Flexible Approach Provides an Opportunity to Enhance the ... · International Journals of Advanced ... Tuljaram Chaturchand College, Baramati ... (student detail), class (XI, XII),

International Journals of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering ISSN: 2277-128X (Volume-7, Issue-6)

Research Article

June 2017

© www.ijarcsse.com, All Rights Reserved Page | 207

Flexible Approach Provides an Opportunity to Enhance the

Software Development Productivity Kardile Vilas Vasantrao

Computer Science Department, Tuljaram Chaturchand College, Baramati, Pune,

Maharashtra, India

DOI: 10.23956/ijarcsse/V7I6/0204

Abstract: Feasible formation between the ‘Project’ and ‘its development methodology’ is essential to make an efficient

development.In such kind of formation,projects contributory module’s ‘inconstant levelof uncertainty’is a big

challenge.To holdsuch a challenge, there is a need to mold the development process flexibly as per the terms and

conditions of uncertainty. This paper has made an earnest attemptto study the steps to be undertaken to design and

explores an approach to adopt the flexibility in development. The goal of this paper is to rectify the present hurdles

and hassles in the development process by representing the ‘flexible approach’ for an efficient development with

feasible and need based formation. This approach is not ‘mix’ or ‘hybrid’ approach. It providesfreedom tothe

development practitioner forselecting the development approach as per the needs of projects contributory modulefor

its development.

Key words: Software development process Productivity, Software development methodologies best practice, Modeling

process, hidden uncertainty, SOSDMAS-fuzzy expert system, flexible approach

I. INTRODUCTION

The success of project development process depends on the formation of project and its development methodology. The

previous study reveals that, „every project is unique and having a set of contributory module with inconstant uncertainty

level‟.On other hand, it has multiple successful options (development methodology) with pitfalls and best practice [12,

14]. In such situation.It is very critical and crucial to formulate the feasible formation of project and its development

methodology as per its effectiveness for anefficient development [11, 20, and 23]. Such type of environment increases

the confusion level of the development practitioner for choosing the feasible and efficient development approach. Here,

the question is „How development practitioner formulates an alignment between the project‟s interacting componentsand

the development methodology and project success?‟

It is not only philosophy but our personal experience that in such inconstant changeable situation, the approach becomes

flexibleas per the need of terms and condition to reduce failure.With this inspiration to rectify the failure, this study is

carried out. The researchers have made workaholic ardent efforts to distinctive permutations and combinations variables

in the technological factors with relevant literature review on “software development productivity and analyzed its

impact factors” to reformulate and customize software and its policy to gain expectation and design results on the basis

of flexible approach.

This paper is organized in V sections. The section I is an introduction the title of this paper. The section II deals about

constrain in Software development Productivity and opportunity in software development process. Section III, dealsabout

the methodology and observations. The section IV, leads with a discussion supported by Implication, Interpretation and

Suggestion. The conclusion and future scope of the study is depicted in the section V.

SECTION II

2.1 Constrains in Software Development Productivity:

Numerous authors have explored that an „uncertainty is seed of threats in feasible formation of Project and its

development methodology in software development processes[21, 24]. Due to rigidity, plan driven approach is inefficient

to fetch such uncertain environment [14]. Agile practice driven approach provides an efficient result in such environment

[4, 5, 18, and 19]. But the project is set of contributory module that has inconstant aspect and uncertainty level. In the

consideration of those modules that has an uncertain aspect,agile practice driven approach is very efficient, but, what

about reaming modules that having the certain aspect? Furthermore, though we have mix or hybrid approach, that treats

one development methodology [11, 20and 23] but „one development methodology is not suitable for all contributory

module‟s development‟ [18].

2.2 Challenges for Software Development Process:

To tackle the inconstant level of uncertainty is a big challenge in the development process. Though agile practice driven

approach,is based specially toadopt uncertainty [13, 20]but, on the basis of numerous literate survey explorations

„software development industries still fetch the problem of failures or overruns‟ [5, 18]. So, with this consideration this

study requests „rather than adopt uncertainty‟, it is need to fetch the uncertainty by recognizing its sources and level‟.

