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THENI KAMMAVAR SANGAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY KODUVILARPATTI, THENI – 625534 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ME 2208 - FLUID MECHANICS & MACHINERY LABORATORY YEAR / SEM – II / III LAB MANUAL FOR STUDENTS Prepared By P. SIVARAJ, M.E., Assistant Professor / Mechanical, TKSCT, Theni.

Fluid Mechanics - Tksct Lab Manual

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THENI KAMMAVAR SANGAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY KODUVILARPATTI, THENI 625534DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ME 2208 - FLUID MECHANICS & MACHINERY LABORATORYYEAR / SEM II / III

LAB MANUAL FOR STUDENTSPrepared By P. SIVARAJ, M.E., Assistant Professor / Mechanical, TKSCT, Theni.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS1. Determination of the Coefficient of discharge of given Orifice meter. 2. Determination of the Coefficient of discharge of given Venturi meter. 3. Calculation of the rate of flow using Rota meter. 4. Determination of friction factor for a given set of pipes. 5. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristic curves of centrifugal pump / submergible pump 6. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristic curves of reciprocating pump. 7. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristic curves of Gear pump. 8. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristic curves of Pelton wheel. 9. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristics curves of Francis turbine. 10. Conducting experiments and drawing the characteristic curves of Kaplan turbine.

INDEXEXPT. NO. DATE CONTENTS MARKS SIGNATURE

ORIFICEMETER

DETERMINATION OF THE CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF GIVEN ORIFICEMETERAIM: To determine the Co-efficient of discharge of given Orificemeter. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Orificemeter Differential U-tube mercury manometer Stop watch Meter scale Collecting tank fitted with Piezometer and control valve

FORMULAE: Theoretical Discharge (Qth): Qth = (a1 a2 (2gh)) / ( a12 - a22) Where, in m3 / s

a1 = Area of the Orificemeter inlet (m2) a1 = Area of the Orificemeter outlet (m2) g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2) H = Orifice head in terms of flowing liquid = (h1 h2) ((Sm-SL)/Sl) Where, h1 = Manometric head in first limb h2 = Manometric head in second limb Sm = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid (i.e. Liquid Mercury = 13.6) SL = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1

Actual Discharge (Qact): Qact = (AH / t) Where, in m3 / s A = Internal plan area of collecting tank (m2) H = Height of water rise for the given time t (m) t = Time taken for rise of water (s)

Co-efficient of discharge (Cd): Cd = Qact / Qth (No units)

OBSERVATION & TABULATION:Monometer Reading SI. NO Pipe Size (mm) h1 (cm) h2 (cm) X = (h1 h2) (m) Water h= X ((Sm-SL ) / SL) (m) Time Taken for ---- cm rise of water (t) sec DISCHARGE ( m3 / s) Actual Discharge (Qact) Theoretical Discharge (Qth) Co-efficient of Discharge, Cd (No units)

h (m)

PROCEDURE: 1. The internal plan dimension of the collecting tank and the diameter of the inlet and throat are measured. 2. Close the outlet valve completely, Inlet valve is opened fully. 3. The outlet valves are opened slightly and note the manometric readings. 4. The outlet valve is closed tightly and note the time t for H cm rise of water in collecting tank by using Stop watch. 5. The above procedure is repeated by gradually increase the flow and observe the required readings. 6. Calculate the average Co-efficient of orificemeter. GRAPH: Discharge Vs Head

RESULT:

VENTURIMETER

DETERMINATION OF THE CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF GIVEN VENTURIMETERAIM: To determine the Co-efficient of discharge of given Venturimeter. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Venturimeter Differential U-tube mercury manometer Stop watch Meter scale Collecting tank fitted with Piezometer and control valve

