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THE DUBLIN STATE

REPORTOF THE COaT7l—ICWE92~973

9

MEMBERS OF THE UNITED NATIONS ADMINISTRATIVECOMMITTEE ON COORDINATION

INTER-SECRETARIAT GROUP FOR WATER RESOURCES(ACC/ISGWR)

United Nations Department of International Economic and Social Affairs (UN/DIESA)United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development (UN/DTCD)United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)United Nations University (UNU)United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UN/ECA)United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE)United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UN/ECLAC)United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN/ESCAP)United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (UN/ESCWA)United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS/HABITAT)United Nations Disaster Flelief Coordinator, Office of the (UNDRO)International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW)World Food Programme ~WFP)International Labour Organization (ILO)Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)World Health Organization (WHO)World Bank (IBRD)World Meteorological Organization (WMO)United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)

The ICWE logo

Constructed in a similar way as traditional celtic knotworkthe ICWE LOGO represents 3 elements:

unification of people - symbolized by interconnecting knots and the joining of 5 continents;- enlightenment - the burning flame depicting time and the urgency of the environment

dilemma;- nature - the droplet of water falling on a flower shaped like the Gentian which grows in the

Burren - a world famous habitat in the West of Ireland.

Developmentissuesfor the 2 kr ceriwr~26 - 31 Januarv1992. Dublin. Ireland

ICWE Secretariardo World MereorologicalOrganizatton

41. Gtuseppe-MottaCasepostale~U 2300CH 1211 GenevaSwitzerland

No. 37.819/H/D/Misc.

Dear ColleaguE~ ‘~V’~1As a follow—up to the Incernat:onal Conference on Water

and the Enviror~ment 1 am happy to enclose copies of the f:nalDublin Statement and Report of the Conference. This volume isavailable in the six official United Natioiis languages and furthercopies are available on request from my office.

1 believe that the Dublin Conference was a great successthanks to the efforts of all participants- May 1 take thisopportunity of wishing you every success in your future endeavcurs.

ChairmanSte ring Conimittee for ICWE

To all participants in the International Conference on Waterand the Environnient

Co - sponsored by the members of the United Nations ACC Inter-Secretartat Group for Water Resources (ISGWR)

r

United Nations Depaitment ot Internattonai Economic and Social Affairs DIESA(United Naiioi,S Depailment ot Tectirscai Co-operatlon lor (Developmeni (DTCD(United NatIons Chuidren Fund (UNICEF)United Nations Oevelopmont Programme (UNOP)United Nations Ertviroriment Proçrammø (UNEP)United Nations UrtIiJerSity (UNU1Econonuc Commiasion toq AIFICS (ECA)Econonilc Coinmisoton lor Europe (ECE)Econornic Commieaiofl‘or Lans America and liie Cariobean (ECLAC)Economt and S~aatGoinmisston lor Mia and liie Facific ESCAP)Eonomic and SocaJ Commasion lor Western Asia IESCWA(United Nations Geuite for Human Se(Ilements (HABITAT)

United Nations Disasier Reliel Co-oroinator. OlIfoe of the (UNORCIIntemationat Researcn and Training Institute lor the Advancement of Women (INSTAAWWoudFooc Programma (WFP)International La0our Organization ilLO)F~odand Agrtc~iiureOrganicason al lie United Nations (FAO)United Nations Educatthrial Sciensuic and Cuitural Orçantzatton UNESCOIWorld Healtii Organinstion iWHO)World Banl i1BRQiWorld Meteorotogical ~rganization (WMO(United Natiors Iicustritii Development Organizatlon (UNIDO(International Atornic Ertergy Agericy (IAEA)United Nations Conlerønce art Env’ronnient and DeVelO(Jmeflt (UNCED)

t\ ‘.iot~Na~icins

TelFaxTelex:

(—41) 227303259(+41)227401439414 199 OMM CH

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WATER AND THE ENVIRONMENT:

Annexes: 204.08.92 58500

Geneva, 22 July 1992

International Conference onWater and the Environment:Developrnent Issues for the 2lst century

26—31 January 1992, Dublin, Ireland

THE DUBLIN STATEMENTAND

REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE

H~RY, INTERNATIONAL REFE~ENCE~ COMMUNITY WATER SUPPL’{

t A~:~~- ftRG)

‘~l~tt(J,2509 AD The Hagu~~.,tD) 814911 ext. 141/142

~:M \c~1~2~

For furtherinformationpleasecontact

NOTE

The designationsemployedand the presentationof material in this publication donot imply the expressionof any opinion whatsoeveron the part of the UnitedNationsor that of its specializedagenciesconcerningthelegal statusof anycountry,territory, city or area,or of its authorities,or concerningthe delimitation of itsfrontiers or boundaries.

Theviews andopinionsin thekeynotepapersdo not necessarilyrepresentor reflectthoseof the United Nationsand its specializedagencies,or anyof their memberStates.

Director, HydrologyandWater ResourcesDepartmentWorld MeteorologicalOrganization

41, AvenueGiuseppe-MottaCasePostale2300CH-1211Geneva2

Switzerland

TelFaxTix

i-41 22+41 22+41 41 99

73081 11734 23 26OMMCH

ii

FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTORS To THE INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE ON WATER AND THE ENVIRONMENT

AUSTRALIACANADACOMMISSIONOF EUROPEANCOMMUNITIESFINLAND =

FRANCE (ORSTOM) -

GERMANYIRELANDNETHERLANDSNORWAYSWEDENSWITZERLANDUNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NÖRTHERNIRELANDUNITED STATES OF AMERICA

UnitedNationsDepartmentofTechnicalCo-operationfor Development(UN/DTCD)UnitedNationsChildren’s Fund(UNICEF)UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP)UnitedNationsCentrefor HumanSettlements(UNCHS/HABITAT)FoodandAgriculture Organizationofthe United Nations(FAQ)UnitedNationsEducational,Scientificand CulturalOrganization(UNESCO)World HealthOrganization(WHO)World Bank (IBRD)World MeteorologicalOrganizatlon(WMO)InternationalAtomic EnergyAgency (IkEA)UnitedNationsConferenceon Environmentand Development(UNCED)

British HydrologicalSocielyInternationalCouncilof ScientificUnlonsInternationalAssoclationof HydrologicalSciences

CONTENTS

Page

Preface VII

The Dublin statement 1

Reportof the Conference 9

1. Introduction 11

2. Integratedwaterresourcesdevelopmentandmanagement 13

3. Waterresourcesassessmentandimpactsof climate changeon water resources 17

4. Protectionof waterresources,waterquality andaquaticecosystems 22

5. Waterandsustainableurbandevelopmentanddrinking watersupplyand sanitationin theurbancontext 28

6. Waterfor sustainablefoodproductionandrural developmentanddrinking watersupplyandsanitationin therural context 33

7. Mechanismsfor implementationandco-ordinationatinternational,nationalandlocal levels 38

8. Optionsfor follow-up 42

Annex1—List of participantsattendingtheconference 44

Annex11—Thegeneralconferenceprogramme 55

VII

PretaceTheInternationalConferenceon Water andthe Environment(IGWE) was held In Dublin,Ireland,from 26 to 31 January1992. IGWEprovidedthemajarinput on freshwaterproblemsto theUnitedNationsConferenceon EnvironmentandDevelopment(UNCED), convenedInRio deJaneiro,Brazil, June1992. It was alsothemostsignificiantglobal conferenceon watersincetheUnited NationsWaterConferenceheldin Mardel Plata,Argentina,In 1977.

Hostedby the Governmentof Irelandand convenetiby the World MeteorologicalOrganization(WMO) on behalfof the morethan20 bodiesandagenciesof theUN systemwhich are representedon the UN AdministrativeCommitteeon Co-ordinationInter-SecretarlatGroup for WaterResources(ACC/ISGWR), the Cônferencewasattendedby 500participantsfrom 114 countlies,38 non-govemmentalorganizations,14 inter-governmentalorganizationsand28 UN bodiesandagencies.

The main objectivesof theConferencewere: -

(a) To assessthecurrentstatusof theworld’s freshwater resources In relation to presentandfuturewaterdemandsandto identify prlority issuesfor the 1990s;

(b) To developco-ordinatedInter-sectoralapproachestowardsmanagingtheseresourcesby strengthenlngthelinkagesbetweenthevarlouswaterprogrammes;

(c) To formuiateenvironmentallysustainablestrategiesandactionprogrammesfor the1990sandbeyondto bepresentedto the UNCED EarthSummit;

(d) To brlngtheaboveIssues,strateglesandactlonsto theattentionofgovemmentsasa basisfor nationalprogrammesandto Increaseawarenessof theenvironmentalconsequencesanddevelopmentalopportunitiesin improvingthemanagementof waterresources.

Themajorpartof the Work of the Conferencewasundertakenwithin six WorkingGroupswhich addressed:

(a) IntegratedWaterResourcesDevelopmentandManagement;(b) WaterResourcesAssessmentand [mpactsof ClimateChangeon WaterResources;(c) ProtectionofWaterResources,WaterQuality andAqüatic Ecosystems;(d) Water andSustainableUrban Developmentand Drinking WaterSupply and

Sanitationin the UrbanContext;(e) Waterfor SustainableFoodProductionandRuralDevelopmentand Drinking Water

SupplyandSanitatlonin theRuralContext;(f~ Mechanismsfor ImplementatlonandCo-ordinationat Global, National, Regional

andLocal Levels.

Thetwo main outputsoftheConference,theDublin Staternentandthe Reportof theConferencearepresentedhere.Theywereconsideredat thefourth PreparatoryComrnitteeforUNCED, which met in New York during March—April 1992. Manyof the recoinmendatlonsfrom ICWE wereincluded in the FreshwaterSectionof the UNCED Agenda21 document.They will alsobe of valuein manyother fora concernedwith the seriousprob]ems ofoptimizingtheuseof freshwaterresourcesIn theyearsahead.

ci c2 ~

J.C.I. Dooge C. CandanedoChairman Rapporteur

of theConference of theConference

THE DUBLIN STATEMENT

THE DUBLIN STATEMENTON WATER AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Scarcityandmisuseof freshwaterposea seriousandgrowing threattosustainabledevelopmentandprotectionof theenvironment.Human

healthandwelfare,lood security,industrial developmentandtheecosys-temsonwhich theydepend,areall at risk, unlesswaterandlandresourcesaremanagedmoreeffectively in thepresentdecadeandbeyondthanthey

havebeenin the past.

Five hundredparticipants,inciudinggovernment-designatedexpertsfroma hundredcountriesandrepresentativesof eighty international,

intergovernmentalandnon-governmentalorganizationsattendedtheInternationalConferenceon Waterandthe Environment(ICWE) in

Dublin, Ireland,on 26—31 January1992.Theexpèrtssawtheemergingglobal waterresourcespictureascritical. At its closingsession,the

Conferenceadoptedthis Dublin StaternentandtheConferenceReport.The problemshighlightedarenot speculativein nature;for aretheylikely

to affectourplanel:only in thedistantfuture.Theyarehereandtheyaffect humanitynow.Thefuture survivalof manymillions of people

demandsimmediateandeffectiveaction.

The Conferenceparticipantscall for fundamentalnewapproachesto theassessment,developmentandmanagementof freshwaterresources,which

canonly bebroughtaboutthroughpolitical commitmentandinvolve-ment from thehighestlevelsof governmentto thesmallestcommunities.Commitmentwill needto be backedby substantialandimmediateinvest-ments,public awarenesscampaigns,legislativeandinstitutionalchanges,technologydevelopment,andcapacitybuilding programmes.Underlying

all thesemustbea greaterrecognitionof theinterdependenceof allpeoples,andof their placein thenaturalworld.

In commendingthis Dublin Statementto theworld leadersassembledattheUnitedNationsConferenceon Environrnen~tandDevelopment

(UNCED) in Rio deJaneiroinJune1992, theConferenceparticipantsurgeall governmentsto study carefullythe specificactivitiesandmeansof

implementationrecommendedin the ConferenceReport,andto translatethoserecomniendationsinto urgentactionprogrammesfor

WATER AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.

4 International conference on water and the environment

GUIDING PRINCIPLES

Concertedactionis neededto reverse the present trends of overconsumption, poilu-tion, and rising threatsfrom droughtand floods. The ConferenceReportsets Outrecommendationsfor actionat local, nationalandinternationallevels,basedon fourguidingprinciples.

Principle No. 1 — Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource,essentialto sustain life, development and the environment

Sincewatersustainslife, effective management of water re.sources demands a holisticapproach, linking socialand economic development with protection of natural ecosys-tems. Effective management links land and water uses across the whole of a catchrnentarea or groundwater aquifer.

Principle No. 2 — Water development and managementshould be ba.sedona participatory approach, involving users, planners andpolicy-makers at all levels

The participatory approach involves raising awareness of the impQrtanceof wateramong policy-makers and the general public. It means that decisions are taken at thelowest approprtate level, witli full public consultation and involvement of users in theplanning and implementation of water projects. =

Principle No. 3 -Women play a central part in the provislon, manage-ment and safeguarding of water

This pivotal role of womenasprovidersandusersof waterandguardiansof thelivingenvironmenthasseldombeenreflectedin institutionalarrangementsfor thedevelop-ment and managementof water resources.Acceptancean11 implementationof thisprinciplerequirespositivepoliciesto addresswomen’sspecificneedsandto equipandempowerwomento participateat all levelsin waterresourcesprograffirnes,inciudingdecision-makingandimplementation,in waysdefinedby them.

Principle No. 4—Water hasan economic value in all its competing usesand should be recognizedasan ecqnomicgood

Within this principle, it is vital to recognizefirst thebasicright of all humanbeingstohaveaccessto cleanwaterandsanitationat anaffordableprice. Pastfailure to recog-nize theeconomicvalueof waterhasled to wastefulandenvironmentallydamagingusesof the resource.Managingwaterasan ecoriomicgooti is an important wayofachievingefficient andequitableuse,andof encouragingconservationandprotectionof waterresources.


THE ACTION AGENDA

Basedon thesefour guidingprinciples,theConferenceparticipantsdevelopedrecom-mendationswhichenablecountriesto tackletheirwaterresourcesproblemson a widerangeof fronts. The major benefitsto comefrom implementationof theDublinrecommendationswill be:

Alievlation of povertyand disease

At thestartof the 1990s,morethanaquarterof the world’s populationstill lack thebasichumanneedsof enoughfood to eat,acleanwatersupplyandhygienic ineansofsanitation.The Conferencerecommendsthat priority be given in waterresourcesdevelopmentandmanagementto theacceleratedprovisionof food, waterandsanita-tion to theseunservedmillions.

Protection against natural disasters

Lack of preparedness,often aggravatedby lack of data,meansthat droughtsandfloods takea hugetoll in deaths,miseryandeconomicloss. Economiclossesfromnaturaldisasters,including floods anddroughts,increasedthree-foldbetweenthe1960sandthe 1980s.Developmentis being setback for yearsin somedevelopingcountries,becauseinvestrnentshavenotbeenmadein basicdatacollectionanddisas-ter preparedness.Projecteciclimatechangeandrising sea-levelswill intensify the riskfor some,while alsothreateningthe apparentsecuntyof existingwaterresources.

Damagesand lossof life from floods anddroughts canIe drasticallyreducedby thedisasterpreparednessactionsrecommendedin theDublin ConferenceReport.

Water conservatlon and reuse

Currentpatternsof wateruseinvolve excessivewaste.Thereis greatscopefor watersavingsin agriculture,in industryandin domesticwatersupplies.

Irrigated agricultureaccountsfor about80% of water~ithdrawals in theworld. Inrnanyirrigation schernes,up to 60%of this water is lost ôn its way from the sourcetothe plant. More efficient irrigation practiceswill lead to substantialfreshwatersavings.

Recyclingcould reducetheconsumptionof manyindustrial consumersby 50% ormore, with the additional benefit of reducedpollution. Application of the ‘polluterpays’principle andrealisticwaterpricingwill encourage~conservationandreuse.0naverage,36%of the waterproduced by urban water utilities in developingcountriesis‘unaccountedfor’. Bettermanagementcouldreducethesecostly losses.

Combinedsavingsin agriculture,industryanddomesticwatersuppliescould signifi-cantiy deler investrnentin costly new water-resouriedevelopmentand haveenormousimpacton the sustainabilityof future supplies.More savingswill come =

from multiple useof water.Compliancewith effectivedischargestandards,basedonnewwaterprotectionobjectives,will enablesuccessivedownstrearnconsumerstoreusewaterwhich presentlyis toocontaininatedafterthëfirst use.

