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Issue 90 January–February 2013 web: www.casa.gov.au/fsa email: [email protected] The rocky road to danger A potentially catastrophic failure of a burner on a common commercial hot air balloon is a reminder that airworthiness vigilance is just as important for balloons as it is for any other aircraft. It’s an industry sector that carries over 150,000 farepaying passengers every year – a number that is growing fast. It uses typecertified aircraft, flown by operators that are certified and audited like airlines, and its fleet is maintained by qualified and authorised technicians. And its aircraft are powered using BBQ gas LPG in aerospace grade containers, of course. Balloons are considered aircraft, no matter how domestic their technology may first appear. This means that managing the airworthiness of balloons is a serious matter, and not merely ‘BBQ maintenance’. Australia has the tragic distinction of having the worst ballooning accident in history: 13 people lost their lives in 1989 when two hot air balloons collided near Alice Springs. But, as in winged aviation, while operational factors have historically presented the greatest hazard, airworthiness related hazards lurk just beneath the surface. One such hazard is the potential for cracking in the load frames and burner assemblies. These structures, often made from stainless steel, connect the basket to the balloon envelope, and also hold the burner cans in place. As with any metal structure, they are susceptible to cracking. CASA recently received a service difficulty report (SDR) where cracking caused a burner to become dislodged – thankfully, this happened when the balloon was on the ground. Had it been in the air, however, the story could have been tragic: burners are heavy (about 12kg) and emit flames extending for several metres. A burner held in place only by its lightweight handlebar, could have easily caused catastrophic damage to control cables, the balloon envelope, and attachment wires and fittings. In short, the balloon would have very likely been lost, and with some balloons carrying up to 20 passengers, a simple crack in a burner frame could have the potential for a tragedy. After further investigation, it was found that the particular balloon with the broken burner frame had travelled many hundreds of kilometres – not in the air, but via road transport, including hundreds of kilometres over unsealed outback roads. A preliminary analysis by the manufacturer revealed that, in all likelihood, the extensive ground handling loads had eventually shaken the structure to the point of cracking. A major defect was now just a matter of time. This was not, however, the first time such a failure had occurred. CASA received a report in 2007 of an almost identical failure which led to Airworthiness Bulletin 14001, advising operators of Cameron Balloon Stratus double burner units to inspect the gimbal assembly on their balloons. Advice from the manufacturer indicated that ground transportation loads were placing stresses on the welds in these sections, and leading to cracks and complete failures.

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Page 1: Flight Safety Australia - Article 3 the rocky road to danger issue 90

 

Issue  90  January–February  2013        

 web:  www.casa.gov.au/fsa      email:  [email protected]  

   

The  rocky  road  to  danger  

A  potentially  catastrophic  failure  of  a  burner  on  a  common  commercial  hot  air  balloon    is  a  reminder  that  airworthiness  vigilance  is  just  as  important  for  balloons  as  it  is  for  any    other  aircraft.  

It’s  an  industry  sector  that  carries  over  150,000  fare-­‐paying  passengers  every  year  –  a  number  that  is  growing  fast.  It  uses  type-­‐certified  aircraft,  flown  by  operators  that  are  certified  and  audited  like  airlines,  and  its  fleet  is  maintained  by  qualified  and  authorised  technicians.    

And  its  aircraft  are  powered  using  BBQ  gas  LPG  -­‐  in  aerospace  grade  containers,  of  course.  

 Balloons  are  considered  aircraft,  no  matter  how  domestic  their  technology  may  first  appear.    This  means  that  managing  the  airworthiness  of  balloons  is  a  serious  matter,  and  not  merely    ‘BBQ  maintenance’.      

Australia  has  the  tragic  distinction  of  having  the  worst  ballooning  accident  in  history:  13  people  lost  their  lives  in  1989  when  two  hot  air  balloons  collided  near  Alice  Springs.  But,  as  in  winged  aviation,  while  operational  factors  have  historically  presented  the  greatest  hazard,  airworthiness-­‐related  hazards  lurk  just  beneath  the  surface.  