FORMULAE: Theoretical Discharge (Qth): Qth = (a1 a2 (2gh)) / ( a12 - a22) Where, in m3 / s

a1 = Area of the Venturimeter inlet (m2) a1 = Area of the Venturimeter outlet (m2) g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2) H = Orifice head in terms of flowing liquid = (h1 h2) ((Sm-SL)/Sl) Where, h1 = Manometric head in first limb h2 = Manometric head in second limb Sm = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid (i.e. Liquid Mercury = 13.6) SL = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1

Actual Discharge (Qact ): Qact = (AH / t) Where, in m3 / s A = Internal plan area of collecting tank (m2) H = Height of water rise for the given time t (m) t = Time taken for rise of water (s)

Co-efficient of discharge (Cd): Cd = Qact / Qth (No units)

OBSERVATION & TABULATION:Monometer Reading SI. NO Pipe Size (mm) h1 (cm) h2 (cm) X = (h1 h2) (m) Water h= X ((Sm-SL ) / SL) (m) Time Taken for ---- cm rise of water (t) sec DISCHARGE ( m3 / s) Actual Discharge (Qact) Theoretical Discharge (Qth) Co-efficient of Discharge, Cd (No units)

h (m)

PROCEDURE: 1. The internal plan dimension of the collecting tank and the diameter of the inlet and throat are measured. 2. Close the outlet valve completely, Inlet valve is opened fully. 3. The outlet valves are opened slightly and note the manometric readings. 4. The outlet valve is closed tightly and note the time t for H cm rise of water in collecting tank by using Stop watch. 5. The above procedure is repeated by gradually increase the flow and observe the required readings. 6. Calculate the average Co-efficient of orifice meter. GRAPH: Discharge Vs Head

RESULT:

ROTAMETER

CALCULATION OF THE RATE OF FLOW USING ROTAMETERAIM: To determine the percentage of error in Rotameter with the actual flow rate. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. Rotameter setup 2. Measuring scale 3. Stop watch FORMULAE: Discharge (Qt): Qt = (AH / t) Where, in m3 / s A = Internal plan area of collecting tank (m2) H = Height of water rise for the given time t (m) t = Time taken for rise of water (s) in lit / min

Conversion: Flow rate (lit / min), Qt = (AH / t) x 1000 x 60 Percentage of Error: % of Error = ((Qt QR) / Qt) x 100 Where, Qt = Flow rate (LPM) QR = Rotameter reading (LPM)

OBSERVATION & TABULATION:Rotameter Reading (QR) SI. NO Dia of Pipe (mm) LPM X 10-5 (m3/s) Time taken for ---- cm rise of water (t) sec Discharge (Qt) Error = (Qt QR) % of Error = ((Qt QR) / Qt) x 100

LPM

X 10-5 (m3/s)

LPM

X 10 (m3/s)

-5

PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Switch on the motor and the delivery valve is opened Adjust the delivery valve to control the rate in the pipe Set the flow rate in the Rotameter, for example say 50 liters per minute Note down the time taken for ____ cm rise in collecting tank Repeat the experiment for different set of Rotameter readings

GRAPH: 1. Rotameter Reading Vs Discharge 2. Rotameter Reading Vs % of Error

RESULT:

PIPE FRICTION

DETERMINATION OF FRICTION FACTOR FOR THE GIVEN PIPE (MAJOR LOSSES)AIM: To determine the Friction Factor of given pipe. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. Pipe friction apparatus Vernier caliper Stop watch Steel rule

FORMULAE: Darcy Friction Factor (f): f = (2gdhf / 4V2) Where, (No unit)

g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2) d = Diameter of pipe (m) V = Velocity of liquid flow in the pipe (m / s) hf = Loss of head due to friction = (h1 h2) ((Sm-SL)/Sl) Where, h1 = Manometric head in first limb h2 = Manometric head in second limb Sm = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid (i.e. Liquid Mercury = 13.6) SL = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1

Farring Friction Factor (f): f = (2gdhf / 4LV2) Where, L = Length of pipe (m) Actual Discharge (Qact ): Qact = (AH / t) Where, in m3 / s A = Internal plan area of collecting tank (m2) (No unit)