6 International conference on water çind the envlronment

Sustalnabie urban development

The sustainabilityof urbangrowth is threatenedby curtailmentof thecopioussuppliesof cheapwater,asa resultof thedepletionanddegradationcausedby pastprofligacy. After a generationor moreof excessivewateruseandrecklessdischargeofmunicipalandindustrial wastes,thesituationin themajority of theworld’s majorcitiesIs appallingandgettingworse.As waterscardtyandpollution forcedevelopmentof evermoredistantsources,marginalcostsof meetingfresh demandsare growingrapidly. Futureguaranteedsuppliesmustbe basedon appropriatewaterchargesanddischargecontrols. Residualcontaminationof landandwatercanno longerbeseenasa reasonabletrade-offfor the jobsandprosperitybroughtby industrial growth.

Agrlculturai productlon and rural water supply

Achieving food securityis a high priority in manycountries,andagriculturemustnotonlyprovidelood for risingpopulations,butalsosavewaterfor otheruses.Thechallengeis todevelopandapplywater-savingtechnologyandmanagementmethods,and, throughcapadtybuilding, enablecornmunitiesto introduceinstitutionsandincentivesfor therural populationto adoptnewapproaches,for both rainfedandirrigatedagriculture.Therural populationmust alsohavebetteraccessto apotablewatersupplyandto sanitationservices.It is an immensetask, but notan impossibleone, providedappropriatepoliciesandprogrammesareadoptedat all levels—local,nationalandinternational.

Protectlng aquatic ecosysterns

Wateris a vital part of theenvironmentanda homefor manyforrns of life on whichthe weil-being of huinans ultirnately depends. Disruption of fiows hasreducedtheproductivity of manysuchecosystems,devastatedfisheries;agricultureandgrazing,andmarginalizedtherural communitieswhichrely on these.Various kindsof pollu-tion, inciuding transboundarypollution, exacerbatetheseproblems,degradewatersupplies,requiremore expensivewatertreatment,destroy~aquaticfauna,and denyrecreationopportunities. =

Integratedmanagementof river basinsprovidesthe opportunity to safeguardaquaticecosysterns,andmaketheirbenefitsavailableto societyon asastainablebasis.

Resolvlng water confilcts

Themostappropriategeographticalentity for theplanning-andmanagementof waterresourcesis theriver basin,inciLiding surfaceandgroundwater.Ideally, theeffective inte-gratedplanningand developmentof transboundaryriver or lake basinshassimilarinstitutional requireinentsto abasinentirelywithin one country.Theessentialfunctionof existinginternationalbasinorganizationsis oneof reconcilingandharmonlzingtheinterests of ripariancountries,monitoringwaterquantityandquality, developmentofconcertedactionprogrammes,exchangeof information,andènforcingagreements.-

In thecomingdecades,managementof internationalwatersliedswill greatly increasein irnportance.A highpriority shouldthereforebegivento thepreparationandimple-mentationof integratedmanagementplans,endorsedby all affectedgovernmentsandbackedby internationalagreernents.


The enabilng environment

Implementationof action programmesfor waterand sustainabledevelopmentwillrequirea substantialinvestment,not only in the capital projectsconcerned,but,crucially, in building the capacityof peopleandinstitutionsto planand implementthoseprojects. -

The knowiedge base

Measurement of components of the water cycle, in quantity and quality, and of othercharacteristics of the environmentaffecting waterare i~inessentialbasis for under-taking effectivewatermanagement.Researchandanalysis techniques, applied on aninterdisciplinarybasis,permit theunderstandingof thesedataandtheir applicationtomany uses. =

With the threat of global warming due to increasinggreenhouse gas concentrationsinthe atinosphere, the needfor measurementsanddata exchange on the hydrologicalcycle on a global scaleis evident. The dataarerequiredto understandboth theworld’sclimate system and the potentialirnpactson waterresourcesof clirnatechangeandsealevel rise.All countriesmustparticipateand,wherenecessary,beassistedto takepart inthe global monitoring, the stucly of the effectsandthe~developrnentof appropriateresponsestrategies. - - -

Capacity building

All actions identified in the Dublin ConferenceReport requireweil-trainedandqualifiedpersonnel.Counl:riesshouldidentify, aspartof nationaldevelopmentplans,training needsfor water-resourcesassessmentandmanagement,andtakestepsinter-nally and, if necessarywith technicalco-operationagencies,to providethe requiredtraining, and working conditions which help to retain the trained personnel.

Governmentsmustalsoassesstheir capacityto equiptheir waterandotherspecialiststo implement the full range of activities for integratedwater-resourcesmanagement.This requiresprovisionof anenablingenvironmentin te~rnsof institutional andlegalarrangements,includingthosefor effectivewater-demaid management.

Awarenessraisingis a vital partof aparticipatoryapproachto waterresourcesmanage-ment. Information, educationandcommunicationsupportprogrammesmustbeanintegralpart of thedevelopmentprocess. -

Foliow-up

Experiencehasshownthat progresstowardsimplementingthe actionsandachievingthe goalsof water prograrninesrequiresfollow-up mechanisrnsfor periodic assess-mentsat nationalandinternationallevels.

In theframeworkof the follow-up proceduresdevelopedby UNCED foi Agenda21, allGovernmentsshould initiate periodic assessmentsof progress.At the internationallevel, United Nationsinstitutionsconcernedwith watershouldbestrengthenedtoundertaketheassessmentandfollow-up process.In addition, to involve privateinsti-tutions, regionaland non-governmentalorganizationsalong with all interested

8 InternatIonal conference on water and the environment

governmentsin theassessmentandfollow-up, the Conferenceproposes,for consider-ation by UNCED, a world water forum or council to which all suchgroupscouldadhere.

It is proposed that the first full assessment on implementation of the recorninendedprogramme should be undertakenby theyear2000. -

UNCEDis urged to considerthefinancial requirementsfor water-relatedprogrammes,in accordance with the above principles, in the funding for implementation of Agenda21. Such considerations must include realistic targets for the timeframefor implemen-tation of theprogramnies,the internalandexternalresourcesneeded,andthe meansof mobilizing these. -

The International Conference on Water andthe Énvironment beganwith a Water Ceremony in which children from all parts of the world

made a moving plea to the assembiedexperts to play their part inpreserving preclous water resourcesfor future generations.

In transmitting this Dublin Statement to a world audience, theConferenceparticipants urge all thoseinvolved in the development and

management of our water resourcesto allow the messageof thosechildren to direct their future actions.

REPORT oF THE CONFERENCE

introduction 11

1. Introduclion1.1 The International Conference on Water and the Environmentwasconvenedin Dublin, Ireland, from 26 to 31 January1992. TheConference was attended by fivehundredparticipants,including government-designatedexpertsfrom a hundredcountriesand representativesof eighty international,intergovernmentalandnon-governmentalorganizations.Thelist of participantsis containedin Annex 1 of thereport.

1.2 The Conferencewasopenedby His ExcellencyMr CharlesHaughey,PrimeMinister of Ireland,who welcomedthe participantson behalfof his Government,andhighlightedtheseriousnessof the problemof wateravailabiity to sustainhumanlife,supporteconomicdevelopmentand maintain ecosystems.ProfessorG.O.P. Obasi,Secretary-Generalof the World MeteorologicalOrganization,Dr Mostafa K.Tolba,ExecutiveDirector of the United NationsEnvironmentProgramme,and Dr ArcotRamachandran,ExecutiveDirector of the United Nations Centrefor HumanSettlementswelcomedthe participantson behalfof théOrganizationsof the UnitedNations system.The openingsessionwasaddressedby His Excellency Dr RoryO’Hanlon, Minister for the Environmentof Irelandandby His ExcellencyMr CarlosBorrego,Minister for the EnvironmentandNaturalResourcesof Portugalon behalfofthe EuropeanCommunity.

1.3 Mr JamesDooge(Ireland)waselectedchairmanof the ConferenceandMs ClaudiaCandanedo(Panama)waselectedrapporteur.MessrsAbbas HidaytallaAbdullah (Sudan),JamesBruce (Canada),OdonStarosolszky(Hungary),JoseLuisCalder6n(Mexico), ChandraSharma(Nepal), andMahmoudAbou-Zeid (Egypt) wereelectedvice-chairmenof the Conference.Theprogrammeofwork for theConferenceis containedin AnnexII of the report.

1.4 The vice-chairmenof the Conferenceactedrespectivelyaschairmenof theworkinggroups0fl: IntegratedWater ResourcesDevelopmentandManagement(workinggroupA), Mechanismsfor ImplernentationandCo-ordinationat the International,NationalandLocal Levels(workinggroupB), WaterResourcesAssessmentandlmpactsofClirnateChangeon WaterResources(working groupC), Protectionof Water Resources,Water QualityandAquaticEcosystems(working groupD), WaterandSustainableUrbanDevelopmentandDrinking WaterSupplyandSanitationin the UrbanContext(workinggroupE), and Waterfor SustainableFoodProductionand Rural DevelopmentandforDrinking Water Supply and Sanitationin the Rural Context (working group F).Mr MoharnedAbdulrazzak(SaudiArabia)waselectedasvic~-chairmanfor workinggroupA, andMr Ainun Nishat(Bangladesh)asrappporteur.Mr MohammedJellali (Morocco)waselectedasvice-chairmanof working groupB, and Mr Abdul Karim Al-Fusail (Yemen)asrapporteur.Mr Karl Hofius (Germany)waselectedasvice-chairmanof workinggroupC,andMr Moremi Sekwale(Botswana)asrapporteur.Mr IvanZavadsky(Czechoslovakia)waselectedasvice-chairmanof workinggroupD, andMs LajuanaWilcher (UnitedStatesofAmerica) asrapporteur.Mr GabrielArduino (Uruguay)waselectedvice-chairrnanofworking group E, and Ms EbeleOkeke(Nigeria)asrapporteur.Mr David Constable(Australia)waselectedvice-chairmanof working groupF, andMr Mario Fuschini-Mejfa(Argentina)asrappporteur.


1.5 Themainfocusof the Conferencewason thedevelopment,managementandutilization of waterresourcesin harmonywith environmentalconservationandtheconceptof sustainability.The latterconceptindicatestheneedto promote:

(a) The synthesisof economic,socialandenvironmentalconsiderations;

(b) Processeswhich compareand evaluatealternativeswhich do not depletetheresourcebaseandthusnot affect presentandfuturegenerations;

(c) Thegreatestpossibleefficiencyin theuseof waterandenergy,including appro-priateand safereuse,recycling, andconservationof all water resources;

(d) Reductionof pollutantsandpathogensin waterandaquaticecosystems;

(e) Thequality of humanlife and theprotectionof thebiosphere;

(/) Flood and droughtpreparednesssystemsasan integralpart of the conceptofsustainabilityandeconamicdevelopment.

1.6 The conceptof sustainabilityalso recognizestheinterrelation with othernaturalresources.This requiresanexplicit understandingof therole playedby ecosys-tems in maintaining the quality and quantity of freshwaterresources,and thereciprocaldependenceof naturalaquaticecosystemson themaintenanceof adequatefreshwaterfiows.

1.7 TheConferencefurtherrecognizesthecentralrole of womenin theprovision,managementandsafeguardingof water,andthateveryhumanbeinghastheright ofreasonableaccessto cleanwaterandsanitation.

1.8 As we rapidly approachthe twenty-first century,it is apparentthat through-Out theworld, managementof ourfreshwaterresourcesmustchangeto meetthegoalof sustainabledevelopment.TheConferencewas the first major meetingof worldexperts to focus on the holistic management of waterin its propercontext,that is, inthe integrated spectrum of human and environmentalusesandneeds,asopposedtoparticular sectoral needs.

1.9 Development has stressed freshwater ecosystems. Human consumption,industrial andagriculturalproduction,andthe modificationof freshwatersystemstosupport this developmenthaveresultedin the diminution or lossof many aquaticspecies,and habitatdegradation.Theselosses,in turn, haveadverselyaffectedhumanhealthand developmentasfisheries,wildlife, flood protection and overallwater quality havedeclined.To achievelong term, sustainabledevelopment,suchadverseenvironmentaleffectsmust beavoided.Sustainablewater resourcedevelop-ment is developmentthat prcmotesthequality of humanexistenceandthe naturalfunctionsof thebiosphere. =

1.10 The Reportof the Conferenceand the Dublin Statementwere adoptedbyconsensus.In the caseof a few paragraphs,the extentof the consensuswasdeter-minedby a show of hands. - -

1.11 Theparticipantsat theConferencerecognizedtheneedfor fundamentalnewapproachesto developmentand managementwhich can only be brought aboutthroughpolitical commitmentand involvement from thehighest levelsof govern-ment to the smallestcommunities.The participants,through the world leaders

integrated water resources deveiopment and management 13

assembledat the UnitedNations Conferenceon Environmentand DevelopmentinRio deJaneiroin June1992, urgeall governmentsto studyandundertakethespecificactivitiesandmeansof implementationrecommendedin thebody of this report,andto translateits recommendationsinto urgentprogrammesfor WATER AND SUSTAIN-ABLE DEVELOPMENT.

1.12 The ConferencewasclosedbyHis ExcellencyDr Rory O’Hanlon,Minister forthe Environment,who, on behalfof his Government,thankedthe participantsfortheir valuablecontributions. Thefinal sessionwas alsoaddressedby Dr EdouardSaouma,Director-Generalof the Food and Agriculture Organizationof the UnitedNationswho thankedthe participantson behalfof the organizationsof the UnitedNationssystern.Mr Bukar Shaibof Nigeria also addressedthefinal sessionof theConferencein his role aschairmanof Working Group II of the United NationsConferenceon Environmentand Development,stressingthe important linkagebetweenthe Dublin Conferenceand UNCED.

2. Integrated water resourcesdevelopmentand management

Prlnclples

2.1 These findings are drawn from the large and diversified experiencegainedamongall countriessincetheUnitedNationsWaterConference,Mar del Plata, 1977.They identify someseriouserrorsandunwisebiases,andat the sametime point tonumerousfruitful advancesin understandingandaction. We look to the futurewithhuinility andgreaterconfidence.Thereemergedfour main principlesthat needto beapplied in taking actiori to achieveintegratedwater resourcesdevelopmentandmanagement.

2.2 Thefirst principleis that sincewatersustainsall life forms,a holisticapproachis neededfor thedevelopmentof humansocietiesandeconomies,andtheprotectionof naturalecosystemsori which the survival of humanity ultimately depends.Thisincludesnot only theneedto look at thewholewatercycle (including thedistiibutionof rainfall, theconservationof sources,the systemsof supplyandwaste-watertreat-ment, andthe interactionwith the natural environmentand land use),but also theinter-sectoralneeds.It must also Inciudean ecologicalapproach,respectexistingecosystemsand considerissuesacrossthe whole of a river basin or a groundwateraquiferandalsoconsidertheinterrelationwith othernaturalresources.Wherecatch-mentscrossnationalboundaries,internationalco-operationis essential.

2.3 The secondprinciple is theneedfor a participatoryapproachin institutionsandarrangementsfor waterdevelopmentandmanagement.This also hasimplicationsfor training andeducation.A participatoryapproachrequires:

• The participationof beneficiaries(waterusers)and the public, with particularemphasison theinvolvementof wornenin planning, implementingandevalu-ating waterprojects; =

• Raisingawarenessof the importanceof wateramongpolicy-makersand thegeneralpublic;


• Publicconsultation;• Decisionsat thelowestappropriatelevel, in order to bring decision-makingas

closeaspossibleto thoseaffected. -

2.4 Thethird principleis theneedto recognizethecentralrole of womenin theprovision,managementandsafeguardingof water,whichhasseldombeengivensuffi-cientprominence.

2.5 Thefourth ptinciple is therecognitionthatwaterhasaneconomicvalueand,therefore,shouldbeconsideredasaneconomicgood.In evaluatingsuchagood,it isessentialto ensurethatproperregardis paidto:

• The importanceof waterto society,which requiresthat everyone,particularlywomenandtheunderprivileged,shouldhavea right of reasonableaccessat anaffordableprice;

• Sustainabledevelopment;• Dernandmanagementfor efficient andequitableresourceuse;• Environmentalfactors,to ensurethat externalcostsandbenefitsareproperly

included;

• Financialviability andaccountability.

Actions

2.6 To give effectto theseprinciples,anumberof actionswere identifiedwhichwill involve multilateral andbilateral co-operation.

