Cindy Cisneros Tiangco, PhDSenion Energy Specialist

Energy Division

Central and West Asia Department

ctiangco@adb.org

Floating Solar Prospects in Central and West Asia Regional Knowledge and Support Technical Assistance

Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyz Republic

Monthly variation of Theoretical Global

Horizontal Irradiation in the Region

(solar photovoltaic potential)

Average Annual Global Horizontal

Irradiation In the Region with

Cumulative constraints

GHI data based upon 12 year half hourly satellite images; Validated by 92 measuring stations worldwide.Accuracy of GHI estimates is around +/- 5%; provides good

quality prediction of long term average irradianceFor more details see

http://www.3tier.com/static/ttcms/us/documents/publications/validations/3TIER_Global_Solar_Validation.pdf.

Central and West Asia Solar PV Resources

Weighted exclusion factors

applied for:

Practical Resources:

• Airports/runway alignments,

railroads, urban areas,

pipelines

• National borders (5 km buffer)

• Areas with population density >

100 persons/km2

• Areas >20km away from roads

(for construction access)

• seismic danger areas

• Areas with elevation >3000m

or slopes >10%

Ecological Resources

• Snow and ice areas, shifting

sand dunes and salt pans,

tundra, swampland, All

environmentally protected

areas

“The boundaries, colors, denominations, and any other information shown on all maps in this

presentation do not imply, on the part of the Asian Development Bank, any judgment on the legal

status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries, colors,

denominations, or information.”

Generation mix, potential and installed capacity, NDC targets

– (AFG, AZE, KGZ)

Afghanistan Azerbaijan Kyrgyz

Republic

Power

generation

capacity

(MW,

share %)

Total 520 7,905 3,786

Thermal 200 (38.5%) 6,764 (85.5%) 716 (18.9%)

Hydro 254 (48.9%) 1,105 (14%)3,070

(81.1%)

Wind - -

Others 65 (12.5%) 35 (0.5%)

Potential

and

Installed

PV

capacity

Technical

Potential220,000 MW 115,200 MW 267,000 MW

Installed

capacity

A 20MW ADB

financed

project is

being tendered

Around 35MW None

Carbon

Dioxide

(CO2)

emissions

and NDC

targets

million tons

CO2a

8.66 32.73 7.05

Tons

CO2/capitaa0.27 3.36 1.19

NDCb-13.6% by

2030-35% by 2030

-11.4% to -

13.75% by

2030

Southwest Asia – Afghanistan, Pakistan

Caucasus – Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia

Central Asia – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic,

Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

Proposed KSTA Reg: Floating Solar Energy Development –(AFG, AZE, KGZ)

Rationale

• CWRD countries are heavily reliant on either fossil fuels, hydropower, or imported fuels and

power, which make them carbon-intensive, energy insecure, and vulnerable to climate and

external supply shocks.

• Solar potential is untapped due to lack of technical skills and knowledge on new technologies,

costs, benefits and financing options.

• The cost of solar energy has decreased rapidly in recent years, offering impetus for these

countries to diversify to indigenous low-carbon technologies to enhance energy security

and reduce emissions.

• Undiversified power supply in target countries: Azerbaijan, 85% fossil fuels; Kyrgyz

Republic, 90% hydro; Afghanistan, 80% imported

• Significant potential for replication in Kazakhstan, Georgia, and Pakistan, and rest of Asia.

Approach and Components:

• Pilot testing and scaling up assessment of emerging ‘floating‘ solar photovoltaic (FPV)

technology;

• business models formulation to encourage private sector participation;

• institutional capacity building (hands-on training through pilots, regional training via CAREC,

study tours to leading FPV countries)

Floating PV Technology

PV suitable for water environmentPV modules Floating

system

Mooring device Under water or

floating DC cable

Inverters / substation

PV + floating system Core technology

Under water or floating cable connection to the local power grid

Stable floating system

Mooring device to adapt to

changes in water level

Source: www.solarplaza.com; true figures as of April 2016. Over 70 installations worldwide by end 2017

Compared to over

300GW installed land-

based PV capacity

worldwide, only 70 FPV

plants (capacity 700kW

or higher) totaling 200

MW were in operation

by end of 2017. Japan

has the most number of

plants. China has the

largest at 40 MW, with

50 and 70 MW plants

coming online this year.

Several small plants are

in operation or under

construction in Italy,

Singapore, South

Korea, UK, USA and

others.