OBSERVATION & TABULATION:Monometer Reading SI. NO h1 (cm) h2 (cm) X = (h1 h2) (m) Loss of Liquid Head hf = X ((Sm-SL ) / SL) (m) Time Taken for ---- cm rise of water (t) sec

Qact = (AH / t) ( m3 / s)

Velocity, V (m / s)

V2

f = (2gdhf / 4V2)

f = (2gdhf / 4LV2)

H = Height of water rise for the given time t (m) t = Time taken for rise of water (s) PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Measure the diameters & length of the pipe and dimension of the tank Close the outlet valve completely, Inlet valve is opened fully. The outlet valves are opened slightly and note the manometric readings. The outlet valves are closed tightly and note the timet for h cm rise of water in collecting tank. The experiment is repeated by adjusting the outlet valve.

GRAPH: Head Loss Vs Velocity

RESULT:

DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF LOSS DUE TO ENLARGEMENT (MINOR LOSSES)AIM: To determine the co-efficient of losses of head due to bend, elbow, enlargement, contraction for the given minor losses pipe. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Pipe friction apparatus Inverted U tube manometer Collecting tank with piezometer Stop watch Meter Scale

FORMULAE: Co-efficient of loss (kc): Kc = (2ghf / V2) Where, (No unit) g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2) d = Diameter of pipe (m) V = Velocity of liquid flow in the pipe (m / s) hf = Loss of head due to enlargement / contraction / elbow / bend = (h1 h2) ((Sm-SL)/Sl) Where, h1 = Manometric head in first limb h2 = Manometric head in second limb Sm = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid (i.e. Liquid Mercury = 13.6) SL = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1 Actual Discharge (Qact ): Qact = (AH / t) Where, in m3 / s A = Internal plan area of collecting tank (m2) H = Height of water rise for the given time t (m) t = Time taken for rise of water (s)

OBSERVATION & TABULATION:Monometer Reading h1 (cm) h2 (cm) X = (h1 h2) (m) Head Loss of water hf = X ((Sm-SL ) / SL) (m) Time Taken for ---- cm rise of water (t) sec

SNo.

Description

Qact = (AH / t) ( m3 / s)

Velocity, V (m / s)

V2

Kc = (2ghf / V2)

PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Measure the diameters & length of the pipe and dimension of the tank Connect the required pipe fitting expansion and close the other locks. The gate valve is opened slightly and note the manometric readings. The outlet valves are closed tightly and note the time t for h cm rise of water in collecting tank. The experiment is repeated by adjusting the outlet valve.

GRAPH: Head Loss Vs Velocity

RESULT:

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

DETERMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISTIC OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPAIM: To determine the characteristic of centrifugal pump using constant speed method. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. Centrifugal pump set-up Collecting tank with piezometer Stop watch Meter scale

FORMULAE: Discharge (Q ): Qact = (AH / t) Where, in m3 / s A = Internal plan area of collecting tank (m2) H = Height of water rise for the given time t (m) t = Time taken for rise of water (s)

Input Power ( Pi ): Pi = ( 3600 x Nr x 1000 ) / (Ne x T ) Where, Nr = Number of revolutions of Energy meter Ne = Energy meter constant (rev / Kw hr) T = Time taken for Ne Output Power ( Po ) : Po = w x h Where, w = Weight of water lifted = ( x g x Q) in N / s H = Total head = Suction head (hs) + Delivery head (hd) + Difference inlevel between the center of vaccum and pressure gauge (X) Efficiency ( ): in watts in watts

= (Po / Pi) x 100 in %

OBSERVATION & TABULATION:

Suction head SI. NO mm of Hg ( hs ) m Of H2O

Delivery head ( hd ) m Of H2O

Total head h = hs + hd +X (m)

Time taken for ---- cm rise of water (t) sec

Time taken for Ne = _rev (T) sec

Q = (AH / t) ( m3 / s)

INPUT POWER ( Pi ) watts

OUTPUT POWER ( Po ) watts

EFFICIENCY ( ) %

Kg / cm

2

PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Measure the internal plan dimension of the collecting tank. The pump is primed with water. Close the delivery valve and switch on the unit Open the delivery valve and maintain the required pressure and delivery. Note the following readings: a. The pressure and vaccum gauge readings. b. The time T for Ne revolutions of energy meter disc. c. The time t for h cm rise of water collecting tank.

