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a&pD;a&vmywf0ef;usifqkdif&mr&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm
a&pD;a&vmywf0ef;usifqkdif&mr&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm
rl&if;pmtkyf\t,f'Dwmrsm;
Megan Dyson, Ger Bergkamp and John Scanlon
jrefrmbmomjyefpmtkyf\t,f'Dwm
a'gufwmcifeDeDodef;
þpmtkyfwGifazmfjyxm;onfh yx0Dqdkif&mowfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh&kyf0wåKqkdif&mwifjycsufrsm;onf EdkifiHwpfEkdifiHESifhywfoufaom
w&m;0iftajctae? e,fy,f(okd Y){&d,m (odk Yr[kwf) ¤if;\tcsKyftcsm (odk Yr[kwf) ¤if;Ek difiHwpfEk difiH\ e,fjcm; (okd Y)
e,fy,fowfrSwfjcif;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí tdkif,lpDtifef (IUCN)\ tmabmfudkwpkHw&mazmfjyxm;jcif;r[kwfyg/
þxkwfa0jcif;jzpfajrmufEk difa&;twGufNAdwdeftpdk;&? e,fomveftpdk;&ESif h a&ESif hobm0qdkif&mBudK;yrf;rIvkyfief;wdk YrS
yl;aygif;ulnDaxmufyHhonf/
þxkwfa0jcif;wGi f azmf jyxm;aomtjrifoabmxm;rsm;onf tk di f,lp Dtife f(IUCN)\ tjrifoabmxm;rsm;ud kxif[yf&efrvkdtyfyg/
xkwfa0ol IUCN, Gland, Switzerland
rlydkif © 2007 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
þpmtkyfudk ynmay;jcif;ESifhtjrwftpGef;twGufr&nf&G,fonfh vkyfief;rsm;twGufjyefvnf
xkwfa0jzefYcsDvdkygu ueOD;rlydkif xkwfa0jcif;udk pkHvifjynfhpkHpGm a&;om; azmfjyjcif;tm;jzifh
rlydkif\a&;om;cGifhjyKcsufrygbJvnf; xkwfa0jzefYcsDEkdifygonf/
pmtkyfudk rlydkif\BudKwifa&;om;cGifhjyKcsufrygyJ a&mif;cs&efESifhtusKd;pD;yGm;twGuff&nf&G,fí
xkwfa0jzefYcsDjcif;udk wm;jrpfygonf/
&nfnTef;jcif; Dyson, M., Bergkamp, G., Scanlon, J. (eds). ESifh odef;? cifeDeD (a'gufwm) (jrefrmbmom
jye fpmtky f\t,f' Dwm) a&p D ;a&vm? ywf0e f ;usi fq d ki f&mr& S dr jzp fa&p D ;a&vm/
IUCN, Gland, Switzerland ESifh a&? okawoe ESifh avhusifha&; ynmXme (229 pmrsufESm)
2007 ckESpf/
ISBN 978-2-8317-1004-4
yHkpHxkwfol Melanie Kandelaars
bmomjyefqdkol OD;ausmfpdk;? a':ae&D
pmwnf; a'gufwmcifeDeDodef;
yHkESdyfol Sunway Publishing Co., Ltd
jrefrm'DZdkif;jyifqifol a':,Ofat;rdk;
&&SdEkdifaomae&m IUCN Asia Regional Water & Wetlands Programme
63, Sukhumvit Soi 39, WattanaBangkok 10110, ThailandE-mail: [email protected]
http://www.iucn.org
http://www.waterandnature.org
ii
rmwdumrmwdumrmwdumrmwdumrmwdum
tñTef;aomhcsuf trSmowif;rsm;.......................................................... vi
trSm......................................................................................xiv
rl&if;pmtkyf\ t,f'Dwmrsm;? pma&;q&mrsm;.............................................xvii
a&pD;a&vm? ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm pmtkyftm; t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkY
jyefqdk&mwGif yg0ifaqmif&GufcJholrsm; .................................................... xviii
aus;Zl;wifvTm.............................................................................xix
þpmtkyfudk jrefrmbmomodkYbmomjyefqdk&jcif;\&nf&G,fcsuf ESifh
a&? okawoeESihf avhusifha&;ynmXme\ aus;Zl;wifvTm.................................xx
tcef; 1/ ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmqdkonfrSm................................2
1.1 ed'gef;.....................................................................2
1.2 t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkjcif;.........................................................5
1.3 tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;..........................................................7
1.4 tjzpfrSef..................................................................9
1.5 tay;t,lvkyf zvS,fjcif;rsm;. .........................................13
tcef; 2/ a&vdktyfcsufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wduspGm owfrSwfjcif;............................18
2.1 ed'gef;...................................................................18
2.2 &nfrSef;csufrsm; &Sif;vif;wduspGmowfrSwfjcif; odkUr[kwf aphpyf
aqG;aEG;rIjyK&ef tem*wf tcif;tusif;yHkpH .............................20
2.3 a&pD;a&vmyrmPvdktyfcsufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;pGm owfrSwfEkdifrnfh
enf;vrf;rsm;...........................................................23
2.4 jcHKiHkqufpyfrI&Sdonfh csOf;uyfyHkenf;vrf;ESihf uRrf;usifolynm&Sifrsm;
udkoHk;jcif;...............................................................34
2.5 a&pD;a&vmyrmP wGufcsufowfrSwf&mwGif oHk;onfh tajccH
vrf;ñTefrsm;............................................................37
2.6 udkufnDrnfh enf;vrf;udk &SmazGa&G;cs,fjcif; ..............................44
2.7 enf;vrf;rsm;udk toHk;csjcif;ESihf xdckdufrIrsm;udk
apmifhMunfhppfaq;jcif;..................................................48
iii
tcef; 3/ a&qdkif&m tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk tenf;tusOf; jyifqifajymif;vJjcif;... 54
