volume Effect
+ Resistance Effect
+ heart performance effect
CO Decrease and Pressors
Stressed Volume Effect
+ Resistance Effect
+ heart performance effect
Maas J et al Crit Care Med 2013
15
10
0
5
-4 0 4 8 12
Right Atrial Pressure (mmHg)
Cardiac Output and
Venous Return(l/min)
Combined effect depends on:
Filling/Stressed Volume
ResistenceCardiac Function
FLOW
PRESSURE
STATIC ASSESSMENT OF ARTERIAL LOAD
TSVR = MAP / COC = SV / PPEa = 0.9SAP / SV
CO or SV
MAP
PP
0.9SAP
FLOW
PRESSURE
DYNAMIC ASSESSMENT OF ARTERIAL LOAD
SVV
PPV
Eadyn = PPV / SVV
Monge et al ESICM Paris 2013
AUC SE a 95% CI b
Eadyn 0.94 0.03 0.86 to 0.98
EA 0.50 0.06 0.39 to 0.61
Arterial C 0.54 0.06 0.43 to 0.65
TSVR 0.52 0.06 0.41 to 0.64
Preinfusion MAP 0.59 0.06 0.48 to 0.70
SAMPLE SIZE82 FLUID CHALLENGES
MAP-RESPONDERS 36 fc (44%)
MAP-NONRESPONDERS 46 fc. (56%)
ROC CURVES COMPARISONS FOR ARTERIAL PRESSURE PREDICTIONAFTER FLUID ADMINISTRATION
Monge et al ESICM Paris 2013