GRAPH: 1. Discharge Vs Head 2. Discharge Vs Output 3. Discharge Vs Efficiency

RESULT:

RECIPROCATING PUMP

DETERMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISTIC OF RECIPROCATING PUMPAIM: To determine the characteristic of centrifugal pump using constant speed method. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. Reciprocating pump set-up Collecting tank with piezometer Stop watch Meter scale

FORMULAE: Discharge (Q ): Q = (AH / t) Where, in m3 / s A = Internal plan area of collecting tank (m2) H = Height of water rise for the given time t (m) t = Time taken for rise of water (s)

Input Power ( Pi ): Pi = ( 3600 x Nr x 1000 ) / (Ne x T ) Where, Nr = Number of revolutions of Energy meter Ne = Energy meter constant T = Time taken for Ne Output Power ( Po ) : Po = w x h Where, w = Weight of water lifted = (s x Q) in N / s s = Specific weight of water = 9810 in N / m3 h = Total head = Suction head (hs) + Delivery head (hd) + Difference inlevel between the center of vaccum and pressure gauge (X) Efficiency ( ): in % in watts in watts

= (Po / Pi) x 100

OBSERVATION & TABULATION:

Suction head SI. NO mm of Hg ( hs ) m Of H2O

Delivery head ( hd ) m Of H2O

Total head h = hs + hd +X (m)

Time taken for ---- cm rise of water (t) sec

Time taken for Ne = _rev (T) sec

Q = (AH / t) ( m3 / s)

INPUT POWER ( Pi ) watts

OUTPUT POWER ( Po ) watts

EFFICIENCY ( ) %

Kg / cm

2

PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Measure the internal plan dimension of the collecting tank. The pump is primed with water. Close the delivery valve and switch on the unit Open the delivery valve and maintain the required pressure and delivery. Note the following readings: a. The pressure and vaccum gauge readings. b. The time T for Ne revolutions of energy meter disc. c. The time t for h cm rise of water collecting tank.

GRAPH: 1. Discharge Vs Head 2. Discharge Vs Output 3. Discharge Vs Efficiency

RESULT:

GEAR OIL PUMP

DETERMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISTIC OF GEAR OIL PUMPAIM: To determine the characteristic of given gear oil pump. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. Gear oil pump set-up Collecting tank with piezometer Stop watch Meter scale

FORMULAE: Discharge (Q ): Q = (AH / t) Where, in m3 / s A = Internal plan area of collecting tank (m2) H = Height of water rise for the given time t (m) t = Time taken for rise of water (s)

Input Power ( Pi ): Pi = ( 3600 x Nr x 1000 ) / (Ne x T ) Where, Nr = Number of revolutions of Energy meter Ne = Energy meter constant T = Time taken for Ne Output Power ( Po ) : Po = Q x 9.81 x 850 x h Where, h = Total head = Suction head (hs) + Delivery head (hd) + Difference inlevel between the center of vaccum and pressure gauge (X) Efficiency ( ): in % in watts in watts

= (Po / Pi) x 100

OBSERVATION & TABULATION:

Suction head SI. NO mm of Hg ( hs ) m Of H2O

Delivery head ( hd ) m Of H2O

Total head h = hs + hd +X (m)

Time taken for ---- cm rise of water (t) sec

Time taken for Ne = _rev (T) sec

Q = (AH / t) ( m3 / s)

