Upload
ammar-chaudhary
View
220
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
1/32
FLOW METER & ITS TYPES
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
2/32
INTRODUCTION:
Measuring the flow of liquids is a critical need in many industrial plants. In
some operations, the ability to conduct accurate flow measurements is so
important that it can make the difference between making a profit or taking
a loss. In other cases, inaccurate flow measurements or failure to take
measurements can cause serious (or even disastrous) results.
With most liquid flow measurement instruments, the flow rate is determined
inferentially by measuring the liquid's velocity or the change in kinetic
energy. Velocity depends on the pressure differential that is forcing the
liquid through a pipe or conduit. Because the pipe's cross-sectional area is
known and remains constant, the average velocity is an indication of the
flow rate. The basic relationship for determining the liquid's flow rate in
such cases is:
Q = V x A
where
Q = liquid flow through the pipe
V = Velocity of the fluid
A = Cross Sectional area of the pipe
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
3/32
Defin i t ion:
Flow meter is an instrument for measuring the rate of flow of water, gas, or
fuel, especially through a pipe.
SELECTING A FLOWMETER:
Experts claim that over 75 percent of the flow meters installed in industry
are not performing satisfactorily. And improper selection accounts for 90
percent of these problems. Obviously, flow meter selection is no job for
amateurs.
The most important requirement is knowing exactly what the instrument is
supposed to do. Here are some questions to consider. Is the measurement
for process control (where repeatability is the major concern), or for
accounting or custody transfer (where high accuracy is important)? Is local
indication or a remote signal required? If a remote output is required, is it to
be a proportional signal, or a contact closure to start or stop another
device? Is the liquid viscous, clean, or a slurry? Is it electrically conductive?
What is its specific gravity or density? What flow rates are involved in the
application? What are the processes' operating temperatures and
pressures? Accuracy (see glossary), range, linearity, repeatability, and
piping requirements must also be considered.
It is just as important to know what a flow meter cannot do as well as whatit can do before a final selection is made. Each instrument has advantages
and disadvantages, and the degree of performance satisfaction is directly
related to how well an instrument's capabilities and shortcomings are
matched to the application's requirements.
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
4/32
WORK ING W ITH FLOWM ETERS:
Although suppliers are always ready to provide flow meter installation
service, estimates are that approximately 75 percent of the users install
their own equipment. But installation mistakes are made. One of the most
common is not allowing sufficient upstream and downstream straight-run
piping for the flow meter.
Every design has a certain amount of tolerance to nonstable velocity
conditions in the pipe, but all units require proper piping configurations to
operate efficiently. Proper piping provides a normal flow pattern for thedevice. Without it, accuracy and performance are adversely affected.
Flowmeters are also installed backwards on occasion (especially true with
orifice plates). Pressure-sensing lines may be reversed too.
With electrical components, intrinsic safety is an important consideration in
hazardous areas. Most flowmeter suppliers offer intrinsically safe designs
for such uses.
Cal ibra t ion :
All flowmeters require an initial calibration. Most of the time, the instrument
is calibrated by the manufacturer for the specified service conditions.
However, if qualified personnel are available in the plant, the user can
perform his own calibrations.
The need to recalibrate depends to a great extent on how well the meter
fits the application. Some liquids passing through flowmeters tend to be
abrasive, erosive, or corrosive. In time, portions of the device will
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
5/32
deteriorate sufficiently to affect performance. Some designs are more
susceptible to damage than others.
Maintenance:
A number of factors influence maintenance requirements and the life
expectancy of flowmeters. The major factor, of course, is matching the right
instrument to the particular application. Poorly selected devices invariably
will cause problems at an early date. Flowmeters with no moving parts
usually will require less attention than units with moving parts. But all
flowmeters eventually require some kind of maintenance.
Primary elements in differential pressure flowmeters require extensive
piping, valves, and fittings when they are connected to their secondary
elements, so maintenance may be a recurring effort in such installations.
Impulse lines can plug or corrode and have to be cleaned or replaced. And,
improper location of the secondary element can result in measurement
errors. Relocating the element can be expensive.