Here, one thing is important that no so farconcentration on the, „projects contributory modules subsequent formation

dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijarcsse/V7I6/0204

Vasantrao International Journals of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering

ISSN: 2277-128X (Volume-7, Issue-6)


reflects an uncertainty module to module‟by available valuable study. As a result, the development practitioners have a

confused environment to acquaint the original sources.Consequently there are chances of an inaccurate handling of

design approach or hasty decision, which may prove to be wrong later [1, 2]. Hence, the development process become

uncomfortable with variance situation and rise challenging state or overruns. In future, it is one of the strong causes and

constrains for an over run or sometimes it may lead trip downs the software project.

2.3 Opportunity for Software Development Process:

Based on the survey reports, there are some success stories in such an uncertain situation. Question is „How they get the

successes?‟ The answer is absolutely in „formulating the project and its development methodology‟ on the basis of the

feasible consideration. It is very straight forward when one understands the level of uncertainty and its sources [9, 22].

Generally, uncertainty level has a controversy ratio of knowledge level, its stability and time. It is vary at projects

contributory module or sub-activity. With this consideration this study has found an opportunity to overcome challenge

by introducing the flexible approach that allocates contributory module‟s uncertainty level wise development

methodology. It will adapt those ways for solution that are suitable for feasible formulation of development process with

such ability to deal with both predictable and unpredictable changes [6, 10, 15,17, and 19].This study suggests to the

development practitioner thecomprehensive project with its parallel activation formation. Because it recognizes uncertainty

its root sources module,this is very helpful for allocation need based development approach to gain the best productivity

on the basis of flexibility in the sense of „Just Utilization Gaining Approach AndDeploy‟

2.3 Estimated ‘Flexible approach’ for the software development process

With above consideration, the flexible approach is an approach that has the principle aims to provide a choice to decision

maker to adopt the change as per terms and condition in available situation for producing the better performance.

Every software development organization has their own process for project development management. It may differ from

the organization to organization, but it is necessary toaddress the similar issues of project development.

These issues must cover Inception, Elaboration, Construction and Transformation.It is very convenient to implement

flexible approach in thedevelopment process for the development practitioner has following the architecture and activity

flow that is described in the Table 1.

Table 1: Architecture of Flexible approach

Inception: At the initial stage when user stories

cognize at that time development practitioner can

easily recognize uncertainty, its root sources with

parallel formation contributory modules by rule base

fuzzy expert system before modelling process for

allocating suitable development methodology module

wise for development on the basis of CMMI Level-2 &

3.

Elaboration: After recognize module wise the level of

uncertainty, then with consideration of development

methods best practice and ability to tackle the

uncertainty allocate it for development.

Construction: As per module and its needed

development methods allocation construct the modules

development as per development methodology aspect.

Test the module wise functionality as per user

specification. Then collaboration of module as per its

subsequent formation.

Transformation: As per user requirement test the

project with user acceptance then release the project

for deployment.

2.4 Hypothesis:

Thus, our hypothesis is “Flexible approach for software development transfers opportunity for feasible formation of

project and its development methodology”

SECTION –III: METHODOLOGY

This section discuss the methodology of the study. The inductive base positivist phenomenological approach with

qualitative solution by flexible approach hasutilized to test the estimated hypothesis withan experimental case study.

Steps undertake to test the estimated hypothesis are as follows.

Measure Complexity, Function point of estimated case study

Calculate effort estimation and productivity on the basis of productivity

Illustrative case study withPlan (RUP,) Agile Practice (SCURM,), Mix or Hybrid approach and Flexible

approach (suggested).

Comparative Analysis of Development approach.




Figure 1: Illustrative Project require screen.

3.1 Experimental Case Study:

To validate the „flexible approach‟ here I have taken one simple case study ‘Creative’ Science Academy Management

System’ that has five options as follows:

(a) Login facility (c) Transaction. (e) Report

(b) Master (d) SMS (f)Utility.

In option (a) Login facility system allow login with take user identification and password. In this option system allows

teacher and administrator to user id or password.

In option (b) Master add new student (student detail), class (XI, XII), Subject, Group (PMC, PCMB, PCME….etc), Test,

Batch facility is provided. In this option system provides new from (screen) that is allowed to and new or Update record,

Retrieve information and then system generate „Identity card‟ and then save the information.

In option (c) Transactional facility is provided. This option maintain student attendance, fee, and Mark obtained from

the test that is scheduled in master record. In this option system provides new from (screen) that is allowed to new or

Update record, Retrieve information and then the system generates „Identity card‟ and then save the information.

In option (d) SMS system allow user to send SMS to student and his parents on their „mobile no‟. In this option, system

provides an import facility to send SMS to student and parents on their mobile no about this performance, Attendance

and abut fee recommendation.

In option (e) Report system allow user import, export and print reportsof performance, Attendance and abut fee

recommendation.

In option (f) Utility facility is provided. In this option, system provide an option to take backup facility of system and

add new user record. The backup facility is included an export user defining format file for back up store. In another

option system provides User maintain facility to Update the record, Retrieve the information and then system generate

„Identity card‟ and then save the information.

With own aspect of project and requirement, development practitioner can surly celebrate this module along with plan

driven approach with outward appearance. Due to its sub activity it facilitates certain aspect. But option „SMS‟ celebrates

uncertain aspect due to its dependency on „SMS service provider‟ and its response for execution. It is not confirm.

In such situation, it may possible that plan driven approach is incompetent in this case study. So, development

practitioner utilizes agile practice driven method, but instead of these two sub-activity remains has certain aspect. As a

result there are chances of over budget development. In such confused environment, „How once can formulate feasible

formation for efficient development.




3.2 Measure Complexity:

To calculate Cyclomatic complexity of a program module, we

use the formula:

(G) = e – n + 2 -------------(1)

(e is total number of edges, n is total number of nodes)

For above case: total number of edges = 111and total number

of nodes = 111

Cyclomaticcomplexity V (G) = e (111) – n (111) + 2 = 2

(According to P. Jorgensen, Cyclomatic Complexity of a

module should not exceed 10.)[16]

Figure 2: Flow graph estimated Case study

3.3 Function Point Analysis

Generally, function point analysis is used to measure the size of software. In function point analysis function Point

concentrates on the systems functionality. Function point counts on two grouping included five parameters, named as

Data Transactions (External Input, External Output, and External Inquiry) and Data function (Logical Internal Files,

External Interface Files)[7,8]. To consider the complexity of software each parameter is further categorized as simple,

average or complex.

Figure 3: Flow chart estimated Case study Figure 4: Data transaction estimated Case study

Steps consider for describe function point

Numerous literature describe numerous steps and procedures for counting the function point, but all these published

literature describe common perspectives: type of function point, boundaries of application, data function and transaction

function with complexity, unadjusted function point(UPF), value adjustment factor(VAF),Adjusted Function

point(APF).As per International function point user group (IFPUG) [7]and „Software sizing and productivity with

function point by H.K.Raju and Y.T. Krishnegowda (Lecture note on software engineering Vol.1, no2, may2013)[8]

following points are considered to measure the function point for estimated case study.

Function Points Calculation Sheet

Table 2: Function Count

Item Item Description Complexity Count Weight Weighted Influence Scaling

Count

1 Number of User

Inputs

Simple 20 3 60 0 No Influence

Average 4

Complex 6 1 Incidental

2 Number of User

Outputs

Simple 7 4 28

Average 5 2 Moderate

Complex 7

3 Number of User

Inquiries

Simple 1 3 3 3 Average

Average 4

Complex 6 4 Significant

4 Number of Files Simple 7 7 49

Average 10 5 Essential

Complex 15

5 Number of External Simple 5




Interfaces Average 1 7 7

Complex 10

Total Weighted Function

Count (FC)

147

Complexity factor calculation sheet

Table 3: Complexity Factor calculation

Factor Description Rating Factor Description Rating

F1 Reliability and backup recovery 1 F8 Master files updated on-line 0

F2 Data communications 0 F9 Complex inputs, outputs, files &

inquiries

1

F3 Distributed processing 0 F10 Complex internal processing 0

F4 Performance 1 F11 Code needs to be reusable 1

F5 Operate on existing system 1 F12 Need conversion and installation 1

F6 On-line data entry 0 F13 Multiple installations of the

system

0

F7 Data entry over multiple screens 0 F14 Easy to change and use 1

Complexity Factor (CF) = sum of ratings 7

Function point calculation sheet

Table 4 : Function Points calculation

Function Points (FP) = FC x (0.65 + 0.01 x CF) 105.84

3.4 Prepare the effort and cost estimation.

Determine the Performance Factor (PF): The Performance Factor is the ratio of developmentMan-hours required per

Function Point. Statistics from past projects provide the data to estimate the initial PF.PF = 30 Function Points per month

(per person)[3].Therefore, PF = 1.5 FP/Day

Determine the estimated number of hours:

Total Engineering Months = 105.84/30 = 3.5283Total Engineering Days = 0.430 * 20 (one month) = 70.56days

Total Engineering day for each team = 70.56/2 = 35.28 day

Assumption:

Fresher employee (Student) is 250 per day. (175Hr+75)

Experience Employee (teacher) is 500 per day.

Estimated Developmentcost

= (development day)* per day rumination

= 71 * 250 = 17750

3.5 Solve estimated case study

with plan (RUP), Agile practice (SCURM,), Mix or hybrid and suggested flexible approach.

3.5.1 Team Formation for Development

Table 5 : Formation of development team for performance testing of experimental case study development

Team No Team members Allocated development approach

I 1 M.C.A. [Computer], 1 U.G Level Rational Unified process((RUP)

II 2 Software Professional SCRUM Development

III 1 M.Sc. [Computer], 1 U.G Level Mix or hybrid approach (Construction with agile

practice and remain with plan)

IV 1 U.G. Level, 1 Software Professional Flexible Approach

3.5.2 Result given by above team for develop experimental case study:

Table 6 : Effort taken form Estimated team for development

Phase/Days RUP SCRUM Mix Flexible

Inception 04 02 03 04

Elaboration 06 08 10 06

Construction 34 23 27 20

Testing & Deployment 02 02 02 03

Total 46 35 42 33




3.5.3 Screens developed module by Flexible approach of estimated case study

Figure 5: Illustrative Project screens.

3.6 Comparative analysis

3.6.1 Comparison of method on the basis of effort taken on basis of function point estimation

Table 7 : Effort calculation

Method Actual

Effort

Estimated

Effort

Effort

benefits

Rational Unified Process 46 35.28 -10.72

SCRUM Development 35 35.28 0.28

Mix or hybrid approach (Construction with plan and remain with agile

practice)

42 35.28 -6.72

Flexible approach 33 35.28 2.28

3.6.2 The productivity calculation sheet is prepared and describe as follows (Productivity = FP / person-month)

Table 8 : Productivity calculation

Method Productivity Estimated

productivity

Productivity

over

Rational Unified Process 23.00652174 30 -6.993478261

SCRUM Development 31.192 30 1.192

Mix or hybrid approach (Construction with plan and remain

with agile practice)

25.02 30 -4.98

Flexible approach 32.07 30 2.07

3.6.3 The Development cost calculation sheet is prepared and describe as follows [Unit cost * FP = Development Cost]

Table 9 : Development Cost Calculation

Method Effort

(Day)

Per day

rumination

Dev. cost Total dev.

cost

Rational Unified Process 46 500 26500.00 23000.00

SCRUM Development 35 1000 35000 35000.00

Mix or hybrid approach (Construction with agile practice

and remain with plan)

15 250 3750 17250.00

27 500 13500

Flexible approach 13 250 3250 13250

20 500 10000

Cost comparison chart

Table 10 : Cost comparison

Method dev. cost Estimated

cost

cost

benefits

Rational Unified Process 23000.00 17750.00 -5250

SCRUM Development 37500.00 17750.00 -19750

Mix or hybrid approach (Construction with agile practice and remain

with plan) 17250.00 17750.00 500

Flexible approach 13250.00 17750.00 4500




3.6.4 TheError value of development module is prepared and describe as follows [error value) = Errors / FP]

Calculate for each teams (development method‟s) Quality by average percentage of reported error with calculated

function point. Average the percentages then subtract from 1 and then multiply 10 tocalculate subtraction Lower

percentages mean lower quality of method.Error value = (1-(No of error reported /12.92))*10

Table 11 :Error value calculation

Method Reported

Error

Error value

Rational Unified Process 36 68.81791552

SCRUM Development 22 79.21194368

Mix or hybrid approach (Construction with plan and remain with agile

practice)

39 55.58915241

Flexible approach 25 74.48738543

3.6.5Cost, Productivity, Quality Compare Analysis

Table 12 : Cost, Productivity, Error value comparison

Method Productivity

Benefit%

Effort benefits % cost benefits% Error value

benefits

Rational Unified Process -33.43333333 -50.22675737 -29.57746479 68.81791552

SCRUM Development 3.973333333 0.793650794 -111.2676056 79.21194368

Mix or hybrid approach

(Construction with agile practice

and remain with plan)

-16.6 -19.04761905 2.816901408 55.58915241

Flexible approach 6.9 6.462585034 25.35211268 74.48738543

Figure 6: Feasibility of Flexible model

SECTION – IV OBSERVATION AND EVALUATION

4.1 Observation

Result explores thatthe flexible approach driven development is Significant because it takes less development time as

compared to plan driven and agile practice driven development teams as per the figure 6.

We observe that,

Plan driven approach following team activate systematically but it wonders behind the change In contrast agile

practice driven approach following team effectively bid on project development but it is irritated by its expert.

The teams that follow Flexible approach succeed to make it efficient or need based development, but it demands

high coordination between the team and the members.

4.2 Evaluation

With this consideration, as per the laboratory experiment the proposed flexible model is efficient to reduce the

development time and minimizesthe risks. This will allow the software development to keep it low with acceptable

quality but it requires high monitoring and coordination inthe development process.

Furthermore less development time reduces stress of development team and reduces development cost. It is directly

interlinked with resource and schedule of development process. It also helps to make efficient development or quality

works that surly enhance productivity.

Above consideration directly indicates that the “Flexible approach for software development transfers an opportunity for

feasible formation of project and its development methodology”

4.3 Suggestion: It is true that we have a great tool in the case of practice driven approach that it adopts the uncertainty on the basis of

agility. It provides an inputto the development process to rapidly change its stage and direction in a particular way but the

problem of failures or overruns remain the same. Furthermore we have newly arrived concept of mix or hybrid approach.

Though it has combination of bothapproaches, it is treated as one type methodology. Here, we never underestimate the

development process naturally involves inconstant changeable environment and one typed solution is not suitableto it.




This study reveals that the problem is not sited in development methodology. It is sited in the formulation of „Project‟,

„its development methodology‟ and „success‟. It should be possible by flexible formation or couple the project with best

practice of software development methodology on the basis of need to handle the uncertainty rather than adopting it. It

should provide an ability to choose the need based formation by taking into account the certainty or uncertainty aspect

separately.But, in that concern, there is not much attention reported or received so far.

4.4 Implementation: Implementation of flexible approach is convenient for the development practitioner for development. It requires to carry

out only uncertainty recognizes and recipe process with projects parallel activation formation for clarification and

validation of contributory modules level of uncertainty before the modelling process. Through that development

practitioner be able to allocate project‟s need base development approach as per its best practice for making an efficient

development. The remaining process becomes the same.

Step1: At the initial stage, on the basis of use storieselaborate the project with its contributory module wise and then

uncertainty level workout.

Step2: On the basis of module‟s uncertainty leveltry to allocate the development method here this study utilize a

selection of software development methods advisory system „SOSDMAS‟-a rule base fuzzy expert system.

Step3: Allocate module as per needed development approach for construction process.

Step4: Construct the module as per its development methods and its environment test the functionality

Step5: Module collaboration is done with subsequent formation.

Step6: Test the project and user acceptance.

Step7: Test approve move forward to project release and rejection of test move towards step 3.

Step8: Release the project for deployment.

Figure 7: Execution of flexible approach.

SECTION –V

5.1 Conclusion:

This section, this studyhas released that the feasible formation of project and its development methodology as per its best

practice formulation is not crucial or critical with flexible approach. It hopefully conveyto the development

practitioner,that flexible approach transfersan opportunity to enhance the software development productivity. A flexible

approach may not be a complete solution for all software development problems and it could be unfavorable for those

organizations that follow one software development methodology to execute projects.But there is a need tochange as per

the terms and conditions in the available situation for enhancement.

5.2 Scope of further work:

As per literature review, it is yet to publish the notification, which can explore the policy for decreasing the ratio of

project challenges and cost overrun /time element. This study found that, there isan opportunityfor decreasing the ratio of

project challenge and the cost overrun /time element with flexible approach. It is agreed that this is very initial part of

practice. There must be complete validations for proposed approach.

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Flexible Approach Provides an Opportunity to Enhance the ... · International Journals of Advanced ... Tuljaram Chaturchand College, Baramati ... (student detail), class (XI, XII),