FLUID DYNAMIC (ALF) · TABLE OF CONTENT ... Based on the principle of action, the fluid transfer apparatus is divided into two, direct pressure to the fluid or by generating rotation

EXPERIMENT MODULE

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION LABORATORY

FLUID DYNAMIC

(ALF)

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG

2018

INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.

FTI - ITB

FLUID DYNAMIC MODULE (ALF)

ALF – 2018/PW 2

Contributor:

Dr. Yogi Wibisono Budhi, Dr. Irwan Noezar, Dr. Ardiyan Harimawan, Darren Kurnia, Paul

Victor, Dr. Pramujo Widiatmoko


FTI - ITB


ALF – 2018/PW 3

TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................................................. 3

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... 4

LIST OF TABLE ....................................................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 6

CHAPTER II PURPOSE AND TARGET OF EXPERIMENT ................................................ 8

2.1. Purpose ........................................................................................................................ 8

2.2. Target .......................................................................................................................... 8

CHAPTER III EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ............................................................................. 9

3.1. Equipment and measuring tools .................................................................................. 9

3.2. Material ....................................................................................................................... 9

3.3. Experimental Tool Scheme ......................................................................................... 9

CHAPTER IV WORK PROCEDURE .................................................................................... 11

4.1. Determination of Tap Water Density ........................................................................ 11

4.2. Determination of Tap Water Viscosity ..................................................................... 12

4.3. Start Up Procedure .................................................................................................... 13

4.4. Shut Down Procedure................................................................................................ 14

BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................... 15

APPENDIX A RAW DATA TABLE ..................................................................................... 16

APPENDIX B CALCULATION PROCEDURE .................................................................... 18

APPENDIX C LITERATURE SPESIFICATION .................................................................. 20

APPENDIX D .......................................................................................................................... 22


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ALF – 2018/PW 4

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1. Piping tool SOLTEQ ............................................................................................. 10

Figure C.1. Moody Diagram .................................................................................................... 20


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ALF – 2018/PW 5

LIST OF TABLE

Table 3.1. Caption of figure 3.1 .............................................................................................. 10

Table A.1. Measurement of head loss measuring tool/fitting/pipe .......................................... 16

Table A.2. Measurement of tap water density ......................................................................... 16

Table A.3. Measurement of tap water viscosity ...................................................................... 17

Tabel C.1. Data Diameter of Pipe, Fitting, and Valve ............................................................ 21


FTI - ITB


ALF – 2018/PW 6

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Fluid is a kind of substance that can not resist form changes permanently. The shape changes

in the fluid will form layers that flow over another layer and form new layers. In the process,

the shear stress arises and the magnitude depends on the fluid viscosity as well as the fluid

flow rate relative to the particular direction. This shear stress will disappear after the fluid

reaches an equilibrium state.

Based on its density properties, fluids can be divided into two types: compressible and

incompressible fluids. The compressible fluid has a sensitive density changing in temperature

and pressure (e.g. gas). In contrast, incompressible fluids are more stable against the

influence of pressure and temperature (e.g. liquid).

In a piping system for flowing the fluid, common components or equipment used include

pipe / tube, valve, blower, pump. The pipe serves as place where the fluid flow, while the

valve is useful for regulating fluid flow. Mechanical energy is required to move and adjust

the fluid flow rate in the piping system. Tools that can include pump, blower, fan, and

compressor. Based on the principle of action, the fluid transfer apparatus is divided into two,

direct pressure to the fluid or by generating rotation using torque.

The Bernoulli equation is used to analyze energy changes in the piping system.

(

) (

)

Keterangan:

A : pump suction section

B : pump discharge section

(

(

)

)

The amount of work from the pump depends on capacity and head. Capacity is the mass flow

rate per volume of fluid being flowed, while the head is the total difference of inlet and outlet


FTI - ITB


ALF – 2018/PW 7

pressure. The head is expressed in the height of the fluid column under adiabatic conditions.

The efficiency of the pump is expressed as the ratio of output power to the input. In the

operation of the pump, the cavitation phenomenon should be avoided. Cavitation is a

phenomenon of partial change of fluid to vapor due to the suction pressure higher than fluid

vapor pressure. The appearance of bubbles in the liquid stream due to the process can damage

the pump. To avoid cavitation, the value (NPSH) R must be met. (NPSH) R represents the

total fluid head at the center line of the pump, minus the vapor pressure (P). NPSH can be

calculated using the following equation.

(

)

(NPSH) A in the pump installation should be greater or equal to (NPSH) R for the desired

capacity.