3.1 tajccHtaqmuftODaMumifhh xdckdufrIrsm;ESihf a&G;cs,fp&mrsm;.......... 54
3.2 a&qkdif&m tajccHtaqmuftODopfjzihf ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m
r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmtajctaeukd jr§ifhwifjcif; ...........................64
3.3 &Sd&if;pGJ a&qkdif&m tajccHtaqmuftODudktoHk;jyKí ywf0ef;usif
qkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm taumiftxnfazmfjcif;.....................70
3.4 ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm; jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;
twGuf tajccHtaqmuftOD rsm;udk vnfywfcGifhudk ½kyfodrf;jcif;.......77
tcef; 4/ ukefusp&dwf vHkvHkavmufavmuf &&Sda&; .......................................86
4.1 b@ma&;vdktyfrIrsm;udk avhvmoHk;oyfjcif;.............................86
4.2 tusKd;pD;yGm;qufEG,fol tkyfpkrsm;tay: tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;.........92
4.3 b@maiG&&m t&if;tjrpfrsm;..........................................93
4.4 pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m tajccHtusKd;taMumif;rsm;...........................108
4.5 rSefuefaom aphaqmfwGef;tm;ay;onfht&mrsm;udk &SmazGjcif;..........118
4.6 qÉtavsmufcsOf;uyfyHkenf;vrf;rsm; ..................................123
4.7 aomhcsufar;cGef;rsm;.................................................. 125
tcef; 5/ rl0g'ESihf Oya'qkdif&m tajccHr@dKifwpfckudk zefwD;a&;qGJjcif;..................130
5.1 xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh tajctaeudk t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkjcif;...............130
5.2 EkdifiHwumh Oya'ESihf tjcm;pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;............................ 131
5.3 wpfEkdifiHvHk;qkdif&m rl0g'ESihf Oya'rsm;.................................143
5.4 vufawGUvkyfief;tqifhrsm;ESihf &ifqkdif&rnfh tcuftcJrsm; ...........146
tcef; 6/ EdkifiHa&; t&Sdeft[kef xGufay:apjcif; .........................................156
6.1 toifhjyifMu .......................................................... 156
6.2 &yf&GmvlUtzGJUtpnf; ,HkMunfpdwfcsvmatmif vkyfjcif;................ 160
6.3 yefMum;csuf owif;rSefudk jzefYa0jcif;.................................. 166
6.4 vkyfief;wl tusKd;wl tkyfpkrsm;ESihf qufqHywfoufjcif;.................172
6.5 axmufcHrI &,lpkaqmif;jcif;...........................................173
iv
v
tcef; 7/ 'DZkdif;yHkpHxkwfa&;? taumiftxnfazmfa&; pGrf;&nfudk
wnfaqmufjcif;............................................................... 176
7.1 owdjyKEdk;Mum;rIr&SdvQif ta&;,ljyKrlrIr&SdEdkif.............................. 176
7.2 jyKvkyfEkdifpGrf;xJrS [muGufrsm;udk &SmazGpDppfjcif;ESihf
udkifwG,fajz&Sif;jcif;.....................................................178
7.3 pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufa&; enf;AsL[m.....................................197
usrf;udk;pm&if;.............................................................................203
"mwfyHktñTef;..............................................................................208
tñTef;aomhcsuf trSmowif;rsm;tñTef;aomhcsuf trSmowif;rsm;tñTef;aomhcsuf trSmowif;rsm;tñTef;aomhcsuf trSmowif;rsm;tñTef;aomhcsuf trSmowif;rsm;
1? ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mr&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmqdkonfrSm1? ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mr&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmqdkonfrSm1? ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mr&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmqdkonfrSm1? ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mr&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmqdkonfrSm1? ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mr&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmqdkonfrSm
ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpf a&pD;a&vmrsm;onf vlESihf obm0twGuf tusKd;jyKrIrsm; pwif
aygufyGm;aponf/
ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmqkdonfrSm jrpfwpfck? a&eufuGif;wpfck odkYr[kwf urf;½dk;wef;
ZHkajrwpfcktwGif; a&toHk;jyKrI NrdKifqkdifaeaomae&m? a&pD;udk xdef;csKyfí yHkrSefoHk;pGJaeaom ae&mrsm;wGif
a*[pepfrsm;ESihf a*[pepf\ tusKd;jyKrIrsm;udk xdef;odrf;&ef jyifqifjznfhqnf;ay;aom a&xdef;odrf;
tkyfcsKyfrI jzpfygonf/ ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm;onf jrpfMuHUckdifrIrsm;? pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;rI
rsm;ESihf qif;&JrI avsmhyg;oufoma&;rsm;twGuf txl;wvnf tusKd;jyKaeaom a&rsm;jzpfonf/ xdkr&Sd
rjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm;onf MuHUck difaom jrpfrSvnf;aumif;? ajratmufa&pepfrSvnf;aumif;?