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
6/32
F lu id F low Measurement and Reynolds Numb er :
Veloci ty of the f lu id and pipe s ize: Fluid velocity depends on the head
pressure, which is forcing the fluid through the pipe. The greater the head
pressure, the faster the fluid flow rate (all other factors remaining constant),
and consequently, the greater the volume of flow. Pipe size also affects the
flow rate. For example, doubling the diameter of a pipe increases the
potential flow rate by a factor of four.
Viscos i ty o f the f lu id : Viscosity negatively affects the flow rate of fluids.Viscosity decreases the flow rate of a fluid near the walls of a pipe.
Viscosity increases or decreases with changing temperature, but not
always as might be expected. In liquids, viscosity typically decreases with
increasing temperature. However, in some fluids viscosity can begin to
increase above certain temperatures. Generally, the higher a fluid's
viscosity, the lower the fluid flow rate (with other factors remaining
constant).
Densi ty of the f lu id: Density of a fluid affects flow rates such that a more
dense fluid requires more head pressure to maintain a desired flow rate.
Also, the fact that gases are compressible, whereas liquids essentially are
not, often requires that different methods be used for measuring the flow
rates of liquids, gases, or liquids with gases in them.
Reynolds number : The most important flow factors mentioned above can
be correlated together into a dimensionless parameter called the Reynolds
number, which indicates the relative significance of the viscous effect
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
7/32
compared to the inertia effect. The Reynolds number is proportional to
inertial force divided by viscous force. The Reynolds number is
proportional to fluid flow means velocity and pipe diameter and inversely
proportional to fluid viscosity.
Reynolds number (Re) = * D * v/
Where D = Internal pipe diameter
v = Velocity
= Density
= Dynamic Viscosity
At very low velocities of high viscosities, Re is low and the fluid flows in
smooth layers with the highest velocity at the center of the pipe and lower
velocities at the pipe wall where the viscous forces restrain it. This type of
flow is called laminar flow and is represented by Reynolds numbers below
2,000.
At higher velocities or low viscosities the flow breaks up into turbulent
where the majority of flow through the pipe has the same average velocity.
In the "turbulent" flow the fluid viscosity is less significant and the velocity
profile takes on a much more uniform shape. Turbulent flow is represented
by Reynolds numbers above 4,000. Between Reynolds number values of2,000 and 4,000, the flow is said to be in transition.
So Reynolds (Re) number is a quantity that engineers use to estimate if a
fluid flow is laminar or turbulent. This is important because increased
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/reynolds-number-d_237.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/reynolds-number-d_237.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/reynolds-number-d_237.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/reynolds-number-d_237.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/reynolds-number-d_237.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/reynolds-number-d_237.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/reynolds-number-d_237.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/reynolds-number-d_237.html8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
8/32
mixing and shearing occur in turbulent flow that results in increased viscous
losses, which affects the efficiency of hydraulic machines. A good example
of laminar and turbulent flow is the rising smoke from a cigarette. The
smoke initially travels in smooth, straight lines (laminar flow) then starts to"wave" back and forth (transition flow) and finally seems to randomly mix
(turbulent flow).
Types o f FLOW METERS:
Followings are the types of flow meters;
Orif ice Flow Meter :
An Orifice flow meter is the most common head type flow measuringdevice. An orifice plate is inserted in the pipeline and the differentialpressure across it is measured.
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
9/32
Principle of Operat ion:
The orifice plate inserted in the pipeline causes an increase in flow velocityand a corresponding decrease in pressure. The flow pattern shows aneffective decrease in cross section beyond the orifice plate, with amaximum velocity and minimum pressure at the venacontracta.
The flow pattern and the sharp leading edge of the orifice plate (Fig. 1.1)which produces it are of major importance. The sharp edge results in analmost pure line contact between the plate and the effective flow, with thenegligible fluid-to-metal friction drag at the boundary.
Fig. 1.1 Flow pattern with orifice plate
Types o f Ori f ice Plates :
The simplest form of orifice plate consists of a thin metal sheet, having in ita square edged or a sharp edged or round edged circular hole.
There are three types of orifice plates namely
1. Concentric2. Eccentric and3. Segmental type.
Fig. 1.2 shows two different views of the three types of Orifice plates.
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
10/32
(a) Concentric (b) Eccentric (c) Segmental
Fig. 1.3 Sketch of orifices of different types
The concentric type is used for clean fluids. In metering dirty fluids, slurriesand fluids containing solids, eccentric or segmental type is used in such away that its lower edge coincides with the inside bottom of the pipe. Thisallows the solids to flow through without any obstruction. The orifice plate isinserted into the main pipeline between adjacent flanges, the outsidediameters of the plate being turned to fit within the flange bolts. The flangesare either screwed or welded to the pipes.
Ventur i Meter :
Venturi tubes are differential pressure producers, based on Bernoullis
Theorem. General performance and calculations are similar to those for
orifice plates. In these devices, there is a continuous contact between the
fluid flow and the surface of the primary device.
( a) Concentric ( b) Eccentric ( c) Segmental
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
11/32
Class ic Ventur i Constru ct ion :
1) Lon g Form Ventur i :
The classic Herchel Venturi tube is given in Fig. 2.1
It consists of a cylindrical inlet section equal to the pipe diameter; a
converging conical section in which the cross sectional area decreases
causing the velocity to increase with a corresponding increase in the
velocity head and a decrease in the pressure head ; a cylindrical throat
section where the velocity is constant so that the decreased pressure head
can be measured ; and a diverging recovery cone where the velocity
decreases and almost all of the original pressure head is recovered. The
unrecovered pressure head is commonly called as head loss.
Fig. 2.1 Classic Long form Venturi
The classic venturi is always manufactured with a cast iron body and a
bronze or stainless steel throat section. At the midpoint of the throat, 6 to 8pressure taps connect the throat to an annular chamber so the throat
pressure is averaged. The cross sectional area of the chamber is 1.5 times
the cross sectional area of the taps. Since there is no movement of fluid in
the annular chamber, the pressure sensed is strictly static pressure.
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
12/32
Usually 4 taps from the external surface of the venturi into the annular
chamber are made. These are offset from the internal pressure taps. It is
through these taps that throat pressure is measured.
Limi ta t ions :
This flow meter is limited to use on clean, non-corrosive liquids and gases,
because it is impossible to clean out or flush out the pressure taps if they
clog up with dirt or debris.
2) Shor t Form Ventur i Tubes:
In an effort to reduce costs and laying length, manufactures developed a
second generation, or short-form venturi tubes shown in Fig. 2.2
Fig. 2.2 Shor t fo rm Ventur i
There were two major differences in this design. The internal annular
chamber was replaced by a single pressure tap or in some cases an
external pressure averaging chamber, and the recovery cone angle was
increased from 7 degrees to 21 degrees. The short form venturi tubes can
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
13/32
be manufactured from cast iron or welded from a variety of materials
compatible with the application.
The pressure taps are located one-quarter to one-half pipe diameter
upstream of the inlet cone and at the middle of the throat section. A
piezometer ring is sometimes used for differential pressure measurement.
This consists of several holes in the plane of the tap locations. Each set of
holes is connected together in an annular ring to give an average pressure.
Venturis with piezometer connections are unsuitable for use with purge
systems used for slurries and dirty fluids since the purging fluid tends toshort circuit to the nearest tap holes. Piezometer connections are normally
used only on very large tubes or where the most accurate average
pressure is desired to compensate for variations in the hydraulic profile of
the flowing fluid. Therefore, when it is necessary to meter dirty fluids and
use piezometer taps, sealed sensors which mount flush with the pipe and
throat inside wall should be used.
Single pressure tap venturis can be purged in the normal manner when
used with dirty fluids. Because the venturi tube has no sudden changes in
contour, no sharp corners, and no projections, it is often used to measure
slurries and dirty fluids which tend to build up on or clog of the primary
devices.
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
14/32
Types of Ventur i Tub es:
Venturis are built in several forms. These include
1. a standard long-form or classic venturi tube (Fig. 2.1)2. a modified short form where the outlet cone is shortened (Fig.
2.2)
3. an eccentric form [Fig. 2.3 ( a )] to handle mixed phases or to
minimize buildup of heavy materials and
4. a rectangular form [Fig. 2.3 ( b)] used in duct work.
(a) Eccentric type
Fig 2.3
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
15/32
(b) Rectangular venturi typeFig. 2.3
Flow Nozzle
Flange Type Flow No zzle:
The Flow nozzle is a smooth, convergent section that discharges the flow
parallel to the axis of the downstream pipe. The downstream end of a
nozzle approximates a short tube and has the diameter of the
venacontracta of an orifice of equal capacity. Thus the diameter ratio for a
nozzle is smaller or its flow coefficient is larger. Pressure recovery is betterthan that of an orifice. Fig. 3.1 shows a flow nozzle of flange type.
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
16/32
Fig. 3.1 Flow nozzle
Different Designs of Flow Nozzle :
There are different standard designs differing in details of the approach
section and the length of the throat. Fig. 3.2 shows two accepted designs of
flow nozzles.
Flow nozzles are usually made of gun metals, stainless steel, bronze or
monel metal. They are frequently chromium plated. Sometimes slettite
coating is provided to have abrasion resistance.
The pressure tapings may take the form of annular rings with slots opening
into the main at each side of the flange of the nozzle or of single holes
drilled through the flange of the main close to the nozzle flange.
It is not suitable for metering viscous liquids. It may be installed in an
existing main without great difficulty.
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
17/32
Fig. 3.2 (a) The ASME long-radius
(b) The Simplex type tg
Advantages :
1. Permanent pressure loss lower than that for an orifice plate.
2. It is suitable for fluids containing solids that settle.
3. It is widely accepted for high pressure and temperature steam
flow.
Disadvantages:
1. Cost is higher than orifice plate.
2. It is limited to moderate pipe sizes.
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
18/32
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
19/32
The simplest pitot tube consists of a tube with an impact opening of 3.125
mm to 6.35 mm diameter pointing towards the approaching fluid. This
measures the stagnation pressure. An ordinary upstream tap can be used
for measuring the line pressure.
Fig. 4.2 A common industrial type pitot tube
A common industrial type of pitot tube consists of a cylindrical probe
inserted into the air stream, as shown in Fig. 4.2 Fluid flow velocity at theupstream face of the probe is reduced substantially to zero. Velocity head
is converted to impact pressure, which is sensed through a small hole in
the upstream face of the probe. A corresponding small hole in the side of
the probe senses static pressure. A pressure instrument measures the
differential pressure, which is proportional to the square of the stream
velocity in the vicinity of the impact pressure sensing hole. The velocity
equation for the pitot tube is given by
v = C p 2gh
where C p is the pitot tube constant.
Impact pressure port
Static pressure port
Air flow
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
20/32
Fig. 4.3 shows a typical pitot tube which also shows the taps for sensing
static pressure.
Fig. 4.3 Typical pitot tube
The total pressure developed at the point where the flow is stagnated is
assumed to occur at the tip of a pitot tube or at a specific point on a bluff
body immersed in the stream.
The pitot tube causes practically no pressure loss in the flow stream. It is
normally installed through a nipple in the side of the pipe. It is frequently
installed through an isolation valve, so that it can be moved back and forth
across the stream to establish the profile of flow velocity.
Certain characteristics of pitot tube flow measurement have limited its
industrial application. For true measurement of flow, it is essential to
establish an average value of flow velocity. To obtain this with a pitot tube,
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
21/32
it is necessary to move the tube back and forth across the stream to
establish the velocity at all points and then to take an average.
For high-velocity flow streams, it is required to provide necessary stiffness
and strength. A tube inserted in a high-velocity stream has a tendency to
vibrate and get broken. As a result, pitot tubes are generally used only in
low-to-medium flow gas applications where high accuracy is not required.
Variable Ar ea Flow Meters
Basic Principle:
In the orifice meter, there is a fixed aperture and flow is indicated by a drop
in differential pressure. In area meter, there is a variable orifice and the
pressure drop is relatively constant. Thus, in the area meter, flow is
indicated as a function of the area of the annular opening through which the
fluid must pass. This area is generally readout as the position of a float or
obstruction in the orifice.
The effective annular area in area meter is nearly proportional to height of
the float, plummet or piston, in the body and relationship between the
height of float and flow rate is approximately linear one with linear flow
curve as well as scale graduations.
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
22/32
Types o f Variable Area Flow Meters
Area meters are of two general types:
1. Rota meters and
2. Piston type meter.
Rota meters . In this meter, a weighted float or plummet contained in an
upright tapered tube, is lifted to the position of equilibrium between the
downward force of the plummet and the upward force of the fluid in addition
to the buoyancy effect of the fluid flowing past the float through the annular
orifice. The flow rate can be read by observing the position of the float.
Pis ton Type Meter. In this meter, a piston is accurately fitted inside a
sleeve and is lifted by fluid pressure until sufficient post area in the sleeve
is uncovered to permit the passage of the flow. The flow is indicated by the
position of the piston.
Fig. 5.1 (a) Rota meter
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
23/32
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
24/32
5. Minimum Piping Requirement. An area meter usually can be
installed without regard to the fittings or lengths of straight pipe
proceedings or following the meter.
6. Corrosive or Difficult to handle liquid. These can often be handledsuccessfully in an area meter. They include such materials as oil, tar,
refrigerants, sulphuric acid, black liquor, beverages, aqua regia and molten
sulphur. In general, if the nature of the fluid does not permit the use of a
conventional differential pressure type meter because the fluid is dirty,
viscous or corrosive, certain area meters have an advantage over other
types of meters.
7. Pressure Drop. By placing very light floats in over sized meters, flow
rates can be handled with a combination of very low pressure loss (often
2.5 cm of water column or less) and 10 : 1 flow range.
Other FLOW METERS:
Thermal Flow Meter w i th External Elem ents and Heater :
A flow meter using heat transfer principle described above has many
limitations. The temperature sensors and the heater must protrude into the
fluid stream. Thus these components (particularly the heater) are easilydamaged by corrosion and erosion. Furthermore, the integrity of the piping
is sacrificed by the protrusions into the fluid stream, increasing the danger
of leakage.
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
25/32
To overcome these problems, the heater and the upstream and
downstream temperature sensors can be mounted outside of the piping,
which is shown in Fig. 6.1
Fig. 6.1 Thermal flow meter with external elements and heater
In this type of construction the heat transfer mechanism becomes more
complicated and the relationship between mass flow and temperature
difference becomes non-linear and to overcome this non-linear relationship,
heated tube type is introduced.
Heated Tub e-Type Mass Flow Meter :
Fig. 6.2 illustrates the non- linear shift in T in a heated -tube-type flow
meter, where the asymmetricity of the temperature distribution increases
with flow.
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
26/32
Fig. 6.2 Heated tube-type mass flow meter
In this type of flow meter, when a fluid flows in a pipe, a thin layer (film)exists between the main body of the fluid and the pipe wall. When heat is
passing through the pipe wall to the fluid, this layer resists the flow of heat.
If the heater is sufficiently insulated and if the piping material is a good
conductor, the heat transfer from the heater to the fluid can be
expressed as
Q = h A (T w T f )
where
Meter
ThermocouplesTC-2TC-1
Heat sink Heat sink
Tube
Transformer
Small
flow
TC-1 TC-2
L/2L/2 0
Zeroflow
Temperatur e
oftube
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
27/32
h = film heat transfer coefficient
A = Area of pipe through which heat is passing
Tw = Temperature of wall
Tf = Temperature of fluid.
The film heat transfer coefficient h can be defined in terms of fluid
properties and tube dimensions.