Fluid flow rate can be measured with various types of measuring instruments, for example

pitot tube, orificemeter, and venturimeter. These three tools use the Bernoulli principle to

determine the fluid flow rate.


FTI - ITB


ALF – 2018/PW 8

CHAPTER II

PURPOSE AND TARGET OF EXPERIMENT

2.1. Purpose

This practice is done with the aim to study the characteristics of the piping system, as well as

the fluid that flows in it.

2.2. Target

From this practicum praktikan expected:

Determine the relationship of flow rate and head loss

Determine the relationship of Reynold numbers with pipe friction coefficient

Determine the K value of each fitting

Calculate the required constants for calculating the fluid flow rate


FTI - ITB


ALF – 2018/PW 9

CHAPTER III

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

3.1. Equipment and measuring tools

The tools and measuring tools used in this experiment are:

a) A set of SOLTEQ

b) Viscometer Ostwald

c) Picnometer

d) Stopwatch

e) Meassuring cylinder 1 Liter

f) Analytical balance

g) Bucket, clean cloth, and tissue

3.2. Material

Materials used in this experiment are:

a) Aqua dm

b) Tap water

3.3. Experimental Tool Scheme

The arrangement of tools used in this experiment can be seen in Figure 3.1, and with the

information shown in Table 3.1.


FTI - ITB


ALF – 2018/PW 10

Figure 3.1. Piping tool SOLTEQ

Table 3.1. Caption of figure 3.1

Kode Keterangan Kode Keterangan

A 6 mm smooth bore pipe K In-line y strainer

B Sudden contraction L 90o elbow

C 10 mm smooth bore pipe M 90o bend

D Sudden enlargement N 90o T

E 17 mm smooth bore pipe O Pitot static tube

F 17 mm artificial roughened pipe P Venturimeter

G 45o elbow Q Orificemeter

H 45o Y R Outlet control valve

I Gate valve S Water manometer

J Globe valve T Digital manometer

D C

A

B

E

F G

H I

J K L

M N OP Q R

S

T


FTI - ITB


ALF – 2018/PW 11

CHAPTER IV

WORK PROCEDURE

Following the procedures bellow which is the practical work module of Fluid Dynamic

module.

4.1. Determination of Tap Water Density

Start

Pycnometer and

acetone are prepared

Pycnometer is washed, and

dried

Empty pycnometer is

weighed; mass

recorded

Empty

pycnometer

mass

Aqua dm is inserted into the

pycnometer until it is fully

loaded

The pycnometer is

closed tight until aqua

dm overflows

The outer wall of the

pycnometer is dried with a

clean tissue or dry cloth

The pycnometer

contains aqua dm

weighed; mass

recorded

pycnometer

+ fluid mass

The aqua dm

temperature in the

pycnometer is

measured

Aqua dm

Temperature

Repeated using

tap water

Pycnometer is emptied;

rinsed with acetone; then

dry it

Tap water density is

calculated

Tap

water

density

Finish


FTI - ITB


ALF – 2018/PW 12

4.2. Determination of Tap Water Viscosity

Start

Clean and dry the

viscometer

Put the aqua dm into the

viscometer

The liquid is inhaled from the

upper end of reservoir B up to

m

The liquid is allowed to flow; the time

from point m to n is recorded

Time from

m to n

Repeat procedure to find time m to

n tap water

The viscosity of tap water is

sought by comparing the

viscosity of aqua dm

Tap water

viscosity

Finish


FTI - ITB


ALF – 2018/PW 13

4.3. Start Up Procedure

Start

Tools set up

Fill the water container with water until it reaches half or more of the

container

Open the whole valve; pump and manometer is connected to the

power supply

Power supply Is turned on

Finish


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ALF – 2018/PW 14

4.4. Shut Down Procedure

Start

All valve is opened

Power supply Is turned off

The content of the container tub is

drained and dried

Clean up the equipment

Finish


FTI - ITB


ALF – 2018/PW 15

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Geankoplis, C. J., 2003, Transport Process and Separation 4th

edition, USA: Prentice Hall

(halaman 90 – 107; 136 – 149)

SOLTEQ, Fluid Friction Measurements Apparatus Model : FM 100, Equipment for

Engineering Education & Research, 2011


FTI - ITB


ALF – 2018/PW 16

APPENDIX A

RAW DATA TABLE

Examples of observation tables used in the experiment are as follows:.

EXAMPLE

Table A.1. Measurement of head loss measuring tool/ fitting / pipe

Flow Rate Variation to- Volume (mL) Time (s) Head Loss (mm H2O)

Table A.2. Measurement of tap water density

Empty pycnometer masses (g)

Empty pycnometer mass + aqua dm (g)

Empty pycnometer mass + tap water (g)

Aqua dm temperature (oC)


FTI - ITB


ALF – 2018/PW 17

Table A.3. Measurement of tap water viscosity

Travel time aqua dm (s)

Travel time tap water (s)

Aqua dm Temperature (oC)


FTI - ITB


ALF – 2018/PW 18

APPENDIX B

CALCULATION PROCEDURE

Calculations performed on this Fluid Dynamic module can be done with the following steps:

1. Density calculation of tap water

The density of aqua dm is obtained from literature data of density relation to aqua dm

temperature. Tap water density can be calculated by the following equation:

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

2. Viscosity Calculation of tap water

The viscosity of aqua dm was obtained from literature data of viscosity relation to aqua dm

temperature. The viscosity of tap water can be calculated by the following equation :

( )

( )

3. Calculation of the flow rate relationship with head loss on the smooth pipe

First calculate the fluid flow velocity in the pipe (u) and connect the head loss (Δh) using the

linear regression plot to obtain the following equation:

( )

The relationship of flow rate with head loss can be known by calculating the value of k

4. Calculation of Reynolds number relationship to friction coefficient on crude pipe

Calculate the Reynolds number on the coarse pipe flow with the following equation:

Dengan = water tap density (kg/m3), fluid flow rate inside pipe (m/s), d = pipe

diameter (m), = tap water viscosity (kg/m.s)

After that, connect the Reynolds number with the existing friction coefficient on the Moody

diagram located in Appendix C. So we can obtain the equation of the relationship between

Reynolds number with coarse linear friction coefficient linearly.


FTI - ITB


ALF – 2018/PW 19

5. Calculation of fitting and valve characteristics

Calculate the value of hv (velocity head) first with the equation:

With u = linear flow rate (m/s), and g = gravity acceleration constant = 9,8 m/s2. After getting

the value of hv, plot hv to h (head loss reading) in a linear order to get value of K (= h / hv)

6. Characteristics of measuring instruments

Calculate the value of Q (tap water flow discharge (m3 / s)) and connect the plot linearly to

the root of the head loss (√Δh (m1 / 2

)) to obtain k (= Q / √Δh)


FTI - ITB


ALF – 2018/PW 20

APPENDIX C

LITERATURE SPESIFICATION

Figure C.1. Moody Diagram


FTI - ITB


ALF – 2018/PW 21

Table C.1. Data Diameter of Pipe, Fitting, and Valve

Section Diameter (cm)

6 mm smooth bore pipe 0,6

Sudden contraction 0,25 0,1


Sudden enlargement 0,1 0,25


17 mm artificial roughened pipe 0,17

45o elbow 2,5

45o Y 2,5

Gate valve 2,5

Globe valve 2,5

In-line y strainer 2,5

90o elbow 2,5

90o bend 2,5

90o T 2,5

Pitot static tube 2,5

Venturimeter 2,5

Orificemeter 2,5


FTI - ITB


ALF – 2018/PW 22

APPENDIX D

JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS CONTROL SHEET

No Material Material Properties Repressive act

1 Water (H-

2O)

• Melting point 0oC

• Boiling point 100oC

• Stable to the

reaction

• Viscosity 0,860

cP pada 26oC

• Good solvent

Does not require special

countermeasures

Accidents that may occur Repressive act

Short-circuiting electrical connections. Try to disconnect the electrical current on the appliance. If

this is not possible, contact the authorities.

Twisted due to waterlogging caused by

leakage of hose connection.

Ensure that all hose connections are installed properly and

correctly, so that no water leaks and floods. Clean in case

of waterlogging. Safety equipment

Safety Procedures

Checking Tools

• Ensuring the connection of the hose to the

appliance is properly connected and

connected to the drain.

• Ensure that the electricity in the pump is

properly connected, the cables and the

outlet are kept away from the water

source.

Post Experiment

• Clean the waterlogging around the

appliance.

• Disconnect electricity power from the

pump.

• Scroll the power cord and manometer and

place it in place.

Determination of Density and Viscosity

• Make sure the Ostwald pycnometer and

viscometer are put in a safe place.

• Avoid grasping both stalks of the Ostwald

viscometer because the viscometer is very

fragile.

Experiment

• Be careful in the flow of water. Large

water flow pressure can cause the loss of

hose connection at sight gauge.

• Be careful when touching all three gauges

because the connection is easily removed..

Assistant Advisor LabTK coordinator

Practicum coat

Documents

FLUID DYNAMIC (ALF) · TABLE OF CONTENT ... Based on the principle of action, the fluid transfer apparatus is divided into two, direct pressure to the fluid or by generating rotation