vlUtzG JUtpnf;odk Y ay;vsuf&S donfh tusK d;aus;Zl;trsm;tjym;\ qufvuf&&S dEk difpGrf;&S dap&ef
tmrcHxm;aom a&rsm;vnf; jzpfavonf/
ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm; rjyifqifrjznfhqnf;jcif;aMumifh ay;qyf&rnfhwefzdk;udk
avQmh rwGufoifhacs/
ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm\ vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk rjznfhwif;Ekdifjcif;aMumifh a&&SnfESihf
tv,ftvwfumvwGif jrpftoHk;jyKolrsm;pGmtwGuf aemufqufwGJ uyfab;oifhrIBuD; jzpfapEkdifaMumif;
wpfaeYwpfjcm; odomay:vGifaeavNyD/ a&a*[pepfrsm;\ a&vdktyfcsufrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef
BudK;pm;jcif;rSm &Hzef&Hcgqdkovdk u@wpfck odkYr[kwf wpfckxufydkaom u@rsm;\ a&toHk;jyKrIudk
avQmhypfjcif;[lonfh t"dyÜg,fvnf;&avonf/ þjyóemrSm cufcJaom a&G;cs,frIwpfck jzpfaomfvnf;
,if;wdkYtaejzihf jrpf0Srf;\ a&&Snf MuHUckdifrIESihf jrpfudk 0dkif;&HvIyf&Sm;aeaom jyKrlvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk
pdwfcstmrcHcsuf&Sdatmif rvkyfí rjzpfay/
jrpfESihf a&Ekwfajrmif;pepfrsm;udk ¤if;wdkY&Sdaeonfh wpfckvHk;tajctaetay:rS qifjcifoHk;oyfoifhonf/
ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm; tpcsDvkyfudkifawmhrnfqdkygu jrpfESihf a&Ekwfajrmif;pepf
rsm;udk ¤if;wdkY\ wpfckvHk;tajctaeay:rS buftm;vHk;udk qifjcifoHk;oyfoifhavonf/ ¤if;\ t"dyÜg,frSm
jrpf0Srf;wpfckudk pOf;pm;rnfqdkygu jrpfpwif&m acsmif;i,frSaeí yifv,f0 a&csKda&ieftpyfESihf
yifv,f urf;ajc ywf0ef;usifrsm;txd pOf;pm;½Hkru pdrfhajrrsm;? a&eufuGif;rsm;? jrpfESihf qufEG,faeaom
ajratmuf a&pepfrsm;ud k xnf hoGi f ;pO f ;pm; jci f ; jzp fygonf/ xd kod k Y ywf0e f ;usi fqk di f&m
r& S dr jzp fa&p D ;a&vmwpf&y fu d k c sr Sw fx laxmi f&e f pO f ;pm;&mwGi f ywf0e f ;usi fq k di f&m
xde f ;odr f ;apmi f ha& Smufa&;r SaeNy D ; vky fie f ;ud ki fie f ;r sm;E Si h f vlrsm;\ vd ktyfcsufrsm;ud k
tusKd;jyK0efaqmifa&;rsm;txd ay:xGufvmrnfh tusKd;quftrsKd;rsKd;udk us,fjyefY pGm xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef
vdkayonf/
vi
wdusjywfom;onfh &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESihf a&pkyfwifrI tem*wfjzpfpOfrsm;udk azmfxkwfowfrSwf&ef
vdkonf/
ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmwpf&yf csrSwfxlaxmif&eftwGuf wdusjywfom;onfh &nfrSef;
csufrsm; owfrSwf&efvdkouJhodkY a&pkyfwifrIESihf toHk;jyKrI tem*wfjzpfpOfrsm;udkvnf; azmfxkwfa&;qGJzdkY
vdktyfavonf/ &nfrSef;csufrsm;wGif a&jzefYcGJae&mcsrI\ tajccHtjzpf yHkazmfEdkifrnfh wkdif;wmí&aom
ñTef;udef;rsm;&Sd&rnf/ &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESihf tem*wfjzpfpOfrsm;udk ynm&yfpHk uRrf;usifoltzGJUrsm;ESihf
tusKd;pD;yGm; qufEG,fywfoufolrsm; yl;aygif;í owfrSwfa&;qGJEkdifvQif taumif;qHk;jzpfrnf/
2? a&vdktyfcsufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wduspGm owfrSwfjcif; 2? a&vdktyfcsufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wduspGm owfrSwfjcif; 2? a&vdktyfcsufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wduspGm owfrSwfjcif; 2? a&vdktyfcsufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wduspGm owfrSwfjcif; 2? a&vdktyfcsufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wduspGm owfrSwfjcif;
a&jzefYcGJae&mcsrIrsm;ESihf ywfoufí vlUtzGJUtpnf;rS yg0ifrIjzihf odoifhodxkdufonfrsm; od&SdNyD;
a&G;cs,frI jyKapjcif;/
jrpfrsm;? pdrfhajrrsm;ESihf yifv,furf;½dk;wef;a'orsm;\ ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm
vdktyfcsufrsm;udk azmfjyonfh ½dk;½dk;udef;*Pef;pm&if;Z,m;r&Sdacs/ xdka*[pepfrsm;\ tem*wfoGifjyif
vu©PmESihf MuHUckdifrI tqifhtwef;rsm;rSm tusKd;pD;yGm;ywfoufolwdkY\ qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;tay:ü
trsm;BuD; rlwnfaeavonf/ xdkodkYaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;twGuf rwlaom a&pD;tajctaersKd;pHk
atmufwGif jrpfwpfck? pdrfhajrwpfck odk Yr[kwf yifv,furf;½dk;wef;wpfck\ a*[pepf rnfodk Y
qufEG,fywfoufaeaMumif; owif; tcsuftvufESihf todynmrsm; od&Sdap&ef odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;ESihf
uRrf;usifolrsm;rS ulnDí jznfhqnf;Ekdifyg onf/
ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm avhvmqef;ppfa&;udk jrpf\ jrpf0Srf;pDrHudef; a&;qGJrI wpfpdwf
wpfa'otjzpf vkyfudkifjcif;/
ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm csrSwfjcif;udk jrpf\ jrpf0Srf;pDrHudef;a&;qGJ&mü yg0ifaxmuful
aeaom ydkrdkus,fjyefYonfh avhvmqef;ppfa&; tajccHvrf;ñTefrsm;qdkonfh wpfckvHk; tajctae
twGif;wGif taumif;qHk;csrSwf azmfaqmifEkdifavonf/ xdktajccHvrf;ñTefrsm;onf bufpHkyg0ifonfh
a&t&if;tjrpf pDrHcefYcGJrI\ tpdwftykdif;wpfckjzpfNyD; ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom tajctaeudka&m jrpfMuHUckdifrI
&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk yg ESpfrsKd;pvHk;udk avhvmqef;ppfygonf/ þenf;onf vuf&Sdjyóemrsm;udk
ajz&Sif;&mwGif tusK d;pD;yGm; ywfoufolrsm; yg0ifvIyf&Sm;jcif;tay:wGif vkyfud kifouJhod k Y
tpm;xkd;Ek difrnfh cef YrSef;tuJjzwfjcif;ud kvnf; xnfhoGif;vkyfaqmifavonf/ txl;ojzih f
ajcmufaoGU&moDrsm;ü jrpfwGif; a&tvHktavmufusefap&ef tmrcHcsuf&Sdaprnfh a&jzefYcGJ ae&mcsrI
rl0g'rsm;csrSwf&mwGif yg0ifavonf/ tqdkyg 0ifa&mufpGufzufenf; ESpfrsKd;pvHk;rSm jynfolvlxk\
ajymif;vJaeaom tusifh"avhrsm; tay:ü rlwnfNyD; xdkpGufzufenf;rsm; tajcjyKrIudkvnf;
us,fjyefYaom vlUtzGJUtpnf;rS yg0ifaxmufcHrIjzihf odoifhodxkdufonfrsm; od&SdNyD; qHk;jzwfonfhtay:
tajcjyKoifhavonf/
vii
viii
ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm owfrSwfjy|mef;&ef wpfckwnf;aom taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;?
csOf;uyfyHkenf;vrf;qdkwmr&Sd? wpfckwnf;aom taumif;qHk; tajccHvrf;ñTefqdkwmr&Sdacs/
ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmwpf&yf owfrSwfjyXmef;&eftwGuf vuf&Sdenf;vrf;rsm;
trsm;tjym;&Sdavonf/ ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm avhvmqef;ppfrItwGuf tajcjyZ,m;
cs dwfqG J jcif;ESih f ½H k;wGif; pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;ud k yd ki f; jcm;pDppfenf;rsm;ud k odjrifrIt0ef;t0d kif;
wd k;cs J UavhvmrIrsm; wGifvnf;aumif;? trsK d;om; pm&if;ppfvkyfief;wGifvnf;aumif;? jrpf\
jrpf0Srf;pDrHudef;a&;qGJ&mwGif vnf;aumif; oHk;pGJaeMuavonf/ vkyfief;aqmif&GufrI tydkif;tvkduf
ydkif;jcm;pDppfenf;ESihf rSDwif; &Sifoef&m ae&mrsm; ykHpHi,fxkwfjcif;rsm;udk xdckdufrIavhvmqef;ppfjcif;
odkYr[kwf jrpfwpfck\ oD;jcm;tydkif;jzpfap tydkif;trsm;tjym;udkjzpfap jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; pDrHudef;rsm;
a&;qGJjcif;wdkYwGif us,fjyefYpGmoHk;aom csOf;uyf yHk enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfavonf/ tqdkyg avhvmqef;ppfa&;
enf;vrf;tpHkrsm;onf jrpfMuHUckdifrItay: xdckdufaprIrsm;ESihf ywfoufí pDrHcefYcGJrI csrSwfa&;ESihf
apmifhMunfhppfaq; rSwfwrf;wif&mrsm;ü yg0iftusKd;jyK Ekdifygonf/
a&pD;a&vm pDrHcefYcGJrIudk wuf
ix
jzpfavonf/ a&avSmifwrHrS xkwfvTwfaom atmufzufjrpfa&pD; xkwfvTwfrIrsm;udk a&avSmifwrHrS
jzwfíjzpfap? a&avSmifwrHudkausmfíjzpfap? a&avSmifwrHudkywfíjzpfap a&jzwfoef;aprnfh
'DZdkif;yHkpHrsm;u qHk;jzwfowfrSwfjcif;jzpfavonf/ ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm;twGuf
xkwfvTwfrI\ yrmPESihf tcsdefukdufjzpfrIrsm;udkrl a&avSmifwrH xdef;odrf;vnfywfrIqkdif&m rl0g'rsm;ESihf
pnf;rsOf;rsm;u jy|mef;owfrSwfavonf/ a&jzefYa0a&;wl;ajrmif;ESihf qnfrsm;uJhodkY tjcm;tajccH
taqmuftODrsm;\ 'DZkdif;yHkpHESihfvnfywfyHkrsm;uvnf; ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpf a&pD;a&vmrsm;
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xii
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xiii
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rsm; jyKpkysK d;axmifjcif;rSm tvGefta&;ygavonf/ tajctaewpfck od k Yr[kwf tajctae
wcsKdUatmufwGif vlrsm;udk wpfpkwpf½Hk;wnf; pka0;&rnfhjzpfpOfwGif ,if;onf t"du tcuftcJjzpfNyD;
jzpfpOfaumif; jzpfatmif BudK;pm;zdkYvdkygonf/ þvkyfief;udk ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm;\
tajcckdifaeaom xdef;odrf;uGyfuJrIrsm;rS a&toHk;jyKoltm;vHk;twGuf t&if;tjrpf a&&SnfvHkjcHKrI&Sd&ef
taxmuftul ay;Ekdifonfqdkonfh tjrifay:wGif vkyfudkifoifhavonf/ tusKd;pD;yGm; ywfoufoltm;vHk;
xdktjrifudk vufcH,HkMunfvma&;twGuf taumif;qHk;enf;rSm xkdjzpfpOfudk r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm
taumiftxnfazmfrI ESifh qufEG,fapNyD; xdktaumiftxnfazmfrIudk tpGrf;ukefatmifjrif&efESihf
"r®"d|mefus&ef BudK;yrf;onfh enf;vrf;yifjzpfygonf/
7? 'DZk dif;yH kpHxkwfa&; taumiftxnfazmfa&; pGrf;&nfudk wnfaqmufjcif;7? 'DZk dif;yH kpHxkwfa&; taumiftxnfazmfa&; pGrf;&nfudk wnfaqmufjcif;7? 'DZk dif;yH kpHxkwfa&; taumiftxnfazmfa&; pGrf;&nfudk wnfaqmufjcif;7? 'DZk dif;yH kpHxkwfa&; taumiftxnfazmfa&; pGrf;&nfudk wnfaqmufjcif;7? 'DZk dif;yH kpHxkwfa&; taumiftxnfazmfa&; pGrf;&nfudk wnfaqmufjcif;
owdjyKEdk;Mum;jcif;onf jrifhrm;aom pGrf;&nfqDodkYoGm;&ef yxr ajcvSrf;jzpfonf/
ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm;onf a&qkdif&mu@twGuf EIdif;,SOfjcif;t& udpöopf
jzpfonf/ jcHKiHkíMunfhvQif a&qkdif&mu@wpfckvHk;wGifvnf;aumif;? a,bk,s vlxkBuD;wGifvnf;aumif;
þa&qkdif&m tjrifESihf usifhoHk;rIrsm;ESihfywfoufí owdjyKEdk;Mum;jcif; r&Sdao;acs/ ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m
r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm; usifhoHk;jcif;wGif atmifjrifratmifjrifqdkonfrSm ]pNyD;vkyfawmhrnf} qkdonfh
yGJOD;xGuf oH"d|mefcscsuftay: trsm;BuD; wnfaeavonf/ xdkYtwGuf jrpf\ tajctaeESihf ywfoufí
owdjyK Edk;Mum;rIudk jr§ifhwifjcif;ESihf &yf&Gm vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGuf taumif;qHk;tusKd;jyKEkdifatmif
BudK;yrf;jcif;rsm;rSm vGefpGm ta&;BuD;vSayonf/
pGrf;&nfrsm;xJrS [muGufrsm;udk &SmazGazmfxkwfa&;ESihf vufOD;rI&Sd&Sd jyKjyifa&;
ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm; 'DZkdif;yHkpHxkwfa&;ESifh taumiftxnfazmfa&;twGuf
rwlaom Zmwfaumif trsKd;rsKd;twGif; pGrf;&nfrsm; wnfaqmufzdkY vdkygonf/ xdkYaMumifh a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;?
enf;ynm trIxrf;rsm;? tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJUrsm;rS tzGJU0ifrsm;ESihf rl0g'csrSwfolrsm;udk avhusifhoifMum;
jcif;rsm; jyK&ef vdkygonf/ xdk Ytwl pDrHudef; csrSwfEk difcGif h&S daom Ek difiHa&;orm;rsm;udkvnf;
ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmudk rxlaxmifcJhonfhtwGuf ay;qyf&aom vlUtzGJUtpnf;qkdif&m
wefzkd;rsm;udk aumif;aumif; oabmaygufvm&ef tcGifhtmPmtyfESif;jcif;? ynmay;jcif;rsm;vnf;
vdktyfygonf/ pGrf;&nf wnfaqmufjcif;bufwGif &if;ES D;jr§KyfES H&ef ysufuGufvpf[if;jcif;onf
a&t&if;tjrpfrsm; tqufrjywf pDrHcefYcGJa&;udk uarmufur jzpfapEkdifavonf/
pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufa&; enf;AsL[mrsm;udk jyKrlvkyfudkifyHk jrefqefpGm ajymif;vJa&;twGufvdkygonf/
xda&mufaom pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufa&; enf;AsL[monf tajccHtpdwftykdif; trsm;tjym;udk wpfpnf;
wpfvHk;wnf; aygif;pyfay;Ekdifavonf/ xdktpdwftydkif;rsm;wGif oifwef;tpDtpOfrsm;? avhvmqef;ppfa&;
tajcc Hr@d Ki fr sm; ? enf;vrf ;r sm;ud k tprf ;oabm toH k ; jy K jci f ;r sm; ? udp öwpfc kc si f ;ud k
tcsdef,lavhvmaeonfh tuGuftuGif;rsm;od k Y vnfywfMunfh½I jcif;rsm;ESih f enf;ynmqkdif&m
tvkyf½HkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; tusHK;0ifavonf/ tedrfhqHk;vdktyfaom owdjyKEdk;Mum;rIESihf todÓPfA[kokw
tqifhudk &&SdNyDqkdonfESihf enf;ynmqkdif&m axmufulaz;rrI? okawoevkyfief;? jynfvHk;qkdif&m
uGefysLwmtcsuftvuf odrf;qnf;rI? uGef&uf pepf oHk;jcif;? owif;qufoG,fa&; xlaxmifjcif; paom
oP²mefrsm;jzihf wpfqifhwuf axmufulrIrsm;ay;&ef vdkayvdrfhrnf/
xiv
trSmtrSmtrSmtrSmtrSm
ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm;onfvG,fulpGmem;vnfEdkifaoma,bk,s tjrif
wpfc k jzp fonf/ ywf0e f ;usi f qk di f&m r& S dr jzp fa&p D ;a&vm qk donfr Sm jrp fr sm;wGi f
a&vHkvHkavmufavmuf usef&S daea&;udk qdkvdkygonf/ vHkavmuf aoma&qdkonfrSmvnf;
atmufzufjrpfa&pD;wpfavQmuf\ ywf0ef;usifqk dif&m? vlrIqk dif&mESih f pD;yGm;a&;qk dif&m
tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;twGuf tmrcHcsuf&atmif pDrHcefYcGJxm;aoma&rsm;udk qdkvdkygonf/ þudpörSm
vG,fulonf[k xifp&m&Sdaomfvnf; awmiftmz&du? MopaMw;vsESihf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwdkY\
a&SUaqmifa&SU&Guf BudK;yrf; csufrsm;udk MunfhvQif xdkr&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm; xlaxmifa&;jzpfpOfonf
tvGefBuD;rm;aom pdefac:rI tcuftcJ rsm;ESihf &ifqkdif&aMumif; txl;ojzihf xdkxlaxmifa&;jzpfpOfudk
bufpHkyl;aygif;onfh pDrHcefYcGJrIrS tpdwftykdif; wpfcktjzpf aqmif&Guf&mwGif tcuftcJBuD;rsm;ESihf
&ifqkdif&aMumif; awGUjrifMu&avonf/
ywf0ef;usi fqk di f&m r&S dr jzp fa&pD;a&vmrsm;twGuf ynm&yfrs K d ;p H k wpfoD BuD;
yl;aygif;xm;jcif;udk vdktyfygonf/ xdkynm&yfrsm;wGif tif*sifeD,mynm? Oya'ynm? abm*aA'?
ZvaA'? Ek di fiHa&;odyÜ HynmESih f owif;qufoG,frIynmrsm; yg0ifygonf/ tvm;wlyif
a&toHk;jyKrItwGuf ,SOfNydKifaeaom tusKd;pD;yGm; trsKd;rsKd; Mum;wGif aygif;ul; wHwm;xkd;ay;rnfh
tusKd;pD;yGm; qufEG,folrsm;twGif; aphpyfn§dEIdif;yGJrsm;vnf; vdktyfygonf/ txl;ojzihf ,SOfNydKifrI
tvGefjyif;xefaeaom jrpf0Srf;rsm;ü xdkaphpyfn§dEIdif;rIrsm; txl;vdktyfvSygonf/
&&Sdvmrnfh tusKd;qkvmbfubmvJ/ a*[pepfrsm; t&SnfwnfwHhap&ef tmrcHrnfh
ydkrd kaumif;rGefonfh pDrHcefYcGJa&;wpfck? toHk;jyKrItrsKd;rsKd;tMum; taumif;qHk;[efcsufnDrIudk
&SmazGay;Ek di frnf h yd kr d kaumif;rGefaom pDrHcef Yc G Ja&;wpfckonf tusK d;qkvmbfjzpfygonf/
a&t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk urÇmESihft0Srf; tvGeftuRHoHk;pGJaerI ESihf xkdodkYtvGeftuRHoHk;pGJrIESihf qufEG,fNyD;
a*[pepfrsm;ESih f a*[pepfrsm;\ tusK d;jyK0efaqmifrIrsm; qkwf,kwf nhHzsif;vmrIwd k Yud k
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;rdygu ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm;onf rvdktyfbJ tysif;ajy
vkyfaeaom udpör[kwfbJ acwfopfa&pDrHcefYcGJa&;rS r&Sdrjzpfvkyfief;wpfck jzpfaMumif;odEkdifygonf/
þcsOf;uyfyHk enf;vrf;udk tESHYtjym; us,fus,fjyefYjyefY taumiftxnfazmfoifhygonf/
þvrf;ñTefpmtkyfonf ]a&ESihf obm0twGuf a&S;OD;aqmif&Guf&efrsm;} vrf;ñTefpmpkrsm;xJrS
'kwd, ajrmuf pmtkyfjzpfNyD; xdkEkdifiHrsm;rS tawGUtMuHKrsm;udk us,fus,fjyefYjyefYoHk;í a&t&if;tjrpf
tpDtpOf pm&if; xJwGif topfay:xGufump þjyóemESihfywfoufí vufawGUydkif; tMuHÓPfrsm;
ay;xm;aom pmtkyf jzpfav onf/ þvrf;ñTefonf avhvmqef;ppfa&;enf;emrsm;ESih f
tajccHtaqmuftODtvkduf tvkdufoifh jyKjyifajymif; vJa&;rsm;uJhodkY enf;ynmudpö&yfrsm;ESihf
ywfoufívnf;aumif;? ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm; xlaxmifjcif;\ pD;yGm;buf?
w&m;Oya'bufESihf EdkifiHa&;bufwdkYESihf ywfoufívnf;aumif; vufawGUvrf;ñTefrI ay;&mwGif
tjcm;aom vuf&Sd pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;xuf trsm;BuD; omavonf/
xv
þvrf;ñTefpmtkyfonf pmtkyfoufouf &Sdaejcif;r[kwfyg/ þpmtkyfonf wefZef;eD;,m;?
udkYpfwm&Dum? AD,uferf? xkdif; uJhodkYaom EkdifiHrsm;wGif ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm;
xlaxmifvd kaom Ek difiHtvkduf tpysK d;vkyfaqmifrI? a'otvkduf tpysK d;vkyfaqmifrIrsm;ud k
axmufula&;rsm;yg0ifaom jzpfpOfwpfckESihf wpfom; wnf; qufpyfaeygonf/ þvrf;ñTefpmtkyfyg
vrf;ñTefrIrsm;onf xdkEdkifiH? xdka'orsm;wGif EdkifiHtvkduf tusKd; pD;yGm; ywfoufolrsm;? uRrf;usifrI
yg&*lrsm;?rl0g'csrSwfolrsm;ESih fta&G;aumufcHt&m&Sdrsm;ESih fvufwGJumvufawGU tprf;oyfcHrnf
jzpfonf/
þvrf;ñTefpmtkyfESihf pmtkyfwGifygaom uGif;qif;tawGUtMuHKrsm;onf tvGefus,fjyefYaom
&yf&Gm vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGuf ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm; taumiftxnfazmf&ef
toifhawmfqHk; enf;vrf;rsm; wDxGifvkyfudkif&ef vrf;zGifhay;xm;ygonf/ (IUCN) tzGJUBuD;onf
a*[pepfrsm;ESih f vlrsm;twGuf a&tvHktavmuf jzef YcG Jae&mcs&ef vd ktyfonfhae&mrsm;ü
rdrdtawGUtMuHKudkrQa0&ef toihf&S dygonf/ wpfEd kifiHcsif;twkdif;twmESih f jzpfap? Ek difiHwum
twkdif;twmjzifhjzpfap qHk;jzwfcsufcsrIrsm; jyKvkyf&mü qGJaqmifwkdufwGef;&mwGif ulnD&efvnf;
toifh&Sdaeygonf/
ywf0ef;usifqk dif&m r&S drjzpfa&pD;a&vmudk vufawGUvkyfaqmif&mwGif vG,fulcsifrS
vG,fulygrnf/ odkYaomf jrpfrsm; tzsufqD;cH&rIESihf xdkzsufqD;rIaMumifh ay:xGufvmaom jrpfrsm;\
ZD0rsK d ;p dwfpH kvifrsm;jym;rI qH k ;½ I H ; jcif;rsm;ESi h f vlUtzG J Utpnf;rS &aeaom tusK d ;p D;y Gm;rsm;
epfemqHk;½IH;jcif;rsm;udkajz&Sif;rnfh rnfonfhBudK;yrf;csufrqdk þr&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmudk tcsuftcsm
tydkif;wpfcktjzpf vkyfukdif&ygrnf/ uREk fyftaejzihf þvrf;ñTefpmtkyfudk ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m
r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm; xlaxmifa&;qdkaom &SnfMumvSonfh wpfcgwpf&HwGif cufcJvSonfh jzpfpOftwGif;
rl0g'csrSwfolrsm;ESihf vufawGUyg0ifol ynm&Sifrsm;twGuf tm;jyKp&m t&if;tjrpfpmtkyf wpfckjzpf&ef
qE´jyKvkdufygonf/
tuf&Sifpwkdif;em;
ñTefMum;a&;rSL;csKyf
(IUCN) urÇmhobm0ywf0ef;usifumuG,fxdef;odrf;a&;or*¾
xvi
xvii
rl&if;pmtkyf\pmwnf;rsm;? pma&;q&mrsm;rl&if;pmtkyf\pmwnf;rsm;? pma&;q&mrsm;rl&if;pmtkyf\pmwnf;rsm;? pma&;q&mrsm;rl&if;pmtkyf\pmwnf;rsm;? pma&;q&mrsm;rl&if;pmtkyf\pmwnf;rsm;? pma&;q&mrsm;
t,f'Dwmrsm;t,f'Dwmrsm;t,f'Dwmrsm;t,f'Dwmrsm;t,f'Dwmrsm; r*¾ef'Dqif? *smbmhuifh? *RefpuefvGef;
pma&;olrsm;pma&;olrsm;pma&;olrsm;pma&;olrsm;pma&;olrsm;
tcef; (1) r*¾ef'Dqif - (MopaMw;vsEkdifiH ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m Oya'ESihf rl0g'tMuHay;)
wGJzufulnDol - a'gufwm *smbmhuifh (IUCN)
tcef; (2) a'gufwmrkdufatumrif (t*FvefEkdifiH u½dk;rwf&Sf*pfzdkY a*[aA'ESihf ZvaA'Xme)
wGJzufa&;om;ol - a'gufwm *sufuDuif;
tcef; (3) avm&ifhpf[m;pf (t*FvefEkdifiH a&t&if;tjrpfrsm; tMuHay;)
tcef; (4) a'gufwm b½kpfhat;vf0yf ('dwf½SL;t&if;tjrpf umuG,fxdef;odrf;a&; -
'dwf½SL;a&ta&mif;t0,fzvS,fa&;Xme)
tcef; (5) a'gufwm t,fvD*sef'½dk tZÆ (IUCN) ESihf *RefpuefvGef (IUCN)
tcef; (6) *RefpuefvGef; (IUCN)
wGJzufulnDol - t,fvf½GdKif;abmhpf (IUCN) ESihf t*Fvmuufpm
tcef; (7) a'gufwm *sufuDuif; (awmiftmz&duEkdifiH udyfawmif;wuúodkvf?
awmifykdif;a'oa&rsm;\ okawoeESihf tMuHay;a&;Xme) ESihf
a'gufwm rkdufatumrpf
xviii
a&pD;a&vm? ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mr&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm pmtkyftm;a&pD;a&vm? ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mr&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm pmtkyftm;a&pD;a&vm? ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mr&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm pmtkyftm;a&pD;a&vm? ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mr&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm pmtkyftm;a&pD;a&vm? ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mr&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm pmtkyftm;
t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkU jyefqdk&mwGif yg0ifaqmif½GufcJ holrsm;t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkU jyefqdk&mwGif yg0ifaqmif½GufcJ holrsm;t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkU jyefqdk&mwGif yg0ifaqmif½GufcJ holrsm;t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkU jyefqdk&mwGif yg0ifaqmif½GufcJ holrsm;t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkU jyefqdk&mwGif yg0ifaqmif½GufcJ holrsm;
1/ a'gufwmcifeDeDodef; wnf;jzwfol
2/ OD;ausmfpdk; bmomjyefqdkol
3/ a':ae&D wGJzufbmomjyefqdkol
4/ OD;cifarmifñGefU bmomjyefqdkrItm;jyefvnfoHk;oyfzwf½Skay;ol
5/ a':csdKcsdK½Sdef bmomjyefqdkrItm;jyefvnfoHk;oyfzwf½Skay;ol
6/ OD;jrifhoef; bmomjyefqdkrItm;jyefvnfoHk;oyfzwf½Skay;ol
7/ a':MuLMuLcif tpDtpOf n§dEIdif;a&;rSL;
8/ a':,Of,Ofpdk; tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m½Sd
9/
a':,Ofat;rdk; jrefrm'DZdkif;jyifqifol
10/ a':arjzLpif pmpDpm½dkufol
11/ OD;xGef;Zmcdkif ½Hk;vufaxmuf
xix
aus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTm
ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vmrsm; jzpfajrmufaprnfh þtpcsD aqmif&Gufcsuf
pmtkyfonf IUCN Water and Natural Initiative ESihf IUCN Environmental Law Programme wdkYrS
bGef;NrdKU tajcpdkuf Environmental Law Centre - IUCN Commission on Environmental Law Water
and Wetlands Specialist Group wdkYudk tajcjyKí IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management
\ tMuHÓPfaxmufulrIrsm;jzihf yl;wGJBudK;yrf;csuf wpfckjzpfygonf/
vltrsm;tjym;onf þpmtky fud k a&;om;olE Si h f wnf; jzwfolrsm;twGuf tvGef Y
tvGefrsm;jym;vSaom ynm&yfrsm;xJrS todynm&yfrsm;udk pkpnf;xkwfEkwf tqDtESpfxkwf&mwGif
tMuHaumif; ÓPfaumif;rsm;? a0zefaxmufjycsufrsm; jyKcJhMuygonf/ þtwGuf tcsdeftm;? vltm;
ulnDcJhMujcif;udk vIdufvSJpGm aus;Zl;wiftyf ygonf/
2002 ck? pufwifbmv *sKd[efeufpfbwfü World Summit on Sustainble Development
xdyfoD; tpnf;ta0; usif;yaecsdefwGif IUCN Environment Centre wGifvnf; ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m
r&Sdrjzpfa&pD;a&vm rsm;ESihf ywfoufí tvkyf½HkaqG;aEG;yGJwpfckudk IUCN rS usif;yay;cJhonf/
wuf
þpmtkyfudk jrefrmbmomodk Y bmomjyefqdk&jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsuf ESif hþpmtkyfudk jrefrmbmomodk Y bmomjyefqdk&jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsuf ESif hþpmtkyfudk jrefrmbmomodk Y bmomjyefqdk&jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsuf ESif hþpmtkyfudk jrefrmbmomodk Y bmomjyefqdk&jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsuf ESif hþpmtkyfudk jrefrmbmomodk Y bmomjyefqdk&jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsuf ESif h
a&? okawoeESihf avhusifha&;ynmXme \ aus;Zl;wifvTma&? okawoeESihf avhusifha&;ynmXme \ aus;Zl;wifvTma&? okawoeESihf avhusifha&;ynmXme \ aus;Zl;wifvTma&? okawoeESihf avhusifha&;ynmXme \ aus;Zl;wifvTma&? okawoeESihf avhusifha&;ynmXme \ aus;Zl;wifvTm
jrefrmEkdifiHonf opfyifawmawmifa&ajrqdkif&m o,HZmw? obm0tvStyrsm;MuG,f0pGmjzifh
tvGefpdkajypdrf;vef;om,maom a'owpfckjzpfygonf/ þodkYvSyMunfEl;zG,f&mpdrf;vef;pdkajyí
¤if;ywf0ef;usifwGif aexdkifMuaom vltrsm;\pm;0wfaea&;udk jznfhqnf;ay;Ekdifaom obm0
ywf0ef;usif? awm? awmif? pHkNrdKif? jrpf? acsmif;? yifv,f? ork'´&mrsm;? a&eufuGif;rsm;ESifh 4if;wdkYtwGif;
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þ a&pD;a&vma&pD;a&vma&pD;a&vma&pD;a&vma&pD;a&vm pmtkyfonf IUCN (The World Conservation Union) rS xkwfa0aom
Flow - The essentials of environmental flows pmtkyftm; t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmomodkY jyefqdk
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IUCN (The World Conservation Union) Asia Regional Office ESifh yl;aygif;yg0ifulnDcJhaom Mr.John
Dore, Former Coordinator, Regional Wetlands and Water Resources Programme, Ms. Qin Liyi,
Programme Officer, Regional Water and Wetlands Programme, IUCN Asia Regional Office
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