Capacity buliding

Information base and know-how

2.7 Adequateandcomparableinformation is essentialfor sounddecisions.TheConferenceidentifiedtheneedfor everyinstitutiontakingdecisionsin this field andfor thepublic to havethebestfeasibleaccessto:

• Informationon waterresources,both surfacewaterandgroundwater,quantityandquality;

• Water-usedataand information for thoseconcernedin, or affectedby, thatwaterandtheir likely developmentanddemands; -

• Socialandeconomicdata;

• Informationonthenaturalenvironment.

This mayinvolve co-ordinatilonof existingdatabases.Continuedscientificandtech-nologicalresearchandthesharinganddisseminationof know-howis alsoessential.

2.8 Thesedataneedto bevalidated,keptup to dateandto beaccompaniedwithevaluationsandassessments,in order to analysetheeffectsof decisionsbaseduponthem.Only in thiswaycanthedevelopmentandmanagementof thewaterresources

integrated water resources development and management 15

bemaderesponsiveto demandsandbe enabledto influencetheway In which thosedemandsdevelop.

Human resources development

2.9 To implementtheseprinciples,communitiesneedto haveadequatecapacities.Thosewho establishthe frameworkfor waterdevelopmentandmanagementat anylevel, whetherinternational,nationalor local needto ensurethatthemeansexist tobuild thosecapacities.

2.10 Thesemeanswil] vary from caseto case.They usuallyinclude:

• Awareness-creationprogrammesinciuding mobilizing commitmentandsupportatall levelsandinitiating global andlocal actionto promotesuchprogrammes;

• The training of watermanagersat all levels so that they havean appropriateunderstandingof all theelementsnecessaryfor theirdecisions;

• Thestrengtheningof training capacitiesin developingcountries;• Appropriatetrainingof thenecessaryprofessionalsincludingextensionworkers;• Improvementof careerstructures;• Sharingof appropriateknowledgeandtechnology,both for thecollectionof data

andfor the implementationof planneddevelopment;thisshouldinciudenon-polluting techno]ogiesand the knowledgeneededto extract the bestperformancefrom existing investmentandsystems;

Public awareness

2.11 To promotethegeneraleducationof thepublic abouttheproperuseofwaterandits economicvalue,the factorswhich needto betakeninto accountandthemethodsby which decisionsaretakenrequirefull public participation.

institutional and iega! arrangements

2.12 Managementat tl’~elowestappropriatelevel: Recôgnizingtheneedfor a centralmechanismcapableof ensuringco-ordinationof national social and economicinterests,therole of governmentsneedsto bereviewedto ensurethatusers,local insti-tutionsandtheformalandinformalprivate sectorscanplay amoredirectpart. A keyaim mustbeto improveaccountabiityto thepublic.The levelsat whichmanagementdecisionscanbetakenandproblemssolvedwill varywidely from countryto countryandcaseto case.In anygivensituation,however,waterresourcesshouldbemanagedat thelowestappropriatelevels. Integratedwaterresourcesdevelopmentandmanage-ment thereforeshouldbe delegatedto thoselowest appropriatelevelswhich wouldensuretherepresentationof thoseconcernedor affectedand integrationof sectoraldemands.Thesemaybeexistingbodies,institutionsandmechanismsor specialriverbasinauthorities.Consistentwith suchinstitutionalstructuresis agreaterrelianceonincentives,pricesandmarketsandlessrelianceon traditionalcommandand controlapproaches.

16 internationai conference on water and the environment

2.13 National level: 1-ligher managementlevels andthenationallevel will play avery important role in ensuririgtheavailability of the information, co-ordination,policy development,planning, thelegal framework,and thedevelopmentof humanresources,which are all neededfor integratedwaterresourcesdevelopmentandmanagement, including sectorintegration.In manycasestherewill be a needtoidentify a nationaladministrativeunit for effectiveco-ordination,which shouldpreferablynot beawateruser.

2.14 Internationallevel: In manycases,theintegratedwaterresourcesdevelopmentand managementof transboundarywaterresourceswill raisetheneedfor interna-tional co-operationandrnechanismsat internationalor regional levels to facilitateinter-countryagreementon theco-ordinationof themanagementof suchresourcesinan economically and environmentallysoundmanner.A coherentapproachby allinternationalorganizationsis also needed. -

2.15 Law: The nationallegal frameworkfor integratedwater resourcesdevelop-mentand managementdecisionsneedto bedearand be consistent with the aboveprinciples.Internationallaw is neededto facilitatebiateralot regionalagreementsontransboundaryintegratedwaterresourcesdevelopmentand management.In thiscontext,aninternationalseminarshouldbeorganizedassoonaspossible,to examinethelegalaspectsof integratedwaterresourcesdevelopmentandmanagementat inter-national, nationalandlocal levels.

Impiementation considerations

2.16 Planning: Water resources development andmanagementshouldbeplannedin an integratedmanner,takinginto accountlong-termplanningneedsaswell asshorterhorizons,i.e. it should incorporateenvironmental,economicand socialconsiderationsbasedon theprincipleof sustainability;it shouldincludetherequire-mentsof all usersaswell as thoserelatingto thepreventionandmitigation ofwater-relatedhazards;andit shouldbean integralpartof thesocio-economicdevelop-mentplanningprocess.A prerequisitefor sustainablemanagementof waterasascarceandvulnerableresourceis that its full costsshouldbeacknowledgedin all planninganddevelopment.Planningconsiderationsshouldreflect benefitsinvestment,envi-ronmentalprotectionandoperationcosts,aswell astheopportunitycostsreflectingthe mostvaluablealternativeuseof water. Actual chargingneednot necessarilyburdenall beneficiarieswith these.Chargingmechanismsshould,however,reflectasfar aspossibleboth the truecostof water when usedasanieconomicgood andtheability of thecommunitiesto pay.

2.17 Demand-management:Therole of waterasaneconornicandlife-sustaininggoodshouldbe reflectedin demandmanagementrnechanisms,implernentedthrough:

• Water conservationandreuse; -

• Resourceassessrnent;

• Financialinstruments;

• Impactmonitoring.

Water resources assessrnent and lmpacts of climate change.. 17

2.18 Finance: In all this, it will benecessaryto considerthesourcesandmethodsoffinancing. Local, nationalandexternalsourcesof fin~ance,public and prh’ate,willneedto be mobilized. - -

2.19 Investment:Thesettingof prioritiesafreshfor private andpublic investmentstrategiesshouldtakeplacetakinginto account:

• Maximum utilization of existing projects,throughmaintenance,rehabilitationandoptimaloperation;

• New or alternativecleantechnologies;• Environmentallyandsociallybenignhydropower.

2.20 It is necessaryto ensureconsultationamongall partiesinvolved prior toapprovalfor fundingof anywater-relatedUnitedNationsprojector programme.

2.21 Appropriatemechanisrnsmustbe found to correctthenegativeeffectsof

structuraladjustmentin deprivingthepoorof their right of accessto drinkingwater.

3. Water resourcesassessmentand impacts of climate changeon

water resources

1 ntrod uction

3.1 Waterresourcesassessmentis thedeterminationof the quantity,quality andavailability of waterresources,onwhich is basedan evaluationof thepossibilitiesfortheirsustainabledevelopment,managementandcontrol. -

3.2 Waterresourcesassessrnentis a prerequisitefor sustainabledevelopmentandmanagementof theworld’s waterresources.It providesthebasisfor the vastrangeofactivitieswherewateris involved.Without detailedwaterresourcesasse~srnentit is impos-sibleproperlyto plan, design;colBtruct, operateandmaintainprojectsfor irrigation anddrainage;mitigation of flood losses;industrialanddomesticwatersupply; urbandrainage;energyproduction(inciudinghydropower);health; agriculture;fisheries;droughtmitigation andthepreservationof aquaticecosystemsandcoastalwaters.

3.3 The natureof thedecislonsbasedon waterresoïircesassessmentinformationmayinvolve majorcapitalinvestmentswith potentiallymassiveenvironmentalimpacts.This demonstratesthevalue of water resourcesassessmentactivities, andtheir tangibleandintangiblebenefits.Appropriategovernmentpolidesandprograrninesarenecessaryto ensuresustainabledeve]opmentfor thefuture.Thusthëreis aneedfor greaterknowl-edgeaboutthe quantityandquality of surfaceandgroundwaterresourcesandforcomprehensivemonltoringto guidethemanagementof theseresources.

Instltutlonai and flnanclal framework In support of waterresources assessment

3.4 Theassessmentof thewaterresourcesof a countryis anationalresponsibilityandthe activitiesconcernedshouldbe designedto nreetthe specificneedsof the

18 internationai conference on water and the envlronment

country.Manyof its componentactivitiesmay beundertakenat local andprovinciallevel. This nationalresponsibilityshouldbesharedamongri~ighbouringcountriesinthe caseof transboundarywaterresources,andinternationalprogrammesandprojectscanprovidevaluableassistance. -

3.5 Giventhe importanceof assessmentinformationto strpportsustalnabledevel-opmentandthemaintenanceof ecosystemintegrity, all countriesareurgedto achievea level of waterresourcesassessmentactivity appropriateto their needsassoonasispracticable. -

3.6 Policy shouldbe that all nationalandinternationalwater resourcesassess-mentactivities arefully co-ordinatedandfundedon a long-termbasis.Theapproachtaken to achievethismaydiffer from countryto country,but it will usually involvetheestablishmentof regulationsandaseries f administrativedecisions,particularlyon theallocationof funds.

3.7 Waterresourcesassessmentrequiresconsiderablefin~ncialresourcesif it is toprovldethe supportto sustainablesocio-economicdevelopment.Theseres~ources,however,representonly a small fraction (say0.2 to 1.0%) of the fundsspenton invest-mentandoperationsin thewatersectorasawhole.Governrnentsareurgedto putpriorityon waterresourcesassessinentactivitieswhenallocatingnationalandinternationalfunds.

3.8 Recommendedactionsinclude:

(a) Defining the information needsof usersand establishinga national policy, alegislative framework,eflicient institutional structures.an-deconomicInstru-mentsappropriatefor waterresourcesassessment; -

(b) Establlshingandmaintainingeffectiveco-.operationin water resourcesassess-ment and hydrologicalforecastingactivities betweennationalagencieswithin acountry,andbetweencountrieswith regardto transboundarywaterresources;

(c) Encouragingthoseresponsiblefor collectingand storing datato apply theinethodologiesthat havebeentievelopedandendorsedat theinternationallevelwhenevaluatingtheir waterresourcesassessmentactivities;

(d) Developinganddisseminatinginformationon meansofestimatingbenefitsandcosts of waterresourcesassessmentactivitiesandassistingnationalservicestodemonstratethebenefitsof waterresourcesassessment; -

(e) Making practicalandlegislativeprovisionsfor the long-termsustainabiityofwaterresourcesasseSsmentandforecastingactivities, andallocatingtheneces-saryfinancial resources,especiallyin thecaseof developingcountries.

Collectlon and storage of water-reiated Information3.9 Reliable information on thecondition and treridsof a country’swaterresources—surfacewater,waterin theunsaturatedzoneandgroundwater,quantityandquality—isrequtredfor anumber-ofpurposes,suchas: assessingtheresource-andits potentialfor supplyingthecurrentandforeseeabledemand;protectingpeopleandpropertyagainstwater-relatedhazards;planning,designingandoperatingwaterprojects;andmonitoringtheresponseof waterbodiesto anthropogeniclnfluences,toclimatevariability andchange,andto otherenvironmentalfactors.

Water resources assessrnent and Impacts of cilmate change... 19

3.10 Integrated monitoring and information systems should be established anddata collected and stored on all aspects of water resources which arerequiredfor a fullcomprehenslonof thenatureof thoseresourcesandfor their sustainabledevelopment.Theselncludenot only hydrologicaldata,but alsorelatedgeological,climatological,hydrobiologicalandtopographicdataanddataon soil types,landuse,desertificationand deforestation, as well as information on such topics as water useandreuse,sewagedischarges,point andnon-pointsourcesof pollution andrunoff to seasandoceans.This involves the installation of observationnetworksand other datagatheringmechanismsdesignedto monitor variousclimatic andtopographicregimes,plus thedevelopmentof datastoragefacilities. Where,at national,regionaland internationallevels,water-relatedinformationis handledby anumberof informationsystems,it isimportantthat thesesystemsbeco-ordinated. -

3.11 RecommendedactionsInclude: -

(a) Installingmonitoringsystemsdesignedto providevalid andcomparablewater-relatedinformation;

(b) Ensuringthecontinuousoperationof suchsystemsin supportof studiesrequir-ing long-termdata,suchasthoserelatingto climatechange;

(c) Upgradingfacilities andproceduresfor storing,validatingandsafeguardingsuchdata;

(d) Implementingtechniquesfor processingsuchdataandassimilatingrelatedinformation;

(e) Comparing,selectingandapplyinghydrologicalteçhnologyappropriateto eachcountry’sneedsandensuringthe transferof appropriatetechnology,particularlybetweenhydrologicalservices.

Assessment of the resource and disseminatlon of water information

3.12 Thosewho plan, designand operatewaterprojects,and thosewho areconcernedwith theprotectionof life, propertyandtheenvironmentfrom naturalorman-madedisasters,shouldhaveaccessto the water-relatedInformation necessaryfortheirwork. They shouldbe informedof theavailabiity of suchinformationand beableto obtainit in forms thatareconvenientfor theiruse, includingthe free andurgentexchangeof datarequiredfor mitigatingnaturalçlisasters.Commercializationof water-relatedinformation shouldnot preventits full use,anddisseminationofwater-relatedinformationshouldbeon a non-profitbasis.

3.13 The approachis to assessthedataandinformationneedsof potential usersandto matchthesewith the servicesprovidedby informationcentresandforecastingsystems.This inciudesthestrengtheningof existingglobaldatabasesandthecali forcountriesto supplydatato suchbases.In this, increaslnguse will be madeofgeographicinformationsystemsandsimilar computer-basedtechnology.Onepartic-ular application of hydrological data is in the installation and operationofhydrologicalforecastingsystemsandrelatedactivitieswhicharevital to safeguardlivesandproperty in thefaceof majornaturaldisasters.

20 internatlonai conference on water and the envlronment


(a) Identifying theneedfor water-relateddataandanalysingand presentingsuchdatain forms appropriatefor planningandmanagementof water-resourcedevelopment;andfor otherpurposessuchasstudiesof the impactof waterdevelopmentprojectsontheenvironment;

(b) Assemblinganddisseminatingbasin-wide,regionalandglobal setsof water-relateddataandinformation for use,interalia, in themanagementof resourceswithin internationalriverbasinsandin climatechang~studies;

(c) Assesslngsurfacewaterandgroundwaterresourcesandtheinteractionsbetweensurfacewaterandgroundwater; -

(d) Assessingtherisk of flooding from rainfail runoff, snowmelt,storm surgesandland-slidesandinstallinghydrologicalforecastingandwarningsystemsfor areassubjectto suchrisk;

(e) Assessingtherisk of droughtand installingdroughtwarningsystemsin supportof schemesto mitigatetheeffectsof drought;

(~ Disseminationof theseassessmentsto all requiring the information, and assur-ing the incorporationof water-resourcelnformation in decislon-makingprocesses.

Research and deveiopment In the water sclences

3.15 Waterresourcesassessment,includingstudiesof flooding, droughtanddeser-tification, andhydrologicalforecastingshouldbebasedon aso~ndunderstandingofthescientific principlesinvolved andaredependenton technologyfor their imple-mentation.Researchand developmentactivitiesshouldthereforebe basedon astrategicanalysisof thevery variedneedsof countries.They shouldtakeaccountof,andstrengthenindigenousexpertise. -


(a) Establishingand strengtheningresearchand developmentprogrammesapprö-priate to the needsof countriesso as to increase:understandingof thefundamentalprocessesinvolved in the water cycle, including theinteractionsbetweenwater, landandtheatmosphere,andto supportwaterresourcesassess-mentandhydrological forecastingactivities;

(b) Promotingthedevelopmentof newtechnologyfor waterresourcesassessmentandhydrologicalforecasting,makingfull useof local expertisein this regard;

(c) Transferringappropriatetechnologyto users;

(d) Strengtheningrelevantinternationalandregionalprogrammesbothat nationalandglobal levels. -

Water resources assessrnent and Impacts of cllmate change... 21

impact of climate change and variabiilty on freshwater resourcesand the hydroiogicai cycie

3.17 Among themost importantimpactsof climatechangewill be its effectson thehydrologicalcycle andwater-managementsystems,and through theseon socio-economicsystems.Therefore,thereis aneedto acquireanadequateunderstandlngofthepotentialimpactof thepredictedclimatechangeontheavailability andreliabilityof freshwaterresources,on waterdemand,on theincidenceof floods anddroughtsandon theconsequencesfor theefficient managementand safetyof existingandfuturewater-relatedprojectsandstructures.This will permittheplanningandlmple-mentationof effectivecounter-measuresin thecaseof deleteriousconsequencesandrevisedpolicies In the eventof beneficialconsequences.Efforts shouldbe directedthroughbothnationalandinternationalprogrammesinvolvingcomprehensivemoni-toring, researchandpolicv-review.Water-relateddataarethereforeessentialfor studiesrelatedto climatechangeandvariability.

3.18 Recommendedactionsinclude: -

(a) Increasingtheco-operationbetweenclimatologicalandhydrologicalcommuni-ties in developingpredictionsof climatechangefor individual seasonsandforspecificregions; -

(b) Strengtheningcapabilitiesto collect, storeandprocesswater-relateddata,inciuding datarelatedto dlimatechange; -

(c) Developingresearchprogrammesat nationallevel andcontributingto regionalandinternationalresearchprojectson thequestionof climate change,its earlydetection andits impacton thehydrologicalregime.Theseshouldaddressthesituationin developingaswell asdevelopedcountriesand-couldinvolve casestudiesdesignedto developandtestspedficmethodologiesfor impactassessment;

(d) Assessingthe likely socio-economicandenvironmentalimpactsof suchchanges,developingresponsestrategiesandfundingandimplementingthesestrategies.

Impact of a sea-ievei rlse resuiting from climate change

3.19 Assessmentsshouldbemadein all coastalzones~andin particularin low-lyingislandsof thepotentialimpactof anyrisein sea-levelresultingfrom climatechange.This impactmaybeon thequalityandquantityof freshwaterresourcesor on theriskof flooding.


(a) Strengtheningcapabilitiesto monitor risesin sea-levelandrelatedhydrologicalparameters; -

(b) Developingtechniquesfor assessingthepotentialimpactof a sea-levelrise onfreshwaterresourcesandflood risk;

(c) Assessingthelikely socio-economicandenvironmentalimpactsof a risc in sea-level, developingresponsestrategiesandfunding andimplementingsuchstrategies. =

22 internationai conference on water and the envlronment

Human resources deveIopment

3.21 Salariesandwagescommonlyaccountfor half ormoreof theexpenditureofan effectiveprogrammefor waterresourcesassessmentandhydrologicalforecasting.Becausepeoplearethemost importantresourceavailableto themanagerof suchaprogramme,personnelmattersshouldreceivegreatattention.Thealm shouldbetoattractandretain personnelto work on waterresourcesassessmentwho are suffi-cient in numberandadequatein their level of educationto ensuretheeffectiveimplementationof theactivitiesthat areplanned.Educationmaybe called for atboth nationaland internationallevel, while adequatetermsof employmentareanationalresponsibility.

3.22 Recommendedactionsinciude: -

(a) Identifyingeducationandtraining needsgearedto thespeclficrequirernentsofcountries; -

(b) Establishingandstrengtheningeducationand training programmeson water-relatedtopics,within an environmentalanddevelopmentalcontext,for allcategoriesof staff involvedin waterresourcesassessmentactivities, usingadvancededucationaltechnologywhereapproprlateandinvolving both menandwomen;

(c) Developingsoundrecruitment,personnelandpaypolicies for staff of nationalandlocal wateragencies~. T

4. Protection of water resources, water quaiity and aquatic

ecosystems

i ntrod uctlon

4.1 Freshwater is a unitary resource.Long-term sustainabledevelopmentofglobal freshwaterrequiresholistic managementof theresourceandrecognitionoftheinter-connectednessof theelernentsthatcomprisefreshwaterandimpactits quality.Groundwaterandsurfacewaterquality are inextricably linked.Thereis a growingrecognitionthat issuesof waterquality cannotbe consideredseparatefrom waterquantity. The traditional emphasison chemicalindicatorsof waterquality mustbesupplementedby morecomprehensiveindicatorsbasedon the total propertiesof awaterbody,includingchemical,physical,biological, andecoLogical- parameters.Itmustalsobe recognizedthat freshwaterquality is impacteddirectly by naturalandhumanactivitiesoutsidethewatersphere,suchas land-usepractices,eroslon,anddeforestation.Certainwaterquality problemsaretied to acid depositionor naturalcontamination.Suchproblemsoften requiremonitoringarrdprotectionat the locallevel, while somehavesignificanttransboundarycomponentswhichcanbeaddressedonly at thenationalandinternationallevel. All in all, thecomplexinter-connectednatureof the freshwatersystemdemandsthat freshwatermanagementbe holisticratherthan piece-meal,systematicallybasedratherthanmicro-managed,andbasedon abalancedconsiderationof the total needsof peopleandtheenvironment.

Protection of water resources, water quaiity and aquatic ecosystems 23

Water resources proteclion and conservatlon

4.2 Growing demandsfor water havebrought~ncreased pressureson finitesupplies.An ecosystemapproachis necessaryto pravideadequatequantitiesandqualitiesof waterto all usersandto protectedosysternintegrity over the long term.

4.3 Thereis awidespreadlack of perceptionof thelinkagesbetweenthedevelop-ment, management,useandtreatmentof waterresourcesand aquaticecosystems.Apreventiveapproachis crucial to avoid costly subsequentmeasuresto-rehabilitate,treatanddevelopnewwatersupplies. -

4.4 By the year 2000 all countries, appropriateto their capacities, availableresourcesand needs, and with the help of external support agencies, as appropriate,shouldhaveidentifiedthosesurfaceandgroundwater resourceswhich couldbedevel-opedfor useon asustainablebasisandothermajorwaterdependentresourceswhichcan be developed.Simultaneouslythey shouldhaveinitiatedprogrammesfor theprotection,conservationandrationaluseof theseresaurceson a-sustainablebasis.


(a) Preparationof basinactionplans,especiallyfor priority high-riskbasins,inciud-ing their rivers, lakes,and aquifers, designated at the national level (and atinternationallevels,for thosebasinsthat transcerrdinternationalboundaries),tointegrateland-useplanning with watermanagementand conservation,to co-ordinate the activities of provincial, national and international agencles, toaddress transboundary issues, andto initiate contingencyplansto control acci-dental spills and to respond to natural disasters; -

(b) Establishmentof appropriatelegislation,enforcernentandeconomicmecha-nismsfor waterresourcesprotectionandconservationat thenationallevel withinternationalco-operationto promotewaterconservationandrecycling,pollu-tion preventionand control, and environmentally-soundagriculturalandindustrial practices;

(c) Establishmentof permanent,multi-sectoralplanningandenvlronmentalimpactassessmentprocessesfor waterresourcesdevelopmentandmanagementcoveringhydrological,ecological,social, health,econom~candmeteorologicalaspects.Theseplanningandevaluationprocessesshouldbeused~atthenationalandinternationalleveis in governmentagencies-and externalsupportagencies.External supportagenciesshouldinciude theseprocessesIn their actionprogrammes; - -- -

(d) Developmentand applicationof waterquality andwatersupplycriteria foredosystemsandhealthprotectionto be implementedat local, provincial,nationalandinternationallevels. -

Monitoring and surveiiicince of water resources

4.6 Monitoring, assessmentandpredictionof thequality and quantityof rivers,lakesandgrou.ndwatersthroughwater,biotaandsedimentis a goal,wheneverpossible,


for sound water resources management andprotection..In addition to providingwildlife habitat,protectingand improving waterquality andprovidingflood protec-tion, aquatic systems arealsolinked to all otherenvironmer~talcomponents,andarethereforea pow~erfulindicatorof theoverall environmentatquality. Exact, completeand precisewaterquality dataareneededfrom the local level to the internationallevel for transboundarywaterbodies,andto the global scalewhererivers provide amajorinput of pollutantsto seasandoceans. -

4.7 By theyear2000all countriesshouldhaveestablish&lappropriateassessmentprogrammesof their water resources,and shouldparticipatein regional (e.g.basinlevel) andinternationalwaterqualityandquantityassessnlents.Theseeffortsshouldbe matched to their capacities, available resources and needs,and assisted by externalsupportagericies,asappropriate. - - -

4.8 Recommendedactionsinclude: - -

(a) Establishmentof purpose-orientedwaterassessmentsandpredictionstakingintoaccountthe specificity of both surface and groundwaters;water quality andwaterquantityandaddressingall pollution types; -

(b) Establishment and enhancement of effectiveflood and drought warningandpreparednesssystemsw~thinthe frameworkof the InternationalDecadeforNatura! Disaster Reduction;

(c) On a basinscale,or asapproprlateon a larger scale, the assessments should beharmonized (station networks, field and laboratory techniques, methodologiesand procedures,datahandling), leadingto basin-wildedatasystemswhichshouldbemadeaccessibleto the relevantinstitutionsand to thepublic. Theseassessmentsshouldbemadeavaflablethroughadequateinternationalco-opera-tion within all basincountries; - -

(cl) Training programmes developed throughout the monitoring chain from fieldactivitiesandlaboratorypracticesto datainterpretation,andreportingareakeycomponentfrom thelocal to nationallevel. Analyticalquality control andinter-laboratorycomparisonsareneededto ensurepropercofnparlsonsWithin basinsand at an internationallevel (e.g. pollutant inputs to seasand oceans).Thisshouldbeachievedthroughthecreationor enhancemeritof nationalor regionalreferencelaboratoriesand observatories.The establishmentof nationalorregionalwaterquality centresis needed,aswell assurveillancecentresto evalu-atethehealthof aquaticecosystems;

(e) New approprlateassessmentandpredictiontec.hniquesandmethodoldgiesshouldbedevelopedandused,suchaslow-costfield measurements,continuousand automaticmonitoring, useof biota andsedimentfor micro-pollution,remotesensingandgeographicinformationsystems. - -- - -

Water poiiution prevention and controi

4.9 A waterpollutionpreventionandcontrol strategyshould (i) maintain ecosys-tem integrity through the protectionof aquaticresourcesiromnegativeimpacts

Protection of water resources, water quailty and aquatic ecosystems 25

causedby developmentandnaturalprocesses;(ii) protectpublic healthagainstdiseasevectorsand from pathogens;and (iii) ensuresustainablewater useandecosystemprotection on a long-term basis~ -

4.10 In order to slow downtherapid deteriorationof waterquality andenhancetheavailability of safewater,by the year2000all count±ies,appropriateto theircapac-ities, theavailability of resourcesandneeds,andwith thesupportof externalsupportagencies,asappropriate,shouldhavein placewaterpollution control programmesbasedupon enforceablestandardsfor majorpoint-sourcedischarges,aswell asmajornonpointsouscesof pollution. Theseshouldincludean inventoryof potentialsourcesof water supply leadingto the preparationand implementationof programmesfortheir protection,conservationandsustainableutilization.

4.11 Recommendedactions indude: - S

(a) Developmentandapplicationof rapidassessmentproceduresfor the identifica-tion, inventorization and quantification of~pollutionsources;effluentmonitoring; monitoring of acidprecipitation; industrial and municipal sectorreviews;andagrochemicaluseverification; -

(b) Developmentof programmesin priority areasaf high risk for therestorationandenhancementof degradedaquaticecosystems,includingwatercourses,lakesandgroundwateraquifers; - -

(c) Promotionof nationallegislationandregionalagreements,wherenecessary,forpreventingandcontrolling transboundarywaterpollution;

(d) Through capacitybuilding of regulatoryagencies,at all levels, strengthentheenforcementof pollutionpreventionandcontroLmeasures;

(e) Wherepossible,utilize economicinstruments,including chargesanwaterusersandpollutersandappropriateincentives,with thefundsgeneratedbeingutilizedfor waste-watertreatmentand reinfoscementof environmentalmanagementactivities in freshwaterresources; - -

(t) Development and application of appropriate, low-cost, low-waste industrialproductionandsewagetreatmenttechno1ogy~appropriatetechnologyfor therecyclingof wastewater1biotechnologyfor wastetreatmentandindigenoustech-nologiesfor waterpollution preventionandcontrol;

(g) Establishmentof anationalsurveillanceprogrammefor theoperationandmain-tenanceof waterpollution control installations,wlth particularattention tohigh-risk zones,wil h the possibleaid of internationalagencies;

(h) Protectionof public healthby thedevelopmentof programmesfor the identifica-tion andcontrol of disease vectors and pathogenstransmitted through fresh water.

Protection of groundwater

4.12 The extentandseverityof contaminationof unsaturatedzonesandaquifershaslong beenunderestimateddueto therelativeinaçcessibiityof aquifersandthe


lack of reliable information on aquifer systems.A strategyfor the protectionofgroundwatermust be aimedat protectingaquifersfrom becamingcontaminatedand preventiveefforts shouldbe directedfirst at land-useactivities and point andnonpointsourcesthat posea high risk of causingpollution. Caremustbeexercisedto avoidgroundwaterdevelopmentthatleadsta thedegradationof groundwaterquality or thedepletionof groundwatersupplies.By the year2000 assessmentsofknownaquifersandtheirvulnerabitity to contaminationshouldhavecominencedin all countries,while potentialsourcesof groundwaterpollution shouldbe identi-fied andplansfor their control developed.Theseactivitiesshouldbematchedto thecapacities,availableresourcesandneedsofcountriesandundertakenwith thehelpof externalsupportagencies,asappropriate. -

4.13 Recommendedactionsindude:

(a) Implementationof mappingprogrammesfor identification of aquifer rechargeareas,establishmentof nationalinventoriesof knownTgroundwaterresourcesand the characterization of aquifers and determination of their re.sponsestogroundwaterdevelopmentactivities.Suchaquiferinformationwill permitwatermanagersto identify rechargeandabstractionareasandmteractionsbetweensurfacewatersand aquifersandestablisli contro].son the typesof activitieswhich takeplacein thesezones; - -

(b) Identificationandcontrolof majorpollution suurces.Theseincludeon-sitesewagedischarges,activeandinactivelandfihls, mme taiingsandmmedrainageamongothers; -

(c) Promotionof conservation,environmentallysoundcultivation practices,appro-priateuseof fertilizers and pesticides, and proper managementof animalmanureand farm effluents to minimize groundwaterandsurfacewaterconta-mination; -

(d) Preventionof salineintrusion into aquifersthroughcareful managementofabstractionratesand,whereappropriate,artificial recharge;

(e) Encouragementanddevelopmentof technologiesfor thepromotionof wasteminimization,pre-treatmentandrecycling; -

(t) Ensuringthat resourcemanagementandlegislationprovidesfor thesustainablemanagementof groundwater, and promoting the development of nationallegislationfor protectinggroundwater.

Protection of aquatic ecosystems and freshwater iiving resources

4.14 An integrated approach to environmentally sustainaijlemanagement of thewater resources needs to include protection of aquaticecosystemsand freshwaterliving resourcesasa centra!goal.Living resourceswithin aquaticecosystemsshouldbemanagedto optimizethebenefitsfor humanneedsandthe long-termsustainabilityof theecosystem.By theyear2000all countriesshouldput in placestrategiesfor theenvironmentallysoundmanagementof their freshwaterandassodatédcoastalecosys-tems; suchstrategiesshouldconsiderfisheries,aquaculture,grazing,agriculturalresourcesandbiodiversity.Theseresourcesaddto thevalueof waterasan economic

Protection of water resources, water quaiity and aquatic ecosystems 27

goodandin return providepowe~fuljustification for the~protedionof theseecosys-tems.Theseactivitiesshouldbeundertakenby countriesaccordingto theircapadties,availableresourcesandneeds,andwith thesupportof externalsupportagencies,asappropriate. - -


(a) Planningandimplementingenvironmentallysoundmanagementof aquaticandterrestrialecosystelnsinciudingcatchmentand tiparlanforests,wetlands,river-mefloodplainsandassociatedfreshwaterand estuarinehabitatsasintegralcomponentsof cornprehensivewaterresourcesdevelopment;

(b) Mandatingenvironmentalimpact assessmentsfor all major projects in basinsconsideringsocial,health,economicandecologicalconcerns;

(c) Maintaining,and whereappropriate,restoringor enhancingtheecologicalproductivity anddiversity of thewetland ecosystemswhich areimportantfortheirsocial,economicandenvironineritalvalues;

(cl) Contractingpartles to the Canventionon~Wetlands of InternationalImportanceEspeciallyasWaterfowlHabitat (RAMSAR Convention)areurgedtoapply its provisionsin supportof theenvirorimentallyprotectiverecommenda.-tions identifiedhereandto encouragenon-contractingpartiesto join in theconvention.

Summary and recommendations

4.16 Watershouldbemanagedanddevelopedholis1~icaily,in view of critical naturalconnections.This meansmanagementon adrainagebasinbasis,inciudingtransboundarybasins,to ensureen’virorimentalprotectionandconservationof thenaturalresourcesbase.Holistic watermanagementmeansthatall uses,ilncluding theconservationandsustainableuseof living resources,areconsideredwhen makingwater-managementdeci-sions.This objectivewil] bemore likely to beachievedif values,direct andindirect,obviousandintrinsic, arecalculatedand-the truecostofwateris paidby the user.Thepaymentof the truecostofwateris likely to enconragew~iterconservation,efflclencyandreuse.As recognizedby therecentMexico Dedaration(1991),efficUentwâteruseandthereuseof wastewaterarethemostcost-effectiveandenvironmentallysoundways toaddresswatersupplyneeds.TheabiLity-to-payof thepoorurbanandrural peopleshouldbeconsideredin pricingwatersuppliesfor essentialuses.

4.17 A basinapproachto waterresourcesplanningandmanagementmeansconsider-ing all sourcesof pollution, point andnonpoint, inciudingaciddepositionandtheleachingof contaminantsfrom thesoilinto groundwater.It rneansatidressingtheconnec-tions betweensurfacewaterandgroundwater.Jt nreansconsideringthe relationshipbetweenwaterquaJityandwaterquantity,andbetweenupstreamanddownstreamuses.And it meansprotectingand, asappropriate,restoringthechemica!,physicalandbiolog-ical characteristicsofwatersystems.

4.18 Severalapproaches,tools andrnechanismsarèrecommendedto implementholistic basinmanagement.As a generalapproach,preventingpollution throughreducedloadingsor bettermanagementpracticesis preferable,botheconomicallyand

28 international conference on water and the environment

environmentally,to cleaningup water resourcesafter they arefouled. Scientificresearch,analysis,monitoring, surveillance,predictionsand assessmentsare Impor-tanttoolsupon which to rely when makingmanagementor developmentdecisions.Environmental,soclal, health,economic,technicalandlegalconsiderationsall mustbetakeninto accountandappliedin an appropriatebalance=whenmakingmanage-mentdecisionsandwhen implementingthem.

4.19 Public information,educationandparticipationareimportantpartsof holis-tic basinmanagement. =4.20 Whilemanyactionsarelocal or provincial in nature,theultimateimpacton theenvironmentis global. Accordingly,nationalleadership,supportedby internationalco-operationin capacitybuilding, trainingandtechnologytransferis important.Anassessmentof theseissuesandtheglobalprogresson linplementinganenvironmentallysoundbasinmanagementapproachshouldbemadeby theyear2000.

4.21 To promotetheholistic basinmanagementapproach,anactionprogrammefortheenvironmentallysoundintegratedmanagementof basinsshouldbeestablished.Mechanisrnswithin the United Nationssystemasa whole, aswell asmultilateralandbilateral co-operationagencies,shouldbe called upori to supportthis initiative.Whereverapplicable,existing regionatbodiesshouldbe enlistedin supportingtheimplementationof theproposedinitiative in internationalbasins.

5. Water and sustainable urban development and drinking watersupply and sanitation in the urban context

introduction5.1 Urbanizationandindustrializationlinked with rapidpopulationgrowthhavebeenmajor enginesfor nationaileconomicgrowth.Thesetendenciesareexpectedtocontinue and, in somecountries,to accelerate.Urban do.rnesticand industrialconsumersare using evenlarger sharesof availablewater resourcesand are, at thesametime, degradingtheseresourcesWith their wastes.Urgentactionsarerequlredtoimprove theeffectivenessof useof waterresources,if their contribution to humanwell-beingandproductivity is to besustained. - - - -

5.2 TheConferenceendorsesthreekey strategic principles for settingprioritiesandchoiceof actionprogrammesfor l:he useandmanagementof waterresources:

• Watershouldbe considerecianeconomicgoedhavingavalueconsistentwith itsmostvaluablepotentialuse; - -

• The aboveprinciple necessitatesnew institutional approachesto the manage-mentof waterresources.Capadtybuilding, especiallyinstitutional development,shouldthereforereceivepriority attention;

• In thechoiceof sectoralprioritiesfor actionprogramm~relativelymoreatten-tion shouldbe given to themanagementof wastes(reduction,reuseandrecycling,collection,treatmentanddisposal).

Water and sustalnable urban development... 29

5.3 To preventexaggeratedexpectationsabouttheratç of progresswhich ispossi-ble in resolvingimportantissueisIn Implementingtheaboveprinciples, actionprogrammesshouldbeconsistentwith realistic appratsalof theresourcesavailabletoimplementthem, at the sametime the internationalcommunityshouldmobilizeresourcesto supporttheproposedactions. -- - -

5.4 Six areasof particular concernarediscussedin thefollowing sections.

1 nstltutlonai/Iegai/management reforms

5.5 Waterresourcesshouldbemanagedat thelowestappropriatelevel by institu-tionscapableof managingwaterdistributionanddemand.

5.6 Urbanwaterandsanitationservicesneedto beintegratedwith land use,hous-ingandenvironmentalprotection.As scarcityincreases,waterresourceshaveagreaterimpacton developmentplanning.Urbanwaterresou ce managementshould,there-fore, be integratedwith all aspectsof nationalandregionalplanningprocessesaffectingthereglonin whichthecity is sited. - -

5.7 Financial viability andautonomyof urbanwaterandsewerageagenciesshouldbeencouraged. - -

5.8 By theyear2000 all countrles,appropriatetotheircapacities,availableresourcesandneeds,andwith the supportof externalsupportagencies,asappropriate,shouldhavearrangementsfor enforcingwaterandeffluent standardswhich shouldreflectthe ‘polluter pays’ princlple. -


(a) Initiating capacitybuilding programmesto establishinstitutionalandlegislativeframeworksfor watermanagementandpollution.protection,especiallyfor inte-gratedwaterresourcesplanningandland-use-mariagement;developingandapplyingregulatoryandeconornicinstruments~andundertakingmonitofingandsurveillance; - - -

(b) Developinginstituliona!frameworkswhich bring togetherwaterutilities, non-governmentalorganizations,theprivatesectorandcommunitygroupstoexchangeviews,contributeskills andtakedecisionson watersupplyandsanita-tion projects.Supportingintersectoralplanning involving relevant sectoralagendesat all administrativelevels; -

(c) Trainingandretainingstaff at all levelswith skills in communityinvolvement,low-costtechnologies,andfinancial managemeniandfor undertakinghygieneeducationprogrammes,with a focus on womenandchildren;

(d) Undertakinginternationalcollaborationandinformationexchangein supportofinstitutional reforms.

Efficlent and equltable ciilocation of water resources

5.10 As demandgrows andresourcesdiminish,priorities haveto be establishedwhich balancehealthimprovement,desiresfor foodsecurity,environmentaiprotection


andeconomicgrowth.Theeconomic,social andenvironmentalprioritiesto beestab-lishedshouldtakeinto accounttheavailability andlong-termsustainability,of waterresourcesensuring,asa toppriority, theavailabiityof sufficiënt,affordabledomesticsupplies,providingfor meetingthebasicneedsof theverypoot, particularlyduringdroughts.Charglngfor wateruseis essential,andthefull costof anysubsidies(includ-ingopportunitycost) shouldbepublic knowledge. -

5.11 By theyear2000 planningprocessesshouldensurethatwaterresourceanddevelopmentobjectivesarematched,enabLingcities to plan on anassuredbasis.5.12 Recommendedactionsinciude: -

(a) Providingtechnicalandfinancialsupportat all levelsfor assessmentandmofli-toring to helpsafeguardtheavallabiityandquality of surfaceandgroundwaterresourcesandreduclngpollutionbadby sector; -

(b) Informing public opinion and encouragingGovernnferitsto developpriori-ties accordingto economiccriteria for theallocationof waterresourcestoachievelong-termsustainability;

(c) Strengthenlnginstitutionalcapacity,especiallyat thelocal level, andprovidingtechnicalsupportfor the introductionandapplicationof waterchargesandpollution penaltieswhich reflect themargirlalandoppcïrtunitycostof water;

(cl) Fosteringwater conservationand recyclingthrough all available means,inciudingeconomicand regulatory incentives andtechnicaldevices.Providingincentivesfor efficient useof water, recyclingandpollutionreduction;

(e) Making availableaffordable supplies for meeting the basic needs of the poor who

lack servicesat present. - =

Protection against depletion and degradatlon of water resources

5.13 Thecostsof providingnewwaterarerising rapidly,while protection,conser-vation andreusecouldenabledemandsto be met muchmore econoinIcally.Toachieveeconomicgains,resourcesneedto beprotected,andwaterchargesandpo!lu-tion penaltieshaveto reflect thetruevalueof water. -

5.14 As part of an overall strategyto protecthealthandtheenvironmentandtomake the most economic useof all availablewater resources, jflesent pollution trendsshould be reversed to progressively improve water quality. In this context,develop-mentfundling agenciesshouldtaketheInitiative to encourag~theincorporationof asigniflcantelementof environnientalimprovementin water-relatedprojects.

5.15 Within 10 years,progtammesto providesanitarycontainmentor treatment forat least50% of thepollutionbad (biologicaJoxygendemand)frQm domesticwastesshouldbe initiated. By 2015 every country shouldhaveachievedriver waterquality(varyingfrom locationto location)which safeguardssuppliesfor downstreamusers.

5.16 Recommendedactionsinciude: -

(a) Usingsdentificallyestab!ishedguidelinesandsettingobjectivesfor theprotectionof all river systemsandgroundwaterresources;translatingtheobjectivesInto

Water and sustainable urban development.. 31

dischargequalityandreusingstandaidsfor upstreammunicipalandindustrialefflu-ents;implementingmonitoringprogrammes,supportedby enforcedlegislationandpricingmechanisms; - ~~1~ - -

(b) Inciudingwaterconsumptionanc~effluentbadarnongthecriteriâconditioningthechoice/approvalandlocationof new industrial sitesor expansionsthereofandestabilsbingstandardsfor effluentqualityfor existingandnewindustries;

(c) Improvingagriculturab,pastoralandforestrypractices,inciudingthecontrolleduseof agro-chemicals,to reducethedegradafioiiandaepletionofwaterresources;

(cl) Implementingnationalprogrammesto introducesanitarywast~dispos~1fadii-ties, basedon low-costimprovabletechnologies,andto ensuxethatinvestmentin public watersupplyis accompaniedwith appropriateinvestmentin theremoval,recyding,safereuseanddisposalof muniçipalwastesandsurfacewaterdrainage; - -

(e) Increasingenvironmentalawarenessthrough educationand public relationscampaignsto stimulatebehaviouralçhangeto con~rvewater,cQmbatpollutiôn,andincreasedisasterpreparedness; - - -

(/) Enhancing cross-sectoral information exchange and applied research onimproved-recyclingtechniques,groundwatertreatmentandprotectionméthodsandsurfacewaterdrainageto abaterunoff pollution.

Enhcinced access to water, sanitatlon and waste disposal

5.17 Acceleratedprovisionof bastçwaterand sanitationservicesis aprerequisiteforimprovedhealthand for sustainablQsodal ani econou4çadvancement. The poor puta high priority on thedignity andconvenienceof deanwaterandhygienicsanitation,reflected in a proven willingness to. pay for rçliable services. - -- -

5.18 Provision should be madefor reliablewater~sanitation,solid wasteanddrainageservicesto theurbanpoor, especiallywomenand cliildren, as a prioritycomponentof nationalenvironmentalmanagementstrategies,involving the privatesectorandnon-governmentalorganizations. - = =

5.19 In urbanareas,in accordancewith nationalcapacitiesandavailable resources, andwith assistancefrom externalsupportagencies,asappropriate,watersupplyandsanitationservicesshould be extended with the aim of reducing thenumberof lackingservicesat theend of the InternationalDrinking WaterSupply and Sanitation Decadein 1990to half thatnumberby theyear2000and to provide coverage for all by2015.

5.20 Recommendedactions inciude: - -

(a) Providing internationaltechnic~land financial support to developcostedproposals(inciudingoperationand maintenance) for providing services to theurba.npoor, andallocatingcomiiisuratebudg~ets; - -

(b) Ensuringtheuseof progressivewatertariffs thatreflect thetruecostof providingand maintaining supplies,including cost-recdveiy, ând encoirraging conserva-tion andminimizing waste.Ensu.dngchargingpôliciesthatwill enable the verypoor to receivebasicservices;

32 Internatlonai conference on water and the environment

(c) Evaluating the scopefor rehabilitatingexistingmalfunctioningsystemsasanalternativeto investingin newprojects. Ensuring that the technical,institutionalandbudgetaryrequlrementsfor futureoperationandmaintenanceareprovIdedfor in the planning, designand implementationphasesof-new pro~ects.Establishingpreventivemaintenanceschedules,leakdetectionprogrammes,andregularquality surveillance.Devebopingguidelinesand-monitoringtheachieve-ment of sustainablewaterandsanitationservices; = -

(d) Encouraginglocal waterassociationsandwatercommitteesto managecommu~nity watersupplyandsanitationsystems;

(e) Devebopingreduced-costseweragesystemsfor low-incornesettlementsandmakinglow-costwatersupplyand sanitationtechnologychoicesi~ava1Iablein all countries.

Heaith Impacts from urban water resource management

5.21 Contarninatedand unreliahiewatersuppliesposehigh risks of a varietyofpreventablecommunicablediseases.Medium-andlong-termplansfor environmentalsanitationshouldbeestablishedby 1995 to ensurepermari~f~ f~ctÏoifofvulnera-blegroupsagainstdiseaserisks, especiallycholera.Considerationshouldbegiven tothecreationof an internationalfund to respondto healthhazardemergencies.

5.22 Recommendedactionsinciude: - -

(a) Providing internationaltechnical and financial support for the designandimplementationof watersupplyandsanitationprogranimesto developnationalinventories and address environmental healthissuesof vulnerablegroups;

(b) Strengtheningthemonitoringandreconnaissancecapabilitiesof waterauthori-tiesto identify health risl<s, including thosearisingfrom thegatheringof people,and to implementmultisectoral rapid-response interventions, such as thosedeal-ingwith epidemics; - - -

(c) Developingpoliciesandaninternationalclearing-housefor information,educa-tion and communications. Promoting public education on improved domesticdisinfection systemssuitablefor usewith low-costwatèrsupply andsanitationtechnobogies,involving theparticipationof grass-rootorganizations. -

Resource mobilization5.23 Unlessthetwin problemsof waterscardtyandpnllutionaretackledurgentlyandeffectively, thecostof waterwill becornean verriding constrainton nationaleconomicgrowth. Investmentsin urbanwaterandwastemanagementshouldbecommensuratewith themajorcontributionscitiesmaketo economicgrowth.

5.24 Thewilbingnessof unservedpopulationsto contributeshouldbeharnessedtoinvestin reliableservices.Tariffs shouldbeemployedto ensureadequatecost-recoveryfor upkeep and extension of services. - - - - - : - - - -

5.25 Recommendedactionsinclude: - -

(a) Undertakingagbobalprogrammeto promotepublicinformationandcommunica-tion campalgnsto mobilize support for achieving sustainable urban.development,

Water for sustalnable food production and rural development.. 33

emphasizingthe extent to which this is threatenedby currenttrends.Thereis aneed for realistic pricing, and for Increased investment in waterresourceprotectionandpollution prevention;

(b) Providingtechnicalsupportandbuilding capadtiesto ensurefinancial viability,community involvement and decision-making,including theparticipationof women,in investments,reducingunaccounted-forwaterandtakingfull advan-tageof recyclingopportunitiesin municipalwastewaterandsolid wastedisposal;

(c) Undertaking appliedresearchto extendeconomicevaluationtechniquesto

includeenvironmentalconsiderationsin full.

6. Water for sustainable food production and rural development

and drinking water suppiy and sanitation in the rural context

Introduction6.1 For manydevelopingcountries,agricultureremainsthe dominant economicsectorand themajority of their population is rurab. While therural populationwillgrow in absoluteterms, ii: will not only have to meet its own rising food requirementsbut additionally it will haveto feeda rapidly increasingurbanpopulation.Meetingthebasicneedsof therural populations,namely: drinking water, food, shelter,clothing,sanitation and primary liealth care, and the environmentably sustainable transforma-tion of thesubsistenceagricultureto aproductiveandeconomicallyviableventureisthebasisof rural devebopment.

Prlnclples

6.2 The keystrategicprinciplesfor holistic andintegratedenvironmentallysoundmanagementof water resourcesin therural contextare:

(a) Water shouldbe regardedas a finite resourcethat hasan economicvaluewithsignificant socialimplications;

(b) Local communitiesmustparticipatein all phasesof watermanagementensuringthefull involvementof womenin view of their crucialrole in thepracticalday-to-daysupply,managementanduseof water;

(c) Water-resourcemanagementmust bedevelopedwithin acomprehensivesetofpolicies for human health; food production, preservation and distribution;disastermitigation plans;environmentalprotectionand conservationof thenaturalresourcebase; - - --

(cl) The need to recogrlize and actively support the role of rural populationswithparticularemphasison women,giventheir role in:feedingthe world’spopulationandprotectingits environment.

Integrated rural water management6.3 In orderto meetthebasicneedsof therural populations,waterdevelopmentandmanagementwill haveto beconsideredin an integratedmanner.This integrated

34 lnternatlonai conference on water and the environment

approachhasto considersustainabledevelopmentprogrammes,including institu-tional and humanresourcesdevebopment,protection of the environmentandpreservationof food supplies.

Legislatlon and instltutlonai arrangements

6.4 The adoptionof moreefficient wateruse,protectionof water quality frompollutionby agriculturalchemicalsandothercontaminatingmaterials,andestablish-ment of clearly definedpropertyrights andobligationsrequirethe introductionofappropriatelegal instrumentsat local andnationallevels. Given the needto addressmulti-sectoralproblemsrelatedto wateruseat the rural level, inter-institutionallink-ageswill needto be established.Strengtheningthe capacityof institutions toadministerthelegal, economicandmonitoring functionsis essential.

Issues and strateg les

Efficlent and rational allocation of water: qualily and quanti/y

6.5 A major part of the available fresh water,in the future, will be taken up tosupplementrainfail for agricultural production.This is to meetthe needsfor food,fuel, fodder, fibre and timber of a rapidly growing population,especiallyin thedevel-oping countries. At the same time, the demands for good quality water for drinkingand sanitation and for industrial use arerising sharply,especiallyin therapidbygrow-ing urbanareas.Safeguardinggood quality water is moreovernecessaryfor fisheriesandaquaculture,themaintenanceof vabuablenaturalecosystemsandenvironmentalprotection in general.

6.6 This combination of increaslng demands on finite freshwaterresourcesmakethem everscarcer.It callsfor a moreefficient useof resources,speciallyin theagricul-tural sector,anda rationai allocationbetweenthevariousdemandsectors.The mainstrategiesshouldensurethatwaterusersrealizethescarcityvalueof theresourceandincentivesto promotethis must be established.Measureswould includedemandmanagementin theform of chargingsystemsfor efficient and just useof water;cost-recoverypoliciesto providesecure,sustained,efficientoperationsandmaintenanceofwatersupply systems;educationandpublic informationprogrammes;andlegalenti-tlementsfor accessto waterresources.Suchmeasureswill haveto be introducedwithdueconsiderationof thecultural, socialandecobogicalvaluesof water.Simultaneouslypriority shouldbe given to meetingthe basicneedsof thepoor, including drinkingwaterand smali-scaleagriculture.Prerequisitesto resolvingthe competingdemandsare: comprehensive resource inventory and evaluation of existing land and waterneeds;the promotion of waterstorageand savingdevices;andsoundwateruseatwatershedandvillage levels.

6.7 Thequalityof freshwateris decliningin inanypartsof the world due to humaninducedland degradation,salinization,andpollution by chemicalcompoundsandelements.The main strategyto combatthis is arrestingtheproblemat its source,throughincentivesandregulationsfor environmentallysoundsoil andwaterconserva-tion measures.Closemonitoringof all wastedisposalsandcontaminationsis requiredas

Water for sustalnabie food productlon and rural development... 35

well asapplicationof appropriatelegal andadministrativecontrolsandtheestablish-ment of requirementsfor pollutersto coverthecostof recoveryof thewaterquality. Topreventbossesin quantityandquality of agriculturalproduce,andprotecthumanhealth,waterquality standardsfor agricultural, drinking andsanitationusesshouldbesetandappropriatemechanismsput in placefor theireffectiveimplementation.

Water for sustainabie agriculture6.8 In manypartsof theworld, water-useefficienciesatelowbothat irrigation schemelevel andat farm level.Thishasbeenthe primarycauseof waterboggingandsailnizationofirrigatedlands,waterlosses,water-bornediseasesandenvironmentaldegradation.Themajor strategiesconsistof: introduction of cost-recoverymechanisms;demandmanagement;close monitoringof irrigation systemperformanceandwatermanage-ment at the field level; improvementsto irrigation andon-farminfrastructures;andpromotionof adaptivetechnologicalresearchanddevelopmentaswell asthedissem-ination of resuits.Additionally, irrigation institutions including water-usersassociations will have to be strengthened.

6.9 Flooding, lack of adequatedrainage,pooroper~tionandmaintenanceof irri-gationschemes,andinefficient waterapplicationsat thefarm level havecontributedto surfacewaterstagnation,waterloggingandsalinizationof manyirrigatedlandsandbow-lying areas.They haveresultedin not only loss in productivity of agriculturallandsbut also deteriorationof the environment.Theprimary strategyconsistsof thereductionof thesourcesof excesswaterandprovision of artificial drainage in existingWet croplandswhennecessary.It shouldbere-inforcedby theintroductionof efficientpricing and cost-recoverymechanisrns.Fboodand ram waterscausingtemporarypondingon extensiveplainscanbecontainedfor subsequentdry-seasoncropgrowth.

6.10 Improvementof rainfedagricultureby smali-scalewaterprogrammesinciud-ing collectivewell-irrigation systems,small reservoitor tank irrigation schemes,multipurposewaterharvesting projects,village drinkingwatersupplyandcommunitygardenprogrammescanfulfil manyrural communityneedsandaresustainable.Thismay inciudediverting andstoring of temporaryexcessesof ram watersand theirsubsequent use. Theprimary strategyconsistsof providingincentives,technicalandinstitutional support to local communities to devebopandmanagewaterresourcestomeettheirmultiple needs.

6.11 Floodrecessionagricubtureis aprimarysourceof foodsupplyon manymajorflood plains,its valuein meetingthebasicneedsof therural poorshouldthereforebegiven specialrecognitionwhen conslderingmanager1~ientof basinresources.Dueconsiderationshouldbe given to maintainingminimum waterfiows downstreamwhen designingwater-managementschemes.

6.12 Lack of good quality waterlimits livestockproductionundergrazingandrangelandconditions.Solutionscall for integratedlandandwater-usestrategiesfor thesemi-andareasto bedevelopedin cboseco-operationwith pastoralistpopulationsandbasedon clearlydefinedpropertyrights.Thestrategyconsistsof providingappropri-atelyspacedandreliabbewateringpointsandgrazinglandswithin sustainablelandusesystems.Livestock productionis also the causeof watercontaminationbecauseof


impnoperwastemanagementin high livestockdensityzones.Leachinginto aquifersisto be reduced through better iritegration of livestock and crop production. Where live-stockis oneamongcompetingusersof a limited watersupply,theopportunityvalueof thewaterin questionmustbeestablishedto assistin determiningtheefficient andequitableallocationof water.

6.13 lnlandwater fisheriesshouldbemanagedto optimize the yield of aquaticfood organisms through conservation of waterquality andquantityandfunctionalmorphobogy of inland aquatic systems. Aquaculture should be promoted as a compo-nent of integrated farming systems. At the sametime, aquaculturedevelopmentandcoastal fisheries will need to be guided to protect the quaLity of aquatic systems andthe environment. The major strategy consists of promotinginlandfisheriesandaqua-culture within the framework of national and international water resources planningandmanagement.In the contextof competingusesfor water theopportunity valueshould be applied as in the case of water for livestock.

Providing water suppiy and sanitatlon for the unserved rural poor

6.14 Quite a significant rural populationremainswithout reasonableaccessto safedrinking waterandsanitationattheendof theInternationalDïinking WaterSupplyandSanitationDecade.Thereis aneedto find meansof encouragingrurabcommunitiestoundertake local development initiatives with the resources avallable to them. The majorstrategies are: establishing national policies and budget priorities with regard to increasingservicecoverage;promotingappropriatetechnologies;introductionof suitablecostrecov-erymechanisms,taking intoaccountefficiencyandequity throughdemandmanagementmechanisms;promotingcommunityownershipandrightsto watersupplyandsanitationfacilities; and establishing monitoning and evaluation systems.

6.15 Insufficient funds, insufficient trainedmanpower,poor operation and main-tenanceof systemsandlackof communityparticipationwereidentifiedasconstraintsto sustainablewatersupplyandsanitationservicesin rural areas.Lackof knowledgeon healthconsequencesof unhygienicservicescontributes.topoor performanceofwatersupplyandsanitationsystemsaftercommissioning.The inajor strategyconsistsof strengtheningtherural watersupplyandsanitationsectorwith emphasison insti-tutional development, efficient management and an appropriate framework forfinancing of the services. -

6.16 Inadequatewater supply and sanitationoften resultsin a broadrangeofhealthproblems induding diarrhoea,schistosomiasis,andguineaworm infection. Inaddition,inappropriatewaterstoragein andaroundhousesandvillage pondsandirri-gationanddrainagecanalsmayserveasbreeclingsitesof vectormosquitoesthat causedengueandmalaria.The strategyconsistsof hygieneeducationandelimination oftransmissionfoci; adoptionof appropriatetechnologiesfor watertreatment; and wide-scale adoption of environmental management measures to control disease vectors.

Capacity bulldlng

6.17 There is an urgent need for developing nations to build their own long-termcapacitiesfor integratedmanagementof ruralresourcesthat supporttheir communi-

Water for sustainable lood production and rural deveiopment... 37

ties.The major strategyconsistsof the creationof policy and legal frameworks,thedevelopmentandstrengtheningof institutions,the disseminationof hydrobogicalandother databases,the promotion of communityparticipation andthe training ofhumanresources,all on a continuingbasis. 1

6.18 Theactionsat local, provincial,nationalandinternationallevelswill nequirean institutional framework,mechanismsfor co-ordinationwithin a countryandbetweencountriesand the UnitedNationssysternof organizationsanddonor andfinancingagencies. -

Actions requlred to meet the chailenges

6.19 Accordingto onesetof projectionsthe globalpopulationisexpectedto neach8 billion by theyear202C). Theconsequentdramaticgröwth in fooddemandandthepressunesupon thenatura!resourcebaseposean enörmouschallengeto therunalsector.The latter will not only haveto substantiallyincreasefood production,butbeingthemajor userof waterresources,it will haveto releasefreshwaterresourcestomeet increasingdemandsfor dornestic,industrial and ecosystemmanagementpurposes.Additionally the rural sectorwill haveto significantly contributeto theconservationof the naturalresourcebase.


(a) Strengtheningnationalcapacitiesto plan, implement,andmonitor integratedwatermanagementprogrammes.Themajorstrategyis to createpolicy andlegalframeworkson a participatorybasis,aswell asdevelopandstrengtheninstitu-tions at all levels.This shouldbe accomplishedwith emphasison communityparticipationandhumanresourcedevelopment,taking into considerationthefull involvementof womenwho constitutea substantialnumberof theworld’sfarmers;

(b) Resolving competing demancison waterresourcesthroughthe applicationofappropriate econornic, legal and institutional mechanisms. This objectiveisachievablethrough:betterintegrationof waterusewithin theframeworkof over-all nationaleconomic,agriculturalandenvironmentalpoliciesandadoptionofdemandmanagementstrategies,rangingfrom appropriatepricingpolicies toimplementationof relevantlegal frarneworksandentitlementssupportedby thewidespreadintroductionof watersavingtechnologies;

(c) Promoting and actively supportingwaterconservationandwater-useefficiencyin agniculturewith the objectiveof makingmorewateravaibablefor domesticand industrial use aswell asfor ecosystemmanagement;

(cl) Actively promotingtheuseof participatorymechanismsfor involving communi-ties, with emphasis on the role of women,in theplanningandimplementationof programmesfor agriculturalwater use,waterconservation,andwatersupplyandsanitation;

(e) Introducingandactively usingbaselineassessmeflts,selectionof neadilymeasurable indicators, effective monitoning mechanisms during project imple-mentationandevaluationof achievementsagainstsetobjectives;


(t) Meetingthefoodneedsof 8 billion peopleby 2020throughsubstantialincreaseof efficiency of water usein existing irrigation schemes,maximizing waterconservationin new irnigation schemesand improving drainagein wet andsalinecnoplands.Increasedwater-useefficienciesmust additionallybesought innain-fed agniculture through effective measures, including flood managementand drought mitigation. Theenhancernentof food delivery by therural sectorshouldbecomplementedby othermeasures,includingwidespreadintroductionof droughtresistantcrops,insectandrodentcontrol, effectivestorageandtrans-portation;

(g) Activatingmechanismsto providerural populationswith betteraccessto essen-tial technicalandenvironmentalinformation, in orderto strengthentheir rolein decision-makingprocesses;

(Ii) Adjustingagricultural land-usepracticesandimproving rural sanitationandcommunityandindustrial wastedisposalto ensuretheprotectionof ground-waterandsunfacewaterincludingcoastalseas;

(1) Impbementingon a largescaleappropriatemechanismsfor sustainableservicecoverageof watersupplyandsanitationdevelopedduring the InternationalDrinking WaterSupplyandSanitationDecadeto provideuniversalaccess;

(j) Considerationof healthconsequencesin all water-resourceprogrammesin orderto enhancesocialandeconomicdevelopment;

(k) Ensuringthat,by theyear2000,all countniesandrural communities,accordingto their capacities~andavailableresourcesandwith assistancefrom externalsupportagenciesasappropniate,will: -

(i) Haveagriculturalandwater-resourcesystemsso that, through local produc-tion andcommoditytrading, theywill haveaccessto sufficient food tomeetthein basicnutritionalneeds;

(ii) Have access to safewater in sufficient quantities and adequate sanitation tomeet thein health needs and maintain the essential qualities of their localenvironments;

(iii) Deveboptheirwater..resourcesystemsonly ascomponentsof comprehen-sive integratedprogrammesdesignedto providefor long-termsustainmentof humanwelfareandthecarefulmanagementof naturalecosystems.

7. Mechanlsms for implementation and co-ordination at Interna-tional, national and Iocai leveis

Appropriate leveis of management

7.1 Centralized and sectonal(top down) approachesto waterresourcesdevebop-ment and managementhaveoften proved insufficient to solve local watermanagement problems. The nole of governments needs to change to ensure a moreactive participation of people and local institutions, public and private. The levels atwhicheffectivemanagementdecisionscanbetakenandproblemscanbesolvedvanyfrom countryto country,asdo therelativerolesof institutionsin theadministrative

Mechanlsms for impiementatlon and co-ordinatlon.. 39

(socio-political)andhydrological (catchment/riverbasin)structu.res.Thefundamentalprinciple remainshoweverthat, in anygiven situation,waterresourcesshouldbemanagedat thelowestappropriatelevels.Theneedfor integrationof sustainablewatermanagementwith land-usemanagement,preservatioriof theenvironmentandthereconciliationwith othersectorinterestshasto berecognized.In particular,theneedsof humansettlements,agricultureandindustry haveto bemanagedand basedon abalanced consideration of the total needs of people and the environment.

Mechanlsms at the natlonal level

7.2 While the principle of the management of the resource at the lowest appropri-ate level requiresa decentralizedapproachto watermanagement,suchanapproachwould fail if it wereto operatein an institutionalvacuum.Thereis aneedfor institu-tional arrangementsat thenationallevel, suchasanationalwaterauthority,capableof definingpriorities, policy directions,targetsand, whereappropriate,prescrlbingstandards.The term‘authority’ is usedin thiscontextto reflectits functionof facilitat-ing the implementationof waterresourcesdevebopmentandconservationactivitiesandasystemof checksandbalancesto safeguardpublic andnationalinterestsandtopromoteimprovedmanagement.

7.3 The mostpivotal andcomplexfunction of anationalauthoritylies in theestablishmentof effectiveintegrationof theoverall socio-economicandenvironmen-tal decision-makingprocesswith the formulation of water resourcespoliciesandprogrammes.Similar linkagesarerequired in order to conserve ecosystems and devel-opment needs on a sustainable basis. Such an authority may also provide an enablingenvironmentfor local resourcemobilization andthe flow of financialresourcesandtheco-ordinationof externalsupport.Other functionsof anationalauthoritycouldbeconcernedwith theco-ordinationandmanagementof data,incbudingnationalmoni-toring networks,the formulation of a regulatoryframework, the facilitation oftechnologytransfer,thesupportof humanresourcesdevelopment,thepromotionofsustainablewatermanagementandfull public participationin all aspectsof water.

7.4 Thenationalauthorityprovidesthenecessarysupportfor river andlakebasinauthoritiesor committeeswith responsibilityfor theintegratedmanagementof thewaterresourcesin thebasin. At thevery least, acentra!authorityneedsto provideasystemof linkagesbetweenexistingorganizationsdealingwith waterresources,with aview to harmonizingapproachesandpolicies. In thecaseof federatedcountries,parallel Statesor provincial authoritiesmay be neededto perform relatedfunctionsfalling underthe jurisdictionof Statesor provinces.

7.5 Recommendedactionsto include:

(a) Assessingcurrentorganizationalarrangementsaspartof nationalactionplansforsustainable devebopment;

(b) Establishingandstrengtheningnationalwaterauthoritiesandriver basinentitiesasrequired;

(c) Supporting and strengthening further development of water legislation andinsti-tutionalmechanismsfor theco-ordinatedmanagementof water resourcestoensuresustainabledevelopment.


Transboundary basins

7.6 The mostappropriategeographicalentity for theplanningandmanagementof water resources is the basirL, inciuding its surface water and groundwater. Ideally,the effective integrated planning and development of transboundary river or lakebasins has similar institutional requirements as in the case of a basin entirely withinone country and should be based on the same principles. The essential function ofexisting international basin organizations is one of reconciling and harmonizing theinterests of riparian countries, monitoring water quantity and quality, development ofconcerted action programmes, exchange of information, and enforcing agreements.As regards transboundary groundwater basins, expboitation of such aquifers shouldtake into account the safe yield of the live aquifers while developing prlnciples for thecontrol of pollution.

7.7 Recommendedactions to be taken by Governmentsinclude:

(a) Evaluating the experience gained with existing transboundary basin waterauthorities,committeesandcommissions; -

(b) Supportingthefurther developmentof legal principlesandinstitutionalmech-anismsfor theco-ordinationof watermanagementwithin transboundarybasins;

(c) Promoting the co-operation of riparian countries within a transboundary basinin the establishmentof appropriatelegal, institutional and operationalmechanisms. - -

lnternationai Implementatlon mechanlsms

7.8 Regional and gbobal dirnensions of water problems are rapidly growing inimportance.Water resourcesarecoming underincreasingstresswith thegrowth ofpopulations,while water is now recognizedasthecentralcomponent of global ecosys-temsandof the climatesystem.This requiresthe strengtheninganddevelopmentofa framework for the formulation of international watér-related monitoring,programmes, policies and strategies. Such a framework must ensure that water prob-lems areconsideredin the wider context of environmentaland sustainabledevebopment issues.


(a) The strengtheningof existing regionalmechanismsot a continentalandsub-continentalscalein orderto harmonizepolicies,strategiesandprogrammes,andsimilar mechanisrns should be irnplemented in other regions as well, as needsarise;

(b) The promotion of co-operation on a regional basis forthe exchange of experi-encein the protection and useof transboundarywaters, inciuding legalmechanismsandinstitutions;

(c) Reviewof thefunctionsandcapacitiesof intergovernrnentalbodies,inciudingUnited Nationsinstituticns,reglonalandsub-regionalorganizatilonsandnon-governmentalorganizations;identify key needsnot adequatelyaddressedbythesebodies;andmakeconcreteproposalsfor strengtheningintergovernmentalbodies and further improving co-ordination with MemberStates;

Mechanlsms for implementatlon and co-ordinatlon... 41

(cl) TheUnited NationsConferencÈon EnvironmentandDevelopmentandits EarthChartershouldreflect theprinciplesrequiredfor development,use,conservationandprotectionof waterresourcesandaquaticecosystems~especiallyin theirinterna-tional aspects;

(e) Adequateinternationalexchangeof dataon thecomponentsof thewatercyclein termsof quantityandquality shouldbepronioted,throughestablishedinter-nationalprogrammesfor suchexchangeandtheuseof internationaldatacentres,andsupportedby regulationsurrderinternationallawspecifyingmutualobligationsandrulesof procedure;- - - -

(t) Countriesshouldensurethateffectiveflood and-droughtwarningandprepared-nesssystemsarepartof nationalsustainabledevelopmentplans,within theframeworkof theInternationalDecadefor NaturalDisasterReduction;

~g) Internationalco-operationshouldbestrengthenedtoexpandnationalfinancingof environmentallysoundandsociallyresponsiblewateractivities. -

Global co-ordination

7.10 At present,internationalarrangementsarelacking for the-effectiveco-ordina-don of gbobal freshwateractivitiesby multilateral, bilateral,andnon-governmentalorganizations.A major problemis theback of linkagesbetweenthecommunityofexternalsupportagencies,governmentsandnon~governmentalorganizationswhichdealwith waterresourcesco~-ordinationandfadiitation~

7.11 Suitablearrangementsshouldaddressthefolbowingkeyneeds:

• Raisingthegiobal profileof freshwaterissuesandmaintainingthatprofile in theperiodaftertheUnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDeveloprnent,with a view to ensuringsustainedglobalcommitmentto addresslngfreshwaterproblems; - -

• Improvingopportunitiesfor co-ordinationof waterprogrammes,particularlythoseof theexternalsupportagencies(bilateralandmultilateral);

• Providtnga forum to encouragediabogueandcönfidence~.bui1dingmeasuresregardingtransboundaryissuesaniongripariancountries; -

• Facilitatingdiscussionsandthedevebopmentof:recommendations,basedonsharedexperiencein areasrelatedto water management,suchaslegislation,researchanddevebopment,andtechnobogytransfer;

• Reviewingprognessin theimplementationof thefreshwaterprogrammeareasofAgenda21. - -

7.12 The following specificactionsarerecommended:- -

(a) StrengtheningUnitedNationsinstitutionssuchastheECOSOCCommitteeonNatural Resourcesandenhancinginteragency-cci-ordinatbonthroughmecha-nisrnssuchastheIntersecretariatGrôupfor WâtèrResôürcês; -


(b) Supportingtheestablishmentof a facilitating mechanlsm,suchasaworld waterforum or council, by which waterspecialistsin variousconstituenciessuchasgovernments,internationalbodies,non-goverrimentalorganizationsandprivatesectorbodiescouldco-operate.

8. Options for follow-up

8.1 A numberof recommendationsto improvemanagementof waterIn an envi-ronmentalcontextandasakeyelementof sustainabledevelopmenthavebeenmadein theearliersectionsof this report.Theserecommendationsandtheanalysiswill goforward to the PreparatoryCommitteefor theUnited Nations ConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment(UNCED), the‘Earth Summit’, in Rio deJaneiro,June1992.The UNCED preparatoryprocesshasaireadydevebopeda draft programme0flwaterandenvironmentwhichwill bemodifiedin thelight of theDublin StatementandConferenceRepoit.TheEarthCharterandAgenda21 whichwill be discussedatUNCED will contain a numberof calls for action on waterandenvironmentatnational,regionalandinternationallevels.

8.2 Experiencewith theMar del PlataAction Plan(UN WaterConference,1977)hasshownthatproceduresandmechanismsfor follow-up to ensureprogresson therequiredaction areessentialto achievethedefinedgoals.The Dublin ConferenceurgesthatUNCED ensuresastrongfollow-up processfor all matterscoveredby Agenda21.

8.3 Unlike manyothersectors,thereIs no global intergovernrnentalorganizationthatcouldbebogicallychargedwith takingacomprehensiveovervlewof progressonwater-relatedaspectsof Agenda21. With this in mmdtheDublin Conferenceconsid-eredpossibilities for an UNCED waterfollow-up. The first needis to strengthenexistingUnitedNationsInstitutions,-suchastheCommittegon-NaturâlResourcesofECOSOCandtheIntersecretariatGroup fôr WaterResôurces.~However,neithermech-anlsmprovidesfor involvementof all interestedgoverninentstogetherwith privatesectorgroups,so importantin watermanagementissues.In additionto strengtheningUnited Nationsbndiesandto providefor awider sectorinvôlvement,oneoption istheestablishmentof amorecomprehensiveworld waterforumor council, similar totheexistingCollaborativeCoundilon WaterSupplyandSanitation,to which govern-ments,Internationalandregionalbodies,norr-governmentalorganizationsandprivatesectorbodiescould adhere. - -‘ - - --

8.4 Whichof theseoptionsor othermechanismsareadoptedby UNCED dependsto aconsiderableextenton themoregeneralfollow-up mechanismsadoptedby theEarthSummit.TheDublin Conferenteurgesthatanysuchfôllow-up rnechanismsorarrangementsprovidespecificallyfor appropriateperiodicrevtewsby acompetentbodyof progress0fl water-relatedissuesof Agenda21.

8.5 At thenationallevel, governmentsareurgedto consider,after theUnitedNationsConferenceon EnvironmentandDevelopment,assigningto anappropriatenatlonalbody the taskof folbowingthe implementation-andreviewirig progress0flthewater-relatedissuesof Agenda21. Suchbodiesshouldwork in cbosecollaborationwith externalsupportagenciesoperatingin thecountries. - = -

Options for follow-up 43

8.6 At bothnationalandinternationallevelsthefi& mâjorassessmentto identifyprogressin water-relatedissuesshouldbeundertakenby theyear2000. =

8.7 The Conferencerecognizestheneedfor mobilizingresourcesfrom all sourcesfor thevital work outlinedin its reportandurgesUNCEDJoensurethat thewater-relatedissuesaretaken into considerationin funding the implementationofAgenda21. -

8.8 TheConfefencepartici~anfsurgéall goverfiméiitsto studycaiefully theaboverecommendationsandto translatethem into urgentactionprogrammesfor WATERAND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. - - - - - -


Annex 1

List of Partic~pants Attending the Conference

1. Government-deslgnated experts

Ait-Amara,Mr A. AlgeriaKherraz,Mr K.

Figuerero,Mr J.M. ArgentinaFuschini-Mejia,Mr M.C.SolarDorrego,Mr L.

Constable,Mr D.J. Ai~straliaFilipetto, Ms L.Ludiow, Ms J.McCarthy,Mr T.Roberts,Mr T.Stewart,Mr Bj.

Grath,MrJ. AustriaNobilis, Mr F.

Weech,Mr P. Bahamas

Ah Abdulla, Mr P. Bahrain

Ahmed,Mr R. BangladeshHannan,Mr A.Islam, Mr M.A.Nishat,Mr A.

De Brabander,Mr K. Belgium

Van Der Beken,Mr A.

Abouki, Mr M. Benin

Salas,Mr R.E. Bolivia

Sekwale,Mr M. Botswana

Daniel,Mr M.C.M. BrazilProencaRosa,Mr C.A.Ricarte,Mr A.O.S.

Mandadjlev,Mr D. Bulgaria

- Ntahuga,Mr L.

Koum,Mr S.

NkoulouNtere,Mr P.

Bezeredi,Ms A. -

Bruce, MrJ.P.Davis, Mr D.A.Grover,Mr B. -

Hill, Mr H.McRae~,Mr T. --

Vieira, Mr H.J. - -~

Feizoure,Mr C.T.~

Alainaye,Mr D.

Berguno,Mr B.ManriquezLobos,Mr G.Sanchez,Mr V.

WangWeizhong,MrYan Hongbang,MrYangDingyuan,MrYe Yongyi, MrZhengRugang,Mr

BarrosLuque,Mr R.A.Melendez,Mr R.RamirezVahlejo,MrJ.

Goma,~MrPh. T

Calvo Zeledon,Mr R.

Kakadie,Mr YG.Sakho,Mr M.A.

Burundi

Cambodja

Cameroon

Çanada

CareVerde

CentralAfrican

Repubhic

Chad

Chile

China

Colombia

Congo

CostaRica

CôtedIvoire

Ust of particlpants 45

Arrue Avila, Mr A. Cuba Sahor,Mr M.Samba,Mr S.

Gambia

Kazimour, Mr V.Kinkor, MrJ.Molnar, Mr L.Zavadsky,Mr 1

HongYong, MrPookChonSok, Mr

Boesen,Mr J.Jonch-Clausen,Mr T.Korkman, Mr T.E.Refsgaard,Mr J.C.StorgaardMadsen~Ms B.

Rodriguez,Mr L.

Abou El Dahab,Mr M.Abu Zeid, Mr M.Gamil, Mr E.M.Mahmoud,Mr G.Mesharafa,Mr H.Moussa,Ms S.Moustafa,Mr A.T.Raafat,Mr F.

Czechoslôvakia

DemocraticRep. of Korea

Denmark

Ecuador

Egypt

Erbel, Mr K.Hofius,Mr K.Roser,Mrs. S.Rudolf, Mr 8.Teuber,Mr W.Walch, Mr H.-J.Winzek,Mr H.-

Ayibotele,Mr N.B.

Denaxas,Mr E.Karakatsoulis,Mr P.Kolla-Mimikou, MsM.Megremis1MrP.

Diallo, MrM. A.

Balde,MrJ. M.

Cardoso,MrJ.G.Pompey,MsA.

BurgosdeFlores,Ms IJ.

Germany

Ghana

Greece

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Guyana

Honduras

Dejene,Mr WM. EthiopiaSeyoum,Mr H.S.Tsegay,Mr A.

Haunia,Ms S. FinlandHaverinen,Mr A.Kontula, Mr E.Nyroos,Ms H.

Charbonnel,Mr L. FranceGeny, Mr P.Jaouen,Ms A.Le Masson,Mr H. -

Roussel,Ms 0.Truchot,Mr C.Wagner,Mr M.

Maganga-Nziengui,Mr A. GabonOtchanga,Mr W.

Hollo, Mr G.Kisgyorgy~Mr S.Nemeth, Mr M.Ottlik, Mr P. -

- Starosolszky,Mr 0.Svetnik,Mr A.

Gupta,Mr DIB.Kashyap,Mr R.

- - Tiwari, Mr D.S.VenugopalanNair, MrJ.

Alirahman,MrSoenarno,Mr

Asgari,Mr A.Jahani,Mr A.Mahini, Mr S.S.Mahmoudian,Mr S. A.

Iran, IslarnicRepublicof

Hungary

India

Indonesia


Massoumi-Alamouti,Mr A.Youssefi-Zadeh, Mr M.

Callan,Mr N.Clarke,Mr B.Dollard, Mr R.Dooge , MrJ.C.l.Moylan, MsM.McCumiskey, Mr B.

Ben-Zvi, Mr A.Kahana,Mr Y.Kantor, Mr S.Sharma,Mr P.C.

Barni, Mr E.Gigliani, Mr F.Imparato,Mr I.G.Moschetta,Mr G.Olivieri, Ms V.Romano,Mr E.Scaroni,Mr A.Tozzoli,Mr G.Villa, Mr L.

Hardware,Mr T.W.

Nishimura,Mr Y.Obayashl,Mr T.Tsutsui,Mr H.Yatsu,Mr R.Yokouchi, Mr H.

Qunqar,Mr E.

Mwongera,Mr E.K.

Al Minayes,Mr A.M.Al-Farhoud,Mr K.

Symmavong,Mr N.

Jaber,Mr B.

Rabbath,Mr A.

Makhoalibe,Mr S.

Kroma,Mr A.

Laisi, Mr E.Z. - -~

Rosmah,Ms M.JShahrizaila,Mr A.

De Ketelaere,Mr D.Spiteri,Ms A. - - -

Baba,Mr 0.S.A.Ould Dahi, Mr M.

Sok Appadu,Mr S.

CalderônBartheneuf,Mr J.David, Mr A.Espina-delaO, Mr E.GardufloVelascô,Mr H.Glender,Mr A.RomeroAlvarez,’Mr H.

Myagmarjay,Mr~B.

Hajji, Mr A.Jellali, Mr M.

Carribula,Mr P.EF.Mozambique -

LJTinMyint -

Sharma,Mr C.