INPUT POWER ( Pi ) watts

OUTPUT POWER ( Po ) watts

EFFICIENCY ( ) %

Kg / cm

2

PROCEDURE: 1. The gear oil pump is stated. 2. The delivery gauge reading is adjusted for the required value. 3. The corresponding suction gauge reading is noted. 4. The time taken for Ne revolutions in the energy meter is noted with the help of a stopwatch. 5. The time taken for h rise in oil level is also noted down after closing the gate valve. 6. With the help of the meter scale the distance between the suction and delivery gauge is noted. 7. For calculating the area of the collecting tank its dimensions are noted down. 8. The experiment is repeated for different delivery gauge readings. GRAPH: 4. Discharge Vs Head 5. Discharge Vs Output 6. Discharge Vs Efficiency

RESULT:

PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAW THE CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF PELTON WHEEL TURBINEAIM: To conduct the load test on Pelton wheel turbine and to draw the characteristic curves of Pelton wheel turbine. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Pelton wheel turbine unit Supply pump Rope brake dynamometer Tachometer Weights (1Kg, 2Kg, 3Kg) Venturimeter fitted

FORMULAE: Discharge (Q ): Q = Cd x a1 x a2 x (2gh) / ( a12 - a22) Where, in m3 / s

a1 = Area of the inlet (m2) a1 = Area of the outlet (m2) g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2) h = Orifice head in terms of flowing liquid = (h1 h2) ((Sm-SL)/Sl) Where, h1 = Manometric head in first limb h2 = Manometric head in second limb Sm = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid (i.e. Liquid Mercury = 13.6) SL = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1

Input Power ( Pi ): Pi = w x H Where, w = Weight of water lifted = ( x g x Q) in N / s H = Total head = Suction head (hs) + Delivery head (hd) + Difference inlevel between the center of vaccum and pressure gauge (X) Output Power ( Po ) : Po = ( 2 x x N x T ) / 60 in watts in watts

OBSERVATION & TABULATION:

Pressure gauge reading SI. NO Kg / cm2 m Of H2O

Manometer reading h1 (cm) h2 T1 (m)

Load (Kg)

Speed of turbine (N) T rpm

Torque (T) N-m

Discharge ( m3 / s)

INPUT POWER ( Pi ) watts

OUTPUT POWER ( Po ) watts

EFFICIENCY ( ) %

T2

Where, N = Speed of the turbine (rpm) Ne = Energy meter constant T = Torque in (N-m) = ((D + d) / 2) x (ws S) Where, D = Diameter of brake drum (m) d = Diameterof rope (m) ws = Break load (N) S = Spring balance reading (N) Efficiency ( ): in %

= (Po / Pi) x 100 PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

The Pelton wheel turbine is started. All the weight in the hanger is removed. The pressure gauge reading is noted down and it is to be maintained constant for different loads. The Venturimeter readings are noted down. The spring balance reading and speed of the turbine are also noted down. A ___Kg load is put on the hanger, similarly all the corresponding readings are noted down. The experiment is repeated for different loads and the readings are tabulated.

GRAPH: 1. Load Vs Efficiency 2. Speed Vs Output power 3. Speed Vs Efficiency

RESULT:

FRANCIS TURBINE

CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAW THE CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF FRANCIS TURBINEAIM: To determine the characteristics of a Francis turbine APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Francis turbine unit Supply pump Rope brake dynamometer Tachometer Pressure gauge Weights

FORMULAE: Discharge (Q ): Q = Cd x a1 x a2 x (2gh) / ( a12 - a22) Where, in m3 / s

a1 = Area of the inlet (m2) a1 = Area of the outlet (m2) g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2) h = Orifice head in terms of flowing liquid = (h1 h2) ((Sm-SL)/Sl) Where, h1 = Manometric head in first limb h2 = Manometric head in second limb Sm = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid (i.e. Liquid Mercury = 13.6) SL = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1