One  such  hazard  is  the  potential  for  cracking  in  the  load  frames  and  burner  assemblies.  These  structures,  often  made  from  stainless  steel,  connect  the  basket  to  the  balloon  envelope,  and  also  hold  the  burner  cans  in  place.  As  with  any  metal  structure,  they  are  susceptible  to  cracking.  

CASA  recently  received  a  service  difficulty  report  (SDR)  where  cracking  caused  a  burner  to  become  dislodged  –  thankfully,  this  happened  when  the  balloon  was  on  the  ground.  Had  it  been  in  the  air,  however,  the  story  could  have  been  tragic:  burners  are  heavy  (about  12kg)  and  emit  flames  extending  for  several  metres.  A  burner  held  in  place  only  by  its  lightweight  handlebar,  could  have  easily  caused  catastrophic  damage  to  control  cables,  the  balloon  envelope,  and  attachment  wires  and  fittings.  In  short,  the  balloon  would  have  very  likely  been  lost,  and  with  some  balloons  carrying  up  to  20  passengers,  a  simple  crack  in  a  burner  frame  could  have  the  potential  for    a  tragedy.  

After  further  investigation,  it  was  found  that  the  particular  balloon  with  the  broken  burner  frame  had  travelled  many  hundreds  of    kilometres  –  not  in  the  air,  but    via  road  transport,  including  hundreds  of  kilometres  over  unsealed  outback  roads.  A  preliminary  analysis  by  the  manufacturer  revealed  that,  in  all  likelihood,  the  extensive  ground  handling  loads  had  eventually  shaken  the  structure  to  the  point  of  cracking.  A  major  defect    was  now  just  a  matter  of  time.  

This  was  not,  however,  the  first  time  such  a  failure  had  occurred.  CASA  received  a  report  in  2007  of  an  almost  identical  failure  which  led  to      Airworthiness  Bulletin  14-­‐001,  advising  operators  of  Cameron  Balloon  Stratus  double  burner  units  to  inspect  the  gimbal  assembly  on  their  balloons.  Advice  from  the  manufacturer  indicated  that  ground  transportation  loads  were  placing  stresses  on  the  welds  in  these  sections,  and  leading  to  cracks  and  complete  failures.    

 

Page 2: Flight Safety Australia - Article 3 the rocky road to danger issue 90

 

Issue  90  January–February  2013        

 web:  www.casa.gov.au/fsa      email:  [email protected]  

   

And  these  few  instances  have  not  been  the  only  reported  cracking  event  on  balloons,  although  they  represent  more  serious  occurrences.  More  than  20  instances  of  cracking  of  various  kinds  and  severity  have  been  reported  to  CASA  since  2007.  Many  cases  are  picked  up  as  part  of  regular  maintenance  inspections,  but  in  some  cases  they  are  found  in-­‐service.    

One  cracked  weld  was  found  only  after  the  pilot  noticed  the  basket  frame  had  a  slight  movement  in  a  section  beneath  its  padding.  This  happened  after  a  flight.  

Ground  handling  has  been  identified  as  the  main  culprit  by  several  manufacturers  as  the  leading  cause  of  cracking.  Such  practices  are  mixed,  and  cause  mixed  results:  some  practices  focus  on  gentle  unloading  at  a  launch  site,  others  involve  ‘dropping  it  off  the  side’  of  a  ute.  Sometimes  burners  and  frames  are  completely  dismantled  before  transport  (some  manufacturers  specify  this  in  their  flight  manuals);  but  often  they’re  attached  for  the  journey  to  and  from  a  flight.  Leaving  burners  attached,  can  lead  to  cracks  –  but  alternatives,  such  as  loading  burners  loose  in  the  back  of  a  ute  can  cause  more  damage.  

CASA  has  recently  released  AWB  14-­‐002,  advising  balloon  owners  and  operators  of  the  importance  of  following  manufacturer’s  advice  concerning  ground  transportation.  Operators  should  also  ask  manufacturers  to  clarify  any  instructions  if  required  and,  should  a  crack  be  found  at  any  time,  report  it  to  both  the  manufacturer  and  as  an  SDR  to  CASA.