Flight Maneuvers 05

7/23/2019 Flight Maneuvers 05

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Teaching Flight Maneuvers

Soaring Safety Foundation

FIRC

Rich Carlson


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Basic Teaching Steps

Preparation Presentation

Application Review and Evaluation


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Common Student Errors

Under/Over controlling Stress overload

Fixation on a single task Loss of situational awareness


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Necessary Flight Maneuvers

Normal and Crosswind Launch Straight and Turning flight

Ground Reference Stalls and Spins

Slips to Landing

Normal and Crosswind Landing

Emergency procedures


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In flight maneuvers

Orientation to airport/runway (upwind) Determining heading (using landmarks)

Picking the heading for stalls Turning left or right

Basic glide performance

How much altitude needed to cover 1 mile?


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Emergency Procedures

Discuss/demo T.O. Emergencies PT3 at low/mid/high altitude

Distractions during T.O./Tow

Canopy opening

Bugs, Snakes, Object on runway, etc

Discuss/demo Landing Emergencies

To low to fly normal pattern

Off-airport landings


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Approach & Landing

The Glider Flight Instructor does anexcellent job of teaching T.O. Emergency

procedures including practicing low altitude

rope breaks.

The SSF accident statistics show that this

practice has paid off by a low number ofPT3 accidents.


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Approach & Landing

A review of glider accident statistics showsthat over 70% of the accidents occur in the

landing phase of flight.

The Law of Primacy states that the first

thing learned is what is remembered during

times of stress.


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Approach & Landing

What we teach Complete the landing checklist

Reach the IP at xxxx ft AGL

Enter the downwind leg and correct for x-wind

Opposite Touchdown point

Turn Base Turn Final and aim for T.D. point

Use spoilers to control height, elevator to control

speed


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Approach & Landing

Major drawback is that primary focus is onreaching the IP.

This technique works well when students plan

ahead to reach the IP at the desired altitude.

What happens when this planning breaks down

and the student is 1 mile out at 1000 ft?


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Approach and Landing

What we really mean Make sure you control your speed to keep from

stalling

Make sure you control your height and positionso you reach the intended landing point


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Approach & Landing

Serial Tasks Time independent

Step by Step procedure

Completion dependson completing all steps

in sequence

Parallel Tasks Time dependent

Multiple simultaneous

procedures Different tasks may

finish at different times


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Approach and Landing

A Goal orientated approach Pick your touchdown point on/off the runway

Determine where base/final turn must be

Determine where downwind/base turn must be Determine where entry point will be given

current situation (altitude, position, and speed)

Complete landing checklist prior to landing

Law of Primacy view


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Emergency Procedures

Practice arrival from various directions Practice left, right, straight-in, downwind

approaches

Practice arrival from various altitudes

Demonstrate the effect of constant headwind

Demonstrate the effect of a decreasingheadwind


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Post Flight De-briefing

Essential component of lesson to discusswhy this approach was different and how it

effected other gliders/pilots

Emphasize the skills you are trying to

impart (Judgment Training and problem

solving skills)


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Determining When to Land

What altitude do you start thinking aboutlanding?

Immediately upon release?

When reaching a specific altitude?


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Before take-off Emergency item on check-list

Develop a number of plans, and execute the

best one for this situation


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What effect does the wind have on landing?


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Effect of 20 Kt wind

9

2

7

Time on Downwind: More, Less, no Change?

Altitude loss: More, Less, no Change?

20 Kts


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9

2

7

Time on base: More, Less, no Change?


20 Kts


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9

2

7

Time on Final: More, Less, no Change?


20 Kts


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9

2

7

Which path is your student likely to fly?

20 Kts1

2

3

4


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Final Approach

(No wind)

2400

200

60 kts @ 500 ft/m decent rate

12:1 glide slope24 seconds


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Final Approach

(20 Kt Head Wind)

2400


8:1 glide slope

24 seconds

1600


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Final Approach

(20 kt wind shear)

2400

200


Maintain constant speed during approachHow much time remains?

1600

X Y

20 kts

0 kts


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Decision Time

With a 20 kt shear, are you likely to overshoot (into area Y) undershoot (into area X)

Said another way, what actions do you need totake to reach your intended touchdown point close the spoilers to extend (undershooting)

open the spoilers to sink faster (overshooting)

Another variation, what will the aim spot do? move up on the canopy (undershooting)

move down on the canopy (overshooting)


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Transition throughWind Shear Line

101770240

88389150

800100060

Distance

(ft)

Alt Remaining

(ft)

Time

(s)

Speed

(kts)


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Final Approach

(20 Kt Wind Shear)

2400

200

2 seconds for the glider to stabilize at the new sink rate

AOA increases from 0.5o

to 5.0o

1600

20 kts

0 kts

1017


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Distance & Altitudeduring recovery phase

1313-5360

119331253

109556147101870040

Distance(ft)

Alt Remaining(ft)

Time(s)

Speed(kts)


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Final Approach

(20 Kt Wind Shear)

2400

200

3 seconds to accelerate back to 60 Kts

Glider nose is 20o

below the horizon

1600

20 kts

0 kts

1300


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Distance & Altitudeduring recovery phase

164705.8860

105949263

9617415788389050

Distance(ft)

Alt Remaining(ft)

Time(s)

Speed(kts)


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Final Approach

(20 Kt Wind Shear)

2400

200

Start recovery process after 1 second

(at height of 88 ft)

1600

20 kts

0 kts

1647


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Final Approach

(Likely outcome in 3 cases?)

2400

200

16001300

No Wind

Constant headwind

20 Kt Wind Shear


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Shear Encounters

When can this happen? Landing in gusty conditions

Landing area shielded by obstructions

During good thermal conditions


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Recommendations

Plan for this loss of energy Pick an approach speed that will allow for some

loss

Move base leg closer to runway edge Be higher turning Final

Be prepared to close the spoilers

Be prepared to pitch forward to

maintain/recover airspeed


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Conclusions

Shear line causes loss of Total Energy Large Pitch change required to rapidly

recover lost energy

Large amount of Time lost while total

energy changes

Immediate action is required to reachoriginaltouchdown point!

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Flight Maneuvers 05