Alaerts,Mr G.J.Ardon, Mr W.G.Blom, MrJ.Koudstaal,Mr R.Oudshoorn,Mr H.M.Rijsberman,Mr F.Savenije,Mr H.- -

Zijlmans,Mr R.Zuidema,Mr F.C

Newton,Mr E.C.Statia,Mr T.B. =

MosJey,Mr P. =

Netherlands

Antilles

New Zealand

Liberia -

Malawi

Malaysia

Malta

Mauritania

Mauritius

Mexico

Mongolia

Morocco

Myanmar

Nepal

Netherlands

Iran, IslamicRepublicof

Ireland =

Israel

Italy

Jamaica

Japan

Jordan~

Kenya

Kuwait

Lao Peopl&sDem. Rep.

Lebanon

Lesotho

Ust of parttcipants 47

Gutierrez,Mr C. Nicaragua

Bako, Mr Y. Niger

Abatcha,Mr A.A.Aina, Mr E.0.A.Bassey,MrJ.0.Ettu, Mr S.A.Hanidu,Mr J.A.Imevbore,Mr A.M.A.Okeke, Ms E.Shaib,Mr B.Udoeka,Mr E.D.Wadibia-Anyanwu,Ms N.

Bendiksen,Ms R.Eidheim,Ms 1.Hansen,Mr S.McNeill, Mr D.Tollan, Mr A.Wangen,Mr G.

Al-Harthy, Mr S.S.Al-Said,Mr B.Al-Shaikh, MrJ.Al-Shaqsi,Mr S.R.

Candido,Mr A.Cavalo,Mr A.Espirito Santo,Ms EGouveia,Ms T.Lemos,Mr P.Mendes,MrA.Passaro,Mr M.C.Pi~ès,Mr A. -

Ramos,Ms L.

Serban,Mr P. Romania

Da Conceicao,Mr J. SaoTome~r -

- Principe

Abdulrazza.k,Mr M.Al Haratani,-MrE.Al Kaltham,Mr M.Al-Azzaz, Mr A.Al-Saati, MrÂ.J.Al-Sahli, Mr M.J.Almaziad,Mr A.Haddad,Mr~A.

Fail, Mr C. - SenegalSylla,Mr D.~.-

Qaiser,Mr G. Pakistan Mascarenhas,Mr J.P. Seychelles

Candanedo, Ms C.

Douglas,Mr J.

Fragano, Mr. F.Sanche.zGuffanti, Mr G.

Panama

PapuaNewGuinea

Paraguay

Ong, Mr H.S-. -

Tan,Mr L. -

Fernandez,Mr M.A.Mingo Magro,Mr J.

Wijesinghe,Mr M.W.P.

Singapore

Spain

Sri Lanka

VenturaNapa,Mr M.

Sosa,Mr L.

Kindler, MrJ.Zielinski, MrJ.

Almiro Do Vale, Mr F.Bastos,Mr J.P.Borrego,Mr C.

Cummings,Mr D.

Elhag,Mr M.E.E.Hidaytalla,Mr A.Mohamed,Mr T.A.Nour, Mr M.E.M.

Andersson,I~4r1.Bjorklund, Ms G.

St. Vincent &

theGrenadines

Sudan

Portugal

Nigeria

Norway

Oman

SaudiArabia

Peru

Philippines

Poland

PortugalSweden


Falkenmark, MsM. Sweden

Emmenegger,Mr C. SwitzerlandFlury, Mr M.Goetz,Mr A.Lazzarotto,Mr S.Musy,Mr A.Spreafico,Mr M.

Hadid,Mr B. SyrianArabRep.

Buddhapalit,Mr A. ThailandChindasanguan,Mr C.Hungspreug,Mr S.

Horchani,Mr A. Tunisia

Bozkurt,Mr S.Kuleli, Ms S.Kulga, Mr D. -

Numanoglu,Ms N.Solen,Mr A.

Sakalo,Mr V.P. Tuvalu

Bomukama,Mr S. UgandaKagimu, Mr G.M.Kahangire,Mr P.Odul, MrJ.

Rodda,Mr D. United KingdomSherriff, Mr J. -

Simcock,Mr A.Wilkinson, Mr W.

Msuya,Mr M.0. United Republicof Tanzania

Austin,MrJ.Dickey, Mr G. --

Moody,Mr D.Randali, Mr B. -

Rogers,Mr P. - = --

Schifferdecker,Mr A.Stallings,Mr E.Steever,Mr 1.Walker,Mr C.Wilcher, Ms L.

Arduino, Mr G. UruguayGfâceras,Mr C~- -

Rodriguez,Mr M.Serrentino,Mr E.

Venzuela

Viet Nam

Al-Fusail, Mr A.K. YemenMohained,Mr N.

Cocking,MsJ.Frampton,Mr R.Kirby, Ms C.Parks,Ms Y.Pike, Mr T.

United KingdomRadojicic,Mr L.

Mbewe,Mr J.J. =

Mbumwae,Mr L.L.

Yugoslavia

Zambia

2. Representatives of bodies and agencies of the UN system

Kokine, Mr M.

Lee, Mr T.

Ertuna,Mr C.

EconomicCommissionfor Ëurope(ECE)

EconomicCommissionfÖfLatin AmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC) - -- - -

EconomicandSocialCommissionfor Mia andthePacific (ESCAP)

UnitedStatesof Arnerica

4-

Turkey

Gonzalez,Mr C.i

Vu Van Tuan,Mr

Ust of partlclpants 49

Radjai,Mr A.

Burchi, Mr S.De Haen,Mr H.Kandiah,Mr A.Kapetsky,Mr J.Rubery,Mr N.Rydzewski,Mr J.Saouma,Mr E.Scott,Mr S.Sombroek,Mr A.Stringer,Mr R.Toros,Mr H.

Bulajich, Ms B.Shields,Ms M.

Crijns, Mr M.J.

Yurtsever,Mr Y.

Rodda,Ms A.

EconorrrlcandSocialCommissionfor WesternAsia(ESCWA) = -

FoodandAgricultureOrganizationof theUnitedNations(FAQ) - - -

InternationalResearchandTrainingInstitutefortheAdvancementof Women(INSTRAW)

InternationalAtomic EnergyAgency(IAEA)

Non-GovernmentalL!aisonService(NGLS)

Diallo, Mr 1. K.

Traore,Ms A.

Dzikus, Mr A.Ramachandran,Mr A.Sinnatamby,Mr G.Swan,Mr P.

De Rooy,Mr C.Glattbach,Mr J.Jolly, Mr R.McLoughney,Mr E.Rosenhall,Mr L.

Helmer,Mr R.Steady,Ms F.C.Wheeler,Mr J.

Najlis, Mr P.

Appleton,Mr B.Edwards,Mr K.A.

Organizationof African Ünity (OAU)

PROWWESS,Afrique7üniiedNationsDevelopment

Fundfor Women(UNIFEM)

UnitedNationalCenterfor HumanSetfiement

(UNCHSHABITAT) - -

United NationsGhildren’sFund(UNICEF)

UnitedNationsConferenceon EnvironmentandDevelopment(UNCED)

UnitedNationsDept. ôf Int. EconomicandSocialAffairs (UNDIESA) -

UnitedNationsDepartmentof TechnicalCo-operationfor Dev-elopment(UNDTCD)


Pastizzi-Ferencic,Ms D.Ling MaungSan,MrSauveplane,Mr C.Solanes,Mr M.Vlachos,Mr E.

DeGala, Ms M.Hartvelt,Mr F.Helland-Hansen,Mr E.Kakonge,Mr J.Lowes,Mr P.Okun, Mr D.Rajeswary,Ms 1.

N~mec,Mr J.

Aureli, Ms A.Bastide,Ms M.Dumitrescu,Mr S.Gladweli,Mr J.Schetselaar,Mr E.M.Szöllösi-Nagy,Mr A.Tatit Holtz, Mr A.C.

Biswas,Mr A.El-Habr, Mr H.Golubev,Mr G.Illueca, MrJ.Mageed,Mr Y.A.Tolba,Mr M.Vandeweerd,Ms V.White, Mr G.

Chossudovsky,Mr E.M.

Jha,Ms V.

DeWette, Mr J.

Oerum,Mr T.

Catley-Carlson,Ms M.

United NationsDepartmentof TechnicalCo-operationfor Development(UNDTCD)

UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)

UnitedNationsDisasterRelief Co-ordinator,Officeof the(UNDRO) andInternationalDecadeforNaturalDisasterReduction(IDNDR)

UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO) -

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

United Nations Institutefor Training and -

Research(UNITAR) -

United Nations Research Institute for SocialDevelopment(UNRISD)

United Nations Information Centre(UNIC)

UnitedNationsSudano-SahelianOffice (UNSO)

WaterSupplyandSanitationCollaborativeCouncil (WSS) -- -Locke,Mr B.

Ust of particlpants 51

Van Damme,Mr H.Wirasinha,Mr R.

Briscoe,MrJ.Delli-Priscoli, Mr J.Elahi, Mr A.M.Evans,Mr T.Feder,Mr G.Gam,Mr M.H.Kuffner, Mr U.Le Moigne, Mr G.Matthews,Mr G.Monosowski,Ms E.Rotival, Mr A.

Fenger,Mr B.Fraser,Mr A.Meybeck,Mr M.Warner,Mr D.Wong,Mr P.

Askew,Mr A.Burns,Ms M.Dar-Ziv, Ms E.Dengo,Mr M.Espejo,Ms C.Kraemer,Mr D.Melder, Mr O.-M.Obasi,Mr G.O.P.Pieyns,Mr S.Rodda,MrJ.

WatersupplyandSanitationCollaborativeCouncil (WSS)

World Bank (WB)

World HealthOrganization(WHO)

World MeteorologicalOrganization(WMO)

3. Organizatlons with observer status with the UnIted NationsAbu-Gharbiyeh, Mr M. Palestine

4. Representatlves from Intergovernmental organlzatlonsBurton,MrJ.

Khouri, MrJ.

Mclntosh, Mr A. Ch.

Ousmane,Mr B.

AgencedeCoopératioi-iCulturelleetTechnique(ACCT) -

Arab Centrefor theStudiesof And Zones(ACSAD)

AsianDevelopmentBank (ADB)

ComitéInter-AfnicaindeLutte contrela SécheresseauSahel(CILSS)


HYDROMET -

International Institute for Applied Systems

Analysts (IIASA) -

InternationalIrrigation ManagementInstitute(IIMI)

Lake ChadBasinCommisstan(LCBC) - -

North Atlantic TreatyOrganizaflbn(NATÖ) --

Qrganization for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment (OECD)

PermanentJointTechnicalCorrunissionfor theNile (PJTC) = =

5. Representatlves from non-governmental organlzatlonsNagle, Mr W.J. American Water Work&Assotiation (AWWA)

and Water for People

Bnaga, Mr B.P. - Associacao~BrasilefradeReciirsdsHichicos (ABRH)Canedo,Mr P. - -

MattosDeLemos,Mr H.

Parcelis,Mr S.

Robert,Mr D.J.

Colenbrander,Mr H.Plate,Mr E.

ComitéInterafricaind’EtudesHydrauliques(CIEH)

CommissionoftheEuropeanCoinmilnities(CEC)

Diagana,Mr B.

Mandl, Mr V.Clarke,Mr T.Piavaux,Mr A.

‘T~mwfik, Mr M.M.

Kulshrestha,Mr S.

Somlyody,Mr L.Lenton,Mr R.

Irivboje, Mr O.C.Jauro,Mr A.B.

DaCunha,Mr L.V.

Baile, Ms S.

Ezzat,Mr M.N.Hamad,Mr B.M.Mohamed,Mr K.A.Seoud,Mr A.A.

Makhoalibe,Mr S. SoutherrrAfrfcan Ûevelo~nrenIJ~o-ordiinationConference(SADCC) T - -

Brazilian Cömmitteefor UNËP

CAPE ‘92

Centreinternationalpou~laFormationâ la --

GestiondesRessourcesen Eau(CEFIGRE)

Committeecm WaterResearch(COWAR)

List of participants 53

Moore,Ms D.

Hamilton,Mr A.G.

Starr,MsJ.

Van Bronckhorst,Mr B.

Kinghan, Ms F1.

Margat,Mr J.Potie,Mr L.

Clarke,Mr K.

Milburn, Mr A.

Muller, Mr A.

Caponera,Mr D.

Liamas,Mr M.R.Skinner, Mr A.C.

Shamir,Mr U.

Murray, Mr D.

Scanneli,Ms Y.

Hennessy,MrJ.

Jorgensen,Mr S.McKeague,Ms P.

Stafford, Mr L.

Moriya, Mr M.

Environmental DefenseFund (EDF)

Friendsôf the Ëarth/Éarthwatch

Global Water Summit Initiative

GlobetreeFoundation

GreenpeaceIreland

Institut Méditerranéendel’F,au ~1ME)

Institution of WaterandEnvironmentalManagement(IWEM)

InternationalAssociationon WaterPollution -

ResearchandControl (IAWPRC)

InternationalAssociationfor HydraulicResearch(IAHR)

InternationalAssociationfor Water Law (IAWL)

InternationalAssociationof Hydrogeologists(IAH)

InternationalAssociattonof HydrologicalSciences(IAHS)

InternationalAssociationof TheoreticalandApplied Limnology (IATAL)

InternationalCommissionofWater Law (ICWL)

InternationalCommissionon Irrigation andDrainage(ICID) -

InternationalCouncil of EnvironmentalLaw (ICEL)

InternationalFertilizer IndustryAssoclation(IFA)

InternationalLakeEnvirônmentCommitteeFou.ndation(ILEC)

54 Iriternationai conference on water and the envlronment

Julkunen,Ms P.

Dugan,Mr P.

Hood,Mr D.E.

Stout,Mr G.

Bays, Mr L.Tessendorf,Mr H.

Nollkaemper,Mr A.

Lethier, Mr H.

Chabertd’Hières, Mr L.

Jost,Mr R.

King, Mr N.

Franceys,Mr R.W.A.

King-Volcy, Ms N.

6. ICWE SecretarlatAnukam, Mr L.Blanc,Ms V.Diawara,Mr A.Ibrekk, Mr H.O.Yabi, Ms M.Young,Mr G.

Gorre-Dale,Ms E.

7. DOE IreiandCostigan,Ms M.Downes,Ms E.Dunne,Mr D.Dunne,Ms C.Glynn, Ms A.Keenan,MsJ.Macken,Mr P.McGuiness,Ms A.Noone,Ms M.Ryan,Mr C.

InternationalLife SciencesInstitûte (ILSI)

InternationalUnion for theCons~rvationof Nature(IUCN)

InternationalUnion of FoodScienceandTechnology(IUFOS~ = -

InternationalWater ResourcesAssociation(IWRA)

InternationalWaterSupply Association(IWSA)

InternationalWaterTribunal (IWT)

RAMSAR ConventionBureau -

InternationalSecretariatfor Water (ISW)

InternationalSecretariatfor Water (ISW)

WaterAid

Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC)

WorldwideFundfor Nature(WWF)

ICWE Secretariat

ICWE Secrefariat/UNDP

Ireland

Annex II 55

Annex II

The General Conference Programme

PressConferenceopenin~�SnïonyandCulturalPrograrnmç

ElecüonofChairpersons andRapporteuaPpaxy~egiot~s1 & 2 (KeynotePapers)Plenarysessions3 & 4 (KeynateFapers)Administrativesessiou -

WorkingGloupsessionsA, C, EWorking Gi~oupsessions13, D, F

StateRecei*ion.at Dublin Câstle -

WorId~1Û~Ciou~sftins~A, C, EWorking Group sessionsB, t), FPress,Conftenêe

Exijibitjon at Dublin Casfie- - continuesuntil Saturday1 February

1030—12.301430—17.30

Tuesday28January ~O9.30-12.30

1430-17.30

rnoo

Wednesday29January 09.30—i1.0011.00—12.3013.00—14.00

14,30—~1830- Postersessfon~at DUblin Castie

Thursday30J’anuary

fCOO-12S0

14.30—17.30

20.30

Woildng Gxöupof t1~eWholeWorking Groupof theWholeExcurstcins1

StateDinnerat BurlingtonHotel

Friday31January lo.00Lr2.3013.00—14.0014.30-17.30

Adoption4f Dublin SjatemeutPres~Cöüf&eii~eAdoptionof Réportof ConferenceClosing Cetemony

Sunday26January

Monday 27January

10.00-8,OcY Participanti’registrationat Burlington Hotel

17.30-19.00

09.30—10.30 Openingrdmarksby theMinister- for theE.nv3ronment

14.30—18.30

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Documents

-flJ•III Confe~ice ~Wnfer · The International Conference on Water and the Environment (IGWE) was held In Dublin, Ireland, from 26 to 31 January 1992. IGWEprovided the majar input