Input Power ( Pi ): Pi = w x H Where, w = Weight of water lifted = ( x g x Q) in N / s H = Total head = Suction head (hs) + Delivery head (hd) + Difference inlevel between the center of vaccum and pressure gauge (X) Output Power ( Po ) : Po = ( 2 x x N x T ) / 60 in watts in watts

OBSERVATION & TABULATION:Pressure gauge (Hd) h1 (cm) h2 (cm) h w1 (m) w2 w Kg / cm2 m of H2O Vacuum gauge (Hs) Hg in mm m of H2O

Manometer reading SI. NO

Spring balance

Total head H = Hs + Hd + X (m)

Speed of shaft (N) rpm

Torque (T) N-m

Q ( m3 / s)

Input Power ( Pi ) watts

Output Power ( Po ) watts

Efficiency ( ) %

Where, N = Speed of the turbine (rpm) Ne = Energy meter constant T = Torque in (N-m) = ((D + d) / 2) x (ws S) Where, D = Diameter of brake drum (m) d = Diameterof rope (m) ws = Break load (N) S = Spring balance reading (N) Efficiency ( ): in %

= (Po / Pi) x 100 PROCEDURE:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

The Francis turbine is started All the weights in the hanger are removed The pressure gauge reading is noted down and this is to be maintained constant for different loads Pressure gauge reading is ascended down The Venturimeter reading and speed of turbine are noted down The experiment is repeated for different loads and the readings are tabulated.

GRAPH: 1. Head Vs Efficiency 2. Head Vs Output power 3. Head Vs Discharge

RESULT:

KAPLAN TURBINE

CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAW THE CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF KAPLAN TURBINEAIM: To determine the characteristics of a Francis turbine APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Francis turbine unit Supply pump Rope brake dynamometer Tachometer Pressure gauge Weight

FORMULAE: Discharge (Q ): Q = Cd x a1 x a2 x (2gh) / ( a12 - a22) Where, in m3 / s

a1 = Area of the inlet (m2) a1 = Area of the outlet (m2) g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2) h = Orifice head in terms of flowing liquid = (h1 h2) ((Sm-SL)/Sl) Where, h1 = Manometric head in first limb h2 = Manometric head in second limb Sm = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid (i.e. Liquid Mercury = 13.6) SL = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1

Input Power ( Pi ): Pi = w x H Where, w = Weight of water lifted = ( x g x Q) in N / s H = Total head = Suction head (hs) + Delivery head (hd) + Difference inlevel between the center of vaccum and pressure gauge (X) Output Power ( Po ) : Po = ( 2 x x N x T ) / 60 in watts in watts

OBSERVATION & TABULATION:Pressure gauge (Hd) h1 (cm) h2 (cm) h w1 (m) w2 w Kg / cm2 m of H2O Vacuum gauge (Hs) Hg in mm m of H2O

Manometer reading SI. NO

Spring balance

Total head H = Hs + Hd + X (m)

Speed of shaft (N) rpm

Torque (T) N-m

Q ( m3 / s)

Input Power ( Pi ) watts

Output Power ( Po ) watts

Efficiency ( ) %

Where, N = Speed of the turbine (rpm) Ne = Energy meter constant T = Torque in (N-m) = ((D + d) / 2) x (ws S) Where, D = Diameter of brake drum (m) d = Diameterof rope (m) ws = Break load (N) S = Spring balance reading (N) Efficiency ( ): in %

= (Po / Pi) x 100 PROCEDURE:

7. The Francis turbine is started 8. All the weights in the hanger are removed 9. The pressure gauge reading is noted down and this is to be maintained constant for different loads 10. Pressure gauge reading is ascended down 11. The Venturimeter reading and speed of turbine are noted down 12. The experiment is repeated for different loads and the readings are tabulated.

GRAPH: 4. Head Vs Efficiency 5. Head Vs Output power 6. Head Vs Discharge

RESULT: