Flare Selection and Sizing

8/12/2019 Flare Selection and Sizing

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Page : ! #$ %&

Rev: 01

KLM TechnologyGroup

Practical EngineeringGuidelines for Processing

Plant Solutions www.klmtechgroup.comJuly 2007

Author:

A L LingKLM Technology GroupUnit 23-04Menara Landmark12 Jalan Ngee Heng80000 Johor Bahru,Malaysia

FLARE SELECTION AND SIZING(ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINE)

Checked by:

Karl Kolmetz

TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION %

Scope %

Flare '

Flare Type '

() *+,-./,0 1+.2, '

(() 32#450 1+.2, 6

Flare System 7

Design Factors 7

() 1+#8 9./, 7

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Practical EngineeringGuidelines for Processing Plant

Solutions

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FLARE SELECTION AND SIZING( ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINE) Q4+F K??R

These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design cases.They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. The final design must alwaysbe guaranteed for the service selected by the manufacturing vendor, but these guidelines will greatly reduce the amount of upfront engineering hours that are required to develop the final design. The guidelines are a training tool for young engineers or

a resource for engineers with experience.

This document is entrusted to the recipient personally, but the copyright remains with us. It must not be copied, reproducedor in any way communicated or made accessible to third parties without our written consent.

Design Consideration !K

DEFINITIONS !S

NOMENCLATURE !%

THEORY

Elevated Flare Tips Sizing !'

I/.;T I4==#2/ !R

Flare Stack Diameter !6

Vent Stack !7

Flame Length !7

Flame Distortion Caused by Wind Velocity K?

Flare Stack Height KK

Ground Flare Sizing K&

Thermal Radiation K%

Smokeless Operation K'

I/,.< C::>:/ KR

U>JPVN#8 B2,::42, C>2 C::>:/ KR

I,+$ .::>:/,0 P>JP =2,::42, $+.2,: J.: K6

U>JP =2,::42, 8./,2 .::>:/ K6

Flare Pilots and Igniters K6



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Knockout Drum & Flash back Protection K7

M5#;T#4/ W24< K7

I,.+ W24< S!

W>$$4:>#5 @F=, I,.+ SK

Reducing Flare Pulsing and Noise SK

Selection of Flares SS

APPLICATION

Example 1: Sizing of Elevation Vent Stack S&

Example 2: Sizing of Elevation Flare Stack (simple approach method) S'

Example 3: Sizing of Elevation Flare Stack( Brzustowski’s and Sommer’s Approach) &S

REFEREENCES &6

SPECIFICATION DATA SHEET

Flare System Data Sheet&7

CALCULATION SPREADSHEET

Flare Sizing by Using Simple Approach %?

Flare Sizing by Using Brzustowski's and Sommer's Approach %!

Flare Sizing by Using Simple Approach -Example 2 %K

Flare Sizing by Using Brzustowski's and Sommer's Approach -Example 3 %S



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LIST OF TABLE

@.D+, !L *<>::>->/F -.+4,: $#2 $+.2,0 J.:,: K%

@.D+, KL *$$,;/ #$ @P,2<.+ 9.0>./>#5 K%

@.D+, SL 9,;#<<,50,0 W,:>J5 @#/.+ 9.0>./>#5 K'

@.D+, &L G#<=.2>:#5 D,/8,,5 *+,-./,0 1+.2, .50 O4+/>X,/ 1+.2, SS

LIST OF FIGURE

1>J42, !L I/,.< C::>:/,0 *+,-./,0 1+.2, IF:/,< R

1>J42, KL @F=>;.+ *5;+#:,0 32#450 1+.2, 6

1>J42, SL G#<<#5 @F=, #$ I/.;T I4==#2/ !R

1>J42, &L 9./># #$ YVN$ -,2:4: C==2#Z><./, 1+.<, W>:/#2/>#5 K!

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1>J42, 'L W><,5:>#5 #$ 1+.2, I/.;T KS

1>J42, RL 1+.2, M5#;T#4/ W24< K7

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INTRODUCTION

Scope

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.50 =2#;,:: <./,2>.+: >5-#+-,0]

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Flare

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Flare Type

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(() 32#450 1+.2,

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EA 1+.<, I;.55,2

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Design Factors (: -,2F ><=#2/.5/ $#2 /P, $+.2, 0,:>J5,2 /# 450,2:/.50 :,-,2.+ $.;/#2: 8P>;P ;.5 .$$,;/ P>:$+.2>5J :F:/,< 0,:>J5^ /P, <.X#2 $.;/#2: >5$+4,5;>5J $+.2, :F:/,< 0,:>J5 .2,L

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() 1+#8 9./,

U#8 $+#8 2./, 8>++ .$$,;/ /P, 0,:>J5 #$ $+.2, :F:/,<k h#2<.++F /P, 0,:>J5,2 #$ /P, $+.2,:F:/,< 8>++ $#++#8 ,Z.;/+F /P, $+#8 0./. =2#->0,0^ /P,2,$#2, #-,2:/./,0 #$ /P, $+#8: 8>++ +,.0/# #-,2:>\,0 #$ $+.2, ,H4>=<,5/ 8P>;P +,.0 /# <#2, ,Z=,5:>-, ;.=>/.+ .50 #=,2./>5J ;#:/:

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(() 3.: ;#<=#:>/>#5

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((() 3.: @,<=,2./42,

3.: /,<=,2./42, P.: 0>2,;/ ><=.;/ #5 /P,2<.+ ,Z=.5:>#5^ J.: -#+4<, .50 <,/.++42J>;.+2,H4>2,<,5/: $#2 =>=, l -,::,+:] _,:>0, /P>: /P, <#2, ><=#2/.5/ ><=.;/ #$ J.: /,<=,2./42,/# $+.2, 0,:>J5 >: /P, =#/,5/>.+ #$ :4D:/.5;, V ;#<=#5,5/: #$ /P, J.: /# ;#50,5:,^ D,;.4:,;#50,5:./>#5 #2 /8#f=P.:, $+#8 8>++ ;.4:, . J2,./,2 :<#T>5J /,50,5;F .50 V #2 /P,=#::>D>+>/F #$ . D425>5J +>H4>0 2.>5] @P>: ;.5 D, :#+-, DF .00 . +>H4>0 2,<#-.+ ,H4>=<,5/bT5#;T#4/ 024<)]

(A) 3.: B2,::42, C-.>+.D+,

@P, J.: =2,::42, .-.>+.D+, $#2 /P, $+.2, >: 0,/,2<>5,0 DF PF02.4+>; .5.+F:>: #$ /P, ;#<=+,/,=2,::42, 2,+>,$ :F:/,< $2#< /P, =2,::42, 2,+>,->5J 0,->;,: /# /P, $+.2, D425,2] @P>:=.2.<,/,2 >: . $.;/#2 $#2 :<#T,+,:: D425>5J 0,:>J5 #$ $+.2,] I#<, $+.2, 0,:>J5 ;#<=.5>,:P.-, =2#-,0 /P./ :<#T,+,:: D425>5J ;.5 D, ,5P.5;,0 DF ;#5-,2/>5J .: <4;P #$ /P, J.:=2,::42, .-.>+.D+, .: =#::>D+, >5/# J.: <#<,5/4<] g>/P /P, P>JP,2 =2,::42, 02#= .;2#::/P, $+.2, D425,2 >/ ;.5 2,04;, /P, J.: -#+4<,^ 8P>;P ;.5 +,.0 /# . :<.++,2 $+.2, P,.0,2 :>\,l 2,04;,0 ;#:/ .50 $>5.++F .++#8: . 2,04;/>#5 >5 =42J, J.: 2,H4>2,<,5/:]

A) E/>+>/F G#:/: .50 C-.>+.D>+>/F

@# .;P>,-, :<#T,+,:: #=,2./>#5^ >/ >: 5,;,::.2F /# .00 .5 .::>:/ <,0>4< /# >5;2,.:, /P,#-,2.++ <#<,5/4< /# /P, :<#T,+,:: D425>5J +,-,+] @P, ;#<<#5 <,0>4< >: :/,.< 8P>;P >:>5X,;/,0 >5/# 5#\\+,: #$ /P, $+.2, :F:/,<] (5 #20,2 /# .;P>,-, /P>: #DX,;/>-,^ +#;.+ ,5,2JF;#:/:^ .-.>+.D>+>/F .50 2,+>.D>+>/F <4:/ D, /.T,5 >5/# .;;#45/ >5 :,+,;/>5J /P, :<#T,f:4==2,::>#5 <,0>4<]c/P,2 4/>+>/>,: .2, 5,,0,0 /# D, >5 =+.;, .2, =42J, J.: .50 =>+#/] @P, H4.5/>/F 2,H4>2,0 >:0,=,50>5J #5 /P, :>\, #$ /P, $+.2, :F:/,<] @P, =42J, J.: 2,H4>2,<,5/ ;.5 D, >5$+4,5;,0 DF/P, ;#<=#:>/>#5 #$ /P, =42J, J.: .50 V #2 /P, ;#<=#:>/>#5 #$ /P, 8.:/, J.:] B>+#/ J.:;#5:4<=/>#5 8>++ .+:# D, >5$+4,5;,0 DF /P, ;#<D4:/>#5 ;P.2.;/,2>:/>;: #$ /P, 8.:/, J.:,:]



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MNO @,;P5#+#JF32#4=


Solutions

SECTION :





A() *5->2#5<,5/.+ 9,H4>2,<,5/:

@P, =2><.2F ,5->2#5<,5/.+ 2,H4>2,<,5/ >: /P, 5,,0 $#2 :<#T,+,:: D425>5J /# =2#/,;/ /P,,5->2#5<,5/ $2#< =#++4/>#5^ >/ >: 5,;,::.2F /# >5X,;/ .5 .::>:/ <,0>4< :4;P .: :/,.< >5#20,2 /# .;P>,-, :<#T,+,:: D425>5J] E5$#2/45./,+F /P, >5X,;/>#5 #$ /P, :/,.< .50 /P,/42D4+,5;, ;2,./,0 DF /P, <>Z>5J #$ :/,.< /# :#+-, /P, :<#T, D425>5J =2#D+,< ;.4:,: /P,,<>::>#5 #$ :#450] @P, :#450 +,-,+ ./ >5:>0, .50 #4/:>0, /P, =+.5/ D#450.2F >: #$/,5 +><>/,0DF 2,J4+./>#5]

A(() I.$,/F 9,H4>2,<,5/:

@P, <.>5 :.$,/F ;#5;,25 $#2 /P, $+.2>5J :F:/,< >: /P,2<.+ 2.0>./>#5 >::4,:] @P, .++#8.D+,2.0>./>#5 $2#< /P, $+.2, $+.<, /# . J>-,5 =#>5/ >: $2,H4,5/+F :=,;>$>,0 D.:,0 #5 /P, #85,2`::.$,/F =2.;/>;,: DF $#++#8>5J /P, :.$,/F 2,J4+./>#5] I=,;>.+ ;#5:>0,2./>#5 :P#4+0 D, J>-,5 /#2.0>./>#5 +><>/: $#2 $+.2,: +#;./,0 ;+#:, /# /P, =+.5/ D#450.2F]

A((() I#;>.+ 9,H4>2,<,5/:

C+/P#4JP /P, =+.5/ #=,2./>#5 P.: ;#<=+>,0 8>/P /P, ,5->2#5<,5/.+ 2,J4+./>#5^ :#<,/><, /P,#4/;#<, 2,:4+/>5J $+.2, :F:/,< <.F 5#/ <,,/ /P, ,Z=,;/./>#5: #$ /P, =+.5/`: 5,>JPD#2:]*Z.<=+,L C :<#T,+,:: $+.<, <.F <,,/ /P, 2,J4+./#2F 2,H4>2,<,5/:^ D4/ /P, 5,>JPD#42:<.F ;#<=+.>5/ 04, /# +>JP/ .50 5#>:, $2#< $+.2, :F:/,<]

Design Consideration

gP,5 0,:>J5 /P, $+.2, :F:/,<^ :,-,2.+ ><=#2/.5/ =.2.<,/,2: P.-, /# D, ;#5:>0,2^ /P,2, .2,$+.2, P,.0 0,:>J5^ $+.2, ,Z>/ -,+#;>/F^ AcG P,./>5J -.+4,^ .50 8P,/P,2 /P, $+.<, >: .::>:/,0DF :/,.< #2 .>2]



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MNO @,;P5#+#JF32#4=


Solutions

SECTION :





_,:>0, /P./^ /P, 0,:>J5 :P#4+0 D, D.:, #5 ;#5:>0,2./>#5 D,++#8 .: 8,++^

!] 1+.2, I=.;>5J^ N#;./>#5^ .50 U,>JP/

2.0>.5/ P,./ D425>5J +>H4>0 $.++ #4/ =#++4/>#5 +><>/./>#5:

K] 1+.2, G.=.;>/F .50 I>\>5J

1+.2, 0,:>J5 ;.=.;>/F >: 0,:>J5 /# P.50+, +.2J,:/ -.=#2 2,+,.:, $2#< =2,::42,2,+>,$ -.+-,^ -.=#2 D+#8 0#85 .50 #/P,2 ,<,2J,5;F :F:/,<

S] 1+.:PD.;T I,.+: f$+.:PD.;T =2#/,;/>#5^ 8P>;P =2,-,5/: . $+.<, $2#5/ $2#< /2.-,+>5JD.;T /# /P, 4=:/2,.< =>=>5J .50 ,H4>=<,5/] I>\>5J #$ $+.2, :F:/,<: >: . $45;/>#5 #$<.Z><4< .++#8.D+, D.;T =2,::42, #5 =2,::42, 2,+>,$ -.+-,: .50 #/P,2 :#42;,: #$2,+,.:, >5/# /P, ,<,2J,5;F :F:/,<:]



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Solutions

SECTION :





DEFINITION

Back Pressure- _.;T =2,::42, >: /P, :4< #$ /P, :4=,2><=#:,0 .50 D4>+0f4= D.;T=2,::42,:] @P, =2,::42, /P./ ,Z>:/: ./ /P, #4/+,/ #$ . =2,::42, 2,+>,$ 0,->;, >: .: . 2,:4+/ #$/P, =2,::42, >5 /P, 0>:;P.2J, :F:/,<]

Gas Blower - W,->;, $#2 D+#8>5J .>2 /# $+.2, :F:/,<]

Blowdown - @P, 0>$$,2,5;, D,/8,,5 /P, :,/ =2,::42, .50 /P, ;+#:>5J =2,::42, #$ .=2,::42, 2,+>,$ -.+-,^ ,Z=2,::,0 .: . d #$ /P, :,/ =2,::42, #$ >5 =2,::42, 45>/:]

Closed Disposal System- W>:=#:.+ :F:/,< 8P>;P >: ;.=.D+, #$ ;#5/.>5>5J =2,::42, /P./>: 0>$$,2,5/ $2#< ./<#:=P,2>; =2,::42,]

Flare System – C :F:/,< /P./ :.$,+F 0>:=#:>5J #$ 8.:/, J.:,: /P2#4JP /P, 4:, #$;#<D4:/>#5]

Flare Stackf >: .5 ,+,-./,0 -,2/>;.+ :/.;T $#450 #5 #>+ 8,++: #2 #>+ 2>J:^ .50 >5 2,$>5,2>,:^;P,<>;.+ =+.5/: .50 +.50$>++: 4:,0 $#2 D425>5J #$$ 454:.D+, 8.:/, J.: #2 $+.<<.D+, J.: .50+>H4>0: 2,+,.:,0 DF =2,::42, 2,+>,$ -.+-,: 042>5J 45=+.55,0 #-,2f=2,::42>5J #$ =+.5/,H4>=<,5/]

Flame Arrestorsf C ;2><=,0 2>DD#5 .+4<>54< #2 :/.>5+,:: :/,,+ $+.<, ;,++ /# =2#/,;/.J.>5:/ 2.=>0 D425 D.;T: >5 +#8f=2,::42, :>/4./>#5:] @P,:, =.::>-, :.$,/F 0,->;,: .2,J4.2.5/,,0 /# =2,-,5/ $+.<, $2#5/: $2#< =2#=.J./>5J D.;T /P2#4JP +>5,:^ 0,:/2#F>5J$.;>+>/>,:^ .50 ;.4:>5J >5X42>,:]

Flare Tipsf I/24;/42, ./ /#= #$ /P, $+.2, =+.F /P, 2#+, /# T,,= .5 #=/><4< D425 .50 ;#5/2#+#-,2 .++ $+#8 2./,:^ 8P>;P 2,:4+/: >5 . ;+,.5,2 ;#<D4:/>#5] @P, 0,:>J5 #$ /P, />= <.T,: :42,/P./ /P, />= 0#,: 5#/ ;#<, >5/# ;#5/.;/>5J 8>/P /P, $+.<, <.T>5J /P, />=: 2,+>.D+, .50 +#5J+.:/>5J]

Ignitions system m (: . :F:/,< 4:, /# >J5>/, /P, $+.2, #$ $+.2, :F:/,<:] h#2<.++F /P>::F:/,< 0,:>J5,0 /# >J5>/, /P, $+.2, H4>;T+F /P, $>2:/ /><,^ <.>5/.>5 ;#<D4:/>#5 .50 2,f>J5>/,2.=>0+F /# =2,-,5/ >504:/2>.+ P.\.20: .50 =,2:#5.+ >5X42F 8P>+, =2#/,;/>5J /P, ,5->2#5<,5/]

Knockout Drum m (: . 024< >5:/.++,0 5,.2 /P, $+.2, D.:,^ .50 :,2-,: /# 2,;#-,2 +>H4>0PF02#;.2D#5:^ =2,-,5/ +>H4>0 :+4J:^ .50 2,<#-, +.2J, +>H4>0 =.2/>;+,: $2#< /P, J.: :/2,.<:2,+,.:,0 $2#< 2,+>,$ :F:/,<]



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Solutions

SECTION :





Open Disposal System- C 0>:=#:.+ :F:/,< /P./ 0>:;P.2J,: 0>2,;/+F $2#< 2,+>,$ :F:/,< /#./<#:=P,2, 8>/P#4/ #/P,2 0,->;,:]

Overpressure- B2,::42, -.+4, >5;2,.:, <#2, /P./ /P, :,/ =#>5/ =2,::42, #$ /P, 2,+>,->5J0,->;,^ ,Z=2,::,0 >5 =,2;,5/]

Pressure Relieving System- C5 .22.5J,<,5/ #$ . =2,::42,f2,+>,->5J 0,->;,^ =>=>5J .50 .<,.5: #$ 0>:=#:.+ >5/,50,0 $#2 /P, :.$, 2,+>,$^ ;#5-,F.5;,^ .50 0>:=#:.+ #$ $+4>0: >5 .-.=#42^ +>H4>0^ #2 J.:,#4: =P.:,] (/ ;.5 D, ;#5:>:/ #$ #5+F #5, =2,::42, 2,+>,$ -.+-, #224=/42, 0>:T^ ,>/P,2 8>/P #2 8>/P#4/ 0>:;P.2J, =>=,^ #5 . :>5J+, -,::,+ #2 +>5,]

Relief Valve – C :=2>5Jf+#.0,0 =2,::42, 2,+>,$ -.+-, >: .;/4./,0 DF /P, :/./>; =2,::42,4=:/2,.< #$ /P, -.+-,] @P, -.+-, #=,5: 5#2<.++F >5 =2#=#2/>#5 /# /P, =2,::42, >5;2,.:,#-,2 /P, #=,5>5J =2,::42,] C 2,+>,$ -.+-, >: 4:,0 =2><.2>+F 8>/P >5;#<=2,::>D+, $+4>0:]

Rupture Disk Device- C 5#52,;+#:>5J 0>$$,2,5/>.+ =2,::42, 2,+>,$ 0,->;, .;/4./,0 DF >5+,/:/./>; =2,::42, .50 0,:>J5,0 /# $45;/>#5 DF D42:/>5J /P, =2,::42, ;#5/.>5>5J 24=/42, 0>:T] C 24=/42, 0>:T 0,->;, >5;+40,: . 24=/42, 0>:T .50 . 24=/42, 0>:T P#+0,2]

Support Structure m I/24;/42, 8P>;P 0,:>J5,0 /# 8>/P:/.50 +#;.+ 8>50 ;#50>/>#5 $#2 $+.2,:]@P2,, /F=,: .-.>+.D+, :,+$f:4==#2/,0^ 34Ff8>2, :4==#2/,0 .50 W,22>;T :4==#2/,0]

Windbreaker f C 8>50D2,.T,2 >: :/24;/42, 4:,: /# =2,-,5/ /P, 8>50 $2#< ,Z/>5J4>:P>5J /P,$+.<,: 8P>;P +#;./,0 ./ $+.2, />=] (/ :,2-,: .+:# /# P>0, /P, $+.<,:]



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Solutions

SECTION :





NOMENCLATURE

C/ 1+.2, />= .2,.^ $/K

G W2.J ;#,$$>;>,5/ bW><,5:>#5+,::)0 X B>=,V@>= >5:>0, 0>.<,/,2^ $/

W B.2/>;+, 0>.<,/,2^ >5

J C;;,+,2./>#5 04, /# J2.->/F^ SK]K $/V:K

U U,./ #$ ;#<D4:/>#5 J.:,:^ _/4V(D

P W>:/.5;,^ >5 $,,/

T 9./># #$ :=,;>$>; P,./: bG=VG-)N$ 1+.<, +,5J/P^ $/O.;P O.;P 54<D,2 ./ =>=, #4/+,/O X 3.: <#+,;4+.2 8,>JP/< O.:: $+#8 2./,^ (DV:B O.Z><4< P,.0,2 ,Z>/ =2,::42,^ >5 (DV>5KJB X B>=, #4/+,/ =2,::42,^ >5 (DV>5

K b.D:#+4/,)

n$ U,./ 2,+,.:,^ _/4VP2

H$ U,./ >5/,5:>/F b_/4VP2V$/K)

9 3.: ;#5:/.5/^ !?]R b_2>/>:P 45>/)

9$ W>:/.5;, $2#< /P, <>0=#>5/ $+.<, b$/)@ X CD:#+4/, /,<=,2./42,^ >5#9

E0 O.Z><4< .++#8.D+, -.=#2 -,+#;>/F $#2 -,2/>;.+ -,::,+^ $/V:

U W,:>J5 8>50 -,+#;>/F

A A#+4<,/2>; $+#82./,^ $/SV:

g 3.: $+#8 2./,^ >5 (DVP2 g:/< O.:: $+#8 2./, #$ :/,.<^ (DVP2o G#<=2,::>D>+>/F $.;/#2^ 0><,5:>#5+,::

Greek letters

*<>::>->/F^ b0><,5:>#5+,::)

I,.+>5J +>H4>0 0,5:>/F^ >5 (DV$/S

L W,5:>/F #$ +>H4>0^ (DV$/S

V W,5:>/F #$ -.=#2^ (DV$/

S



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Solutions

SECTION :





THEORY

Elevated Flare Tips Sizing

@P, ,+,-./,0 $+.2, />=: 5#2<.++F .2, :>\,0 .: D,+#8L

>) 1+.2, />= 8>/P :/,.< .::>:/,0L :/,.< >5X,;/>#5 5#\\+,: .2, :>\,0 $#2 .-,+#;>/F #$ &?? $/V: b!K? <V:) ./ <.Z><4< $+#8 8>/P ;#5:>0,2>5J /P,+><>/./>#5 #$ 5#>:, ,<>::>#5]

>>) A,+#;>/F >: :>\,0 ./ +,.:/ K%? $/V: bR% <V:) /# >5:42, J##0 0>:=,2:>#5] _4/ /P,$+.2, />=: ;#5:>:/,0 8>/P . :><=+, #=,5f,50,0 =>=, .50 . :>5J+, =>+#/^ /P>:8>++ :4DX,;/,0 /# $+.<, +>$/f#$$ .50 5#>:, =2#D+,<: ./ P>JP -,+#;>/>,:^/P,2,$#2, >/ :P#4+0 D, 0,:>J5,0 $#2 . <.Z><4< -,+#;>/F #$ !'? $/V: b%? <V:)]

>>>) @P, $+.2, P,>JP/ :P#4+0 D, ./ +,.:/ .: P>JP .: .5F =+./$#2< #2 D4>+0>5J 8>/P>5%?? $/ b!%? <) P#2>\#5/.++F^ .50 >5 5# ;.:, +,:: /P.5 %?$/ b!% <) P>JP]

>-) C5F :#42;, #$ >J5>/.D+,V $+.<<.D+, PF02#;.2D#5: :P#4+0 D, ./ +,.:/ K?? $/b'? <) $2#< /P, D.:, #$ /P, $+.2, :/.;T^ .::4<>5J /P, =#/,5/>.+ $#2 +>H4>0 $.++f#4/ $2#< /P, $+.2, >: <>5><.+]

-) @# =2,-,5/ =2#D.D>+>/F #$ +>H4>0 ,5/2.>5<,5/ /# /P, $+.2,^ T5#;T#4/ 024<:P#4+0 D, >5;+40,0 2,04;, /P, =#/,5/>.+ $#2 .50V#2 2,04;, /P, ><=.;/ #$D425>5J +>H4>0 $.++f#4/]