Development Status

Rapid growth in the past 3 years

Floating PV Technology – Design Considerations

Ciel et Terre HydrelioR system

Solaris Synergy System

Takiron Engineering

Sumitomo Mitsui

Koine Multimedia

FloatrackerR

technology by

❑ PV moduleso follow more stringent requirements than land-based modules due to exposure

to humid environments; anti-corrosion measures; high quality sealants;

❑ Floating platformo floats are typically made of HDPE (high density poly-ethylene), known for

its tensile strength, UV and corrosion resistance; other materials are metal-fibre glass frame structures or ferro-cement

o Commercially-available technologies:

Floating PV Technology – Design Considerations

❑ Anchoring and mooring system

o Anchoring at the banks - most cost-effective anchoring system using tipping

plate anchors

✓ Not always systematically applicable as dependent on shape of reservoir

and solar island

o Anchoring at the bottom using

tipping plate anchors or dead weights for hard soil, rocks or concrete

❑ Inverters

o centralized or string; on land or floating (water proof with good

ventilation). Central inverter on land

is usually preferred but comes with higher DC cable costs.

Floating PV Technology

❑ AC cableso used for transferring electricity

from floating platform to land if inverters are placed on the floating platform

o should have high temperature resistance; have excellent weather proofing characteristics; IP68 standard for underwater cables

o Options:✓ Regular DC or AC cable on the

water surface lifted by buoys✓ Submerged cable in a water

proof conduit✓ Underwater (marine) cable set

up – least preferred option

Credit: Kyocera TCL Solar LLC

Credit: Ciel et Terre

❑ DC cables

o copper wires and should be extremely robust and resist high mechanical load and abrasion; If encased in waterproof module junction boxes and not

submerged in water, regular DC cables can be used.

Benefits of Floating PV Systems

Water surface use vis-à-vis

requirement for land

Forests & farmlands

conservation

Higher efficiency /

higher generation

- due to natural cooling effect of water on the panels and electrical

equipment

Water retention /

healthy ecosystems

Water conservation

Clean energy production

Power in remote areas

Land optimization

Climate friendly

FPV advantages over land-based PV.

• frees up land for other uses and

saves on land acquisition or

preparation and civil works cost;

• allows higher yields (15% more) due

to the cooling effect of water, which

could make up for its higher cost;

• conserves water through reduced

evaporation;

• is quick to install; and,

• addresses energy-water-food- climate

nexus (reducing algal bloom and

increasing water clarity and fish

growth.

Applications of Floating PV Systems

- Industrial water ponds - Quarry/mine lakes - Irrigation reservoirs

- Desalinization reservoirs - Water treatment sites - Drinking water surfaces

- Aquaculture Farms - Dams / Canals - Retention ponds

HYDROPOWER

DAM

Alto Rabagão, PT – 220 kWp

FPV System Cost Breakdown

• App. 1.135 USD/Wp - (module cost 0.34 USD/Wp)

• Grid-connection highly project dependent

• No purchase of land, no civil works / ground preparation

30%

21%17%

13%

10%

6% 3%

Modules Floating structure Electrical work

Infrastructure Contingency Inverter

Grid connection

Source: SERIS

RE-KSTA FSED: Potential Pilot Sites

AfghanistanNaghlu Reservoir /

Lake Qargha

Azerbaijan Lake Boyukshor

Kyrgyzstan Toktogul Reservoir

- Qargha lake; recreational

area developed for trout

fishing, and hatchery (~25

MW potential)

- Naghlu Reservoir (over 200

MW potential

- The largest of 9 lakes in the

Absheron peninsula

- Saline and was used as a

dumping site; on-going

remediation program (over

500 MW potential)

- The largest reservoir in

Central Asia, feeds

1,200MW HPP

- (over 20 GW potential)

Project sites have huge potential for scale up, replication and showcasing various configurations, uses and benefits of

FPV:

1. Qargha dam and reservoir in AFG: used for recreation and trout fishing and hatchery and is planned to supply additional

drinking water to Kabul, provide irrigation, and feed a hydropower plant (HPP). Water conservation is essential in this dry and

rugged topography. Qargha lake could fit at least 25 MW, while the Naghlu reservoir* could theoretically fit at least 200 MW of

FPV.

2. Lake Boyukshor in AZE is saline and used as a dumping site for sewage and oil effluents. FPV could demonstrate climate -

resilient lake restoration while displacing fossil-based power. The lake could theoretically fit 500 MW FPV and there are 8 more

such lakes in Baku.

