Fluency disorders

• Stuttering• Neurogenic disfluency• stroke, head trauma, dementia, tumors, drug usage • extrapyramidal diseases• Psychogenic disfluency• Spasmodic dysphonia (spastic)• Tourette syndrome• Linguistic disfluency• Normal developmental disfluency

StutteringOnset characteristics – two stages (Bluemel)

• Primary stuttering• Easy, intermittent repetitions of the first word or

syllable in a sentence• Secondary stuttering - progression• Clonic types – more rapid, tense behaviors involving

muscle tension, interrupted breathing and facial tension

• Tonic types

Stuttering• Fluency disorder• Stuttering varies by time, situation, and language

factors• Special conditions that immediately eliminate

stuttering:• Choral reading – with a speaker who is fluent• Lipped speech, whispered speech• Prolonged speech with or without Delayed Auditory

Feedback• Rhytmic speech, shadowing• Singing• Slowed speech

Stuttering

• Etiology – multifactorial• As the interaction of predisposing factors• Negative emotional responses• The incomplete cerebral dominance theory• Consequences of a brain lesion

• Therapy – treatment• Family based treatment• Speech treatment – relationship to age• (school-age, adolescents, adults)• Psychotherapy, relaxation….

Gender - Relatives

Porucha plynulosti

U ženských

příbuzných

mužských

příbuzných

Celkem

92 211 303

Zastoupení pohlaví

ženské mužské Celkem

151 714 865

poměr 1 : 5

Cleft lip and palateCleft palate disorders

• Birth defect (prevalence 1/500-600) – a lack of continuity of structure of some of various segments which normally combine to form the upper lip and palate (the roof of the mouth) – those structures are deficient

• ¼ cleft lip only, ½ cleft lip and palate, ¼ cleft palate • In any event there is an open passageway

connecting the mouth cavity and the nose• Velopharyngeal incompetence

• Feeding problems, respiratory infections, • Dental and occlusal problems

•

Cleft palate – communication problems

• Hearing impairment – conductive, middle ear disease

• Language development - may be slower in the beginning of to talk

• Speech-sound articulation• Voice quality• Velopharyngeal incompetence and its effects on

speech: inability to close the velopharyngeal port• Palatolalia, palatophonia – hyperrhinophonia

Broca´s Aphasia

• Nonfluent, halting verbal output• Incomplete and syntactically simplified sentences• Reduced phrase lenght, prosodic disturbance• Awkward articulation• Concomitant apraxia of speech• Agramatism is a common• X auditory comprehension is relatively O.K.• Repetition is possible• Frontal lobe demage, the posterior-inferior frontal

gyrus of the left cerebral hemisphere

Wernickeś Aphasia

• Defective auditory comprehension• Fluent paraphasic speech• Defective repetition of words and sentences• Both reading and writing usually disturbed• Infrequent hemiparesis• Result of injury to the post region of the left superior

temporal gyrus