->) W2>$/ 0>:/.5;,: #$ D425>5J +>H4>0 02#=+,/: $2#< .5 >5.0,H4./,+F 0,:>J5,0$+.2, :F:/,< ;.5 D, ;#5:>0,2.D+F J2,./,2 /P.5 K?? $/ b'? <)]

->>) 1+.2,: :P#4+0 D, +#;./,0 /# +><>/ /P, <.Z><4< J2#450 +,-,+ P,./ 0,5:>/F /#%?? _/4VP2V$/

K b!]' TgV<

K) ./ .5F =2#=,2/F +>5,] @P, <>5><4< 0>:/.5;, $2#<

/P, D.:, #$ /P, $+.2, :/.;T /# /P, =2#=,2/F +>5, :P#4+0 D, K?? $/ b'? <)]

->>>) 1+.2, ,+,-./>#5 .50 :=.;>5J <4:/ D, :4;P /P./ =,2<>::>D+, 2.0>.5/ P,./0,5:>/>,: $#2 =,2:#55,+ ./ J2.0, .50 #5 ,+,-./,0 :/24;/42.+ =+./$#2<: .2,5#/ ,Z;,,0,0 450,2 ;#50>/>#5: #$ <.Z><4< P,./ 2,+,.:,] (5 :#<, :=,;>.+;.:,:^ $+.2, ,+,-./>#5 .50 :=.;>5J <.F D, J#-,25,0 DF 2.0>.5/ P,./,Z=#:42, #$ ;,2/.>5 -4+5,2.D+, >/,<: #$ ,H4>=<,5/^ 2./P,2 /P.5 =,2:#55,+]



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Solutions

SECTION :





>Z) 1+.2, +#;./>#5 .50 P,>JP/ <4:/ D, :4;P .: /# <,,/ .++ .==+>;.D+, 2,J4+./#2F:/.50.20: #$ 5#>:, +,-,+

@P, 0>.<,/,2 #$ /P, $+.2, <4:/ D, :4>/.D+, /# <.>5/.>5 . :/.D+, $+.<, .50 =2,-,5/ . D+#8#4/b8P,5 -.=#2 -,+#;>/>,: .2, J2,./,2 /P.5 K?d #$ /P, :#5>; -,+#;>/F)]

I/.;T I4==#2/

@P2,, /F=, #$ :/.;T :4==#2/ .-.>+.D+,^ /P,2, >: :,+$ :4==#2/,0^ J4Ff8>2, :4==#2/,0 .50

0,22>;T :4==#2/,0] b1>J42, SL I/.;T I4==#2/)]

b.) I,+$fI4==#2/,0 bD) 34Ff8>2, I4==#2/,0 b;) W,22>;T I4==#2/,0

1>J42, SL G#<<#5 @F=, #$ I/.;T I4==#2/



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Solutions

SECTION :





I,+$f:4==#2/,0 :/.;T: .2, 5#2<.++F 4:, $#2 $+.2, :F:/,<] U#8,-,2^ >/ ;#:/ <#2, ,Z=,5:>-,/P.5 #/P,2 0,:>J5^ D,;.4:, >/ 5,,0 J2,./,2 <./,2>.+ /# ,5:42, :/24;/42.+ >5/,J2>/F #-,2 /P,.5/>;>=./,0 ;#50>/>#5] h#2<.++F /P, :/.;T P,>JP/ $#2 /P, :,+$f:4==#2/,0 0,:>J5 8.: 2.5J,$2#< K?? /# S??$/]

34Ff8>2, :4==#2/,0 >: +,:: ,Z=,5:>-, D4/ >/ 5,,0 /P, +.2J,:/ +.50 .2, 04, /# /P, J4F 8>2,2.0>4: 2,H4>2,<,5/:] @P, 2.0>4: #$ J4Ff8>2, >: ,H4.+ /# !]% #$ /P, #-,2.++ :/.;T P,>JP/]34F,0 :/.;T: P,>JP/: $2#< '?? /# 6?? $,,/ P.-, D,,5 4:,0]

W,22>;T :4==#2/,0 #5+F 4:,0 8P,5 /P, :/.;T >: +.2J, b:,+$f:4==#2/,0 5#/ =2.;/>;.+) .50

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Flare Selection and Sizing