3. The 1,200 MW Toktogul HPP and reservoir supplies 40% of KGZ power, exports power and provides irrigation water to

Uzbekistan. FPV could balance the seasonality of hydro with year-round generation. The lake could theoretically fit over 20 GW

of FPV.

Implementation arrangements and counterpart in-kind contribution

• ADB will be the TA executing agency working with the country executing agencies and CAREC-ESCC country focal persons.

• The counterparts are: Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat (DABS), the Ministry of Energy and OJSC Temiz Shahar of Azerbaijan,

and OJSC Electric Power Plants (EPP) of the Kyrgyz Republic.

• he TA consultants will support TA administration and coordination, working closely with, assisting, and training the existing

project management units (PMUs) in DABS, EPP and Temiz Shahar.

• The country counterparts and their PMUs will provide data, office space, and technical staff, and assist in data collection,

meeting arrangements and others, needed to accomplish the tasks. The TA is expected to be implemented over 31 months.

* The ADB-funded 20 MW land-based PV plant expected to be constructed in 2018 is 2 km away from and will be connected to the 100 MW Naghlu HPP

Processing Milestones Expected Completion Date

Fact-finding completed January 2018

Aide-mémoire confirmed March 2018

TA Concept clearance and TA letter confirmed May 2018

Consultant mobilization June 2018

RE-KSTA FSED: Indicative Schedules

Implementation (31 months)

Q2 2018 Q3 2018 Q4 2018

Q1 2019 Q2 2019 Q3 2019-Q4 2020

1. Pilot and scaled-up FPV projects

1.1 site/tech assessment

1.2 F/S, Tender docs

1.3 Procurement; Design-Build

1.4 1-year O&M services

1.5 Feasibility studies for commercial projects

2. Business models

2.1 Review policies and identify gaps

2.2 Complete and disseminate tariff and policy study report

2.3 Prepare model tender documents and request for

proposals

3. Institutional capacity building

3.1 identify current capacity and training needs

3.2 Design training program

3.3 Organize and conduct training, study tours and conferences

Preliminary Yield Estimates – Kyrgyz Republic

• Total year: 1,500 kWh/kWp.year or 1 MW installed = 1,500 MWh/year

• Optimal PV installed capacity for hybrid operation with HPPs must be investigated (hourly, daily, monthly and seasonal production profiles

• Potential for scale up of pilots and replication within the pilot country and elsewhere in the region will be assessed

0

50

100

150

200

250

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Spe

cifi

c y

ield

[kW

h/k

Wp

.mth

]

2 MW floating solar project on Boryeong

dam reservoir, South KoreaTechnology/Developer: Posmac/K-water

40MW floating solar project on former coal

mining region, Anhui, ChinaTechnology/Developer: Sungrow Power

Examples of floating solar PV installations

Installation of Juam Dam

2.4kW Research Equipment

Installation of

Hapcheon dam 500kW commercial plant

Installation of Boryeong

dam 2MW plant

Installation of Inje

110kW Research Equipment for wetland

24

Hapcheon dam 100kW

Demonstration plantdevelopment launched

Installation of Sihwa

20kW Research Equipment for sea

On-going Research & Development (Korea)

Source:

On-going Research & Development (Singapore)

Source:Floating PV test beds

200 kW floating solar farm in Sheeplands Farm, Berkshire, UK

Application: renewable energy on-site to power the reservoir’s pump for farm irrigation

Technology/Developer: Hydrelio by C&T/Floating Solar UK

6.3 MW floating solar farm in London’s Queen Elizabeth II reservoir

Application: power for water treatment works of Thames Water (water provider to London

& Thames valley communities)

Technology/Developer: Hydrelio by C&T/Lightsource RE UK

2 MW floating solar project on Boryeong dam

reservoir, South KoreaApplication: power generation for 700 homes

Technology/Developer: Posmac/K-water

Rendering of the 13.7MW plant on the Yamakura Dam reservoir, Chiba, Japan (2018)

Application: grid-connected power generation to power approximately 4,970 households

Technology/Developer: Kyocera TCL Solar LLC

40MW floating solar project on former

coal mining region, Anhui, ChinaApplication: power generation for

15,000 homesTechnology/Developer: Sungrow

Power

343 kWp floating solar plant on an irrigation pond, Savona, Italy

Application: power generation (grid-connected)

Technology/Developer: Ciel et Terre