These types of flow meters are best suited for the measurement of
homogeneous gases and are not recommended for applications where the
process fluid composition or moisture content is variable. In order for these
flow meters to be useful in a system, both the thermal conductivity and the
specific heat of the process fluid must be constant.
8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
28/32
Ult rason ic f low m eter :
Schematic view of a flow sensor.
An ultrasonic flow meter is a type of flow meter that measures the
velocity of a fluid with ultrasound to calculate volume flow. Using ultrasonic
transducers, the flow meter can measure the average velocity along the
path of an emitted beam of ultrasound, by averaging the difference in
measured transit time between the pulses of ultrasound propagating into
and against the direction of the flow or by measuring the frequency shift
from the Doppler effect. Ultrasonic flow meters are affected by the acoustic
properties of the fluid and can be impacted by temperature, density,
viscosity and suspended particulates depending on the exact flow meter.
They vary greatly in purchase price but are often inexpensive to use and
maintain because they do not use moving parts, unlike mechanical flow
meters.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_partshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_partshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_meter8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
29/32
Means of operat ion:
There are three different types of ultrasonic flow meters. Transmission (or
contra propagating transit-time) flow meters can be distinguished into in-
line (intrusive, wetted) and clamp-on (non-intrusive) varieties. Ultrasonic
flow meters that use the Doppler shift are called Reflection or Doppler flow
meters. The third type is the Open-Channel flow meter.
Principle :
Ultrasonic flow meters measure the difference of the transit time of
ultrasonic pulses propagating in and against flow direction. This timedifference is a measure for the average velocity of the fluid along the path
of the ultrasonic beam. By using the absolute transit times both the
averaged fluid velocity and the speed of sound can be calculated. Using
the two transit times and and the distance between receiving and
transmitting transducers and the inclination angle one can write the
equations:
and
where is the average velocity of the fluid along the sound path and is
the speed of sound.
Magnet ic f low m eters :
Magnetic flow meters , often called "mag meters or electromags, use
a magnetic field applied to the metering tube, which results in a potential
difference proportional to the flow velocity perpendicular to the flux lines.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_flow_meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_flow_meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_flow_meter8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
30/32
The potential difference is sensed by electrodes aligned perpendicular to
the flow and the applied magnetic field. The physical principle at work
is Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. The magnetic flow meter
requires a conducting fluid and a non conducting pipe liner. The electrodesmust not corrode in contact with the process fluid; some magnetic flow
meters have auxiliary transducers installed to clean the electrodes in place.
The applied magnetic field is pulsed, which allows the flow meter to cancel
out the effect of stray voltage in the piping system.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday%27s_law_of_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday%27s_law_of_induction8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
31/32
References:
B o o k s :
Lynnworth, L.C.: Ultrasonic Measurements for Process Control
[Ultrasonic Acoustic Sensing] Brown University
Web Links :
www.idconline.com/technical_references/pdfs/instrumentation/Industrial_Instrumentation%20-%20Flow.pdf types of flow meters pdf
http://www.maxiflo.co.kr/English/Technology/flowmetertypes.htm
http://www.omega.com/techref/flowcontrol.html
http://www.maxiflo.co.kr/English/Technology/flowmetertypes.htmhttp://www.omega.com/techref/flowcontrol.htmlhttp://www.omega.com/techref/flowcontrol.htmlhttp://www.maxiflo.co.kr/English/Technology/flowmetertypes.htm8/13/2019 Flowmeter Termreport
32/32
Term Report on:
FLOW METER & Its Types
Submitted to:
Sir Mujtaba , Sir Tafzeel
Submitted by:
Ghulam Murtaza Roll No # 101
Muhammad Waleed Hussain Roll No # 102Muhammad Junaid Jamil Roll No # 103
Muhammad Ammar Mohsin Roll No # 104
Muhammad Usama Iqbal Roll No # 105
Hafiz Muhammad Zia Roll No # 106
Class: BSc Chemical Engineering 2 nd year
Section: B
Session: 2012-16
Date: Tuesday, 10 th December; 2013
NFC Institute of Engineering & Technology, Multan