Flanges Gasket, Nuts

8/11/2019 Flanges Gasket, Nuts

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FLANGES GENERAL

FOR DUMMIES

It might be helped for the Engineers who are not eligible in certain fucking place


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2If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough.Albert Einstein

FLANGES GENERAL

A flange is a method of connecting pipes, valves, pumps and other equipment to form a piping

system. It also provides easy access for cleaning, inspection or modification. Flanges are usually

welded or screwed. Flanged joints are made by bolting together two flanges with a gasket between

them to provide a seal.

Pipe flanges are manufactured in all the different materials. Some flanges are made of cast and ductile

iron, but the most used material is forged carbon steel and have machined surfaces.

TYPES OF FLANGES

The most used flange types in Petro and chemical industry are:

Welding Neck Flange

Slip On Flange

Socket Weld Flange

Lap Joint Flange

Threaded Flange

Blind Flange

All types except the Lap Joint flange are provided with a raised flange face.

SPECIAL FLANGES

Except the flanges, which are mentioned above, there are still a number of special flanges such as:

Orifice Flanges

Spectacle Blinds (part of flange connection)

Spades and Ring Spacers (part of flange connection)

Long Welding Neck Flanges Weldoflange / Nipoflange

Expander Flange

Reducing Flange


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MATERIALS FOR FLANGES

The most common materials used in flanges produced is carbon steel, stainless steel, cast iron,

aluminium, brass, bronze, plastic etc..

In addition, flanges, like fittings and pipes, for specific purposes sometimes internally equipped with

layers of materials of a completely different quality as the flanges themselves, which are

"lined flanges".

The material of a flange, is basically set during the choice of the pipe, in most cases, a flange is of the

same material as the pipe.

All flanges, discussed on this website fall under the ASME en ASTM standards, unless otherwise

indicated. ASME B16.5 describes dimensions, dimensional tolerances etc. and ASTM the different

material qualities.

DIMENSIOS OF FLANGES

Each flange according to ASME B16.5 has a number of standard dimensions.

If a draftsman in Japan or the work preparer in Canada or a pipefitter in Australia is speaking about a

Welding Neck flange 6"-150#-S40 according to ASME B16.5, then it goes over the flange which in the

image here below is shown.

If the flange is ordered, the supplier want to know the material quality. For example ASTM A105 is a

forged carbon steel flange, while A182 is a forged stainless steel flange.

So, in a correct order to a supplier two standards must be specified:

Welding Neck flange 6"-150#-S40-ASME B16.5 / ASTM A105.

BOLTED FLANGE CONNECTIONS

A bolted flange connection is a complex combination of many factors (Flange, Bolts, Process,

Temperature, Pressure, Medium).


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All these various elements are interrelated and depend upon one another to achieve a successful

result.

The reliability of the flanged joint depends critically upon competent control of the joint making

process.

Quoting from John H. Bickford's book, "An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted

Joints":

That all important clamping force which holds the joint together - and without which there would be

no joint - is not created by a good joint designer, nor by high quality parts. It is created by the

mechanic on the job site, using the tools, procedures, and working conditions we have provided him

with... And further: The final, essential creator of the force is the mechanic, and the time of creation is

during assembly. So it's very important for us to understand this process.

The industry has recognized the critical nature of installation and assembly for several years.

In Europe, the emphasis has been on ensuring that joint making is undertaken by trained and

validated technicians and this has led to the publication of a European Technical standard: TS EN 1591

Part 4 entitled "Flanges and their joints. Design rules for gasketed circular flange connections.

Qualification of personnel competency in the assembly of bolted joints fitted to equipment subject to

the Pressure Equipment Directive (PED)".

The standard provides a methodology for the training and assessment of technicians involved in the

making and breaking of flange joints and can be viewed as being analogous to the training required

for welders involved with pressure vessel work. Its publication demonstrates the importance placed

upon the competent control of joint making process in ensuring leak-free performance from the

flange.

The gasket is but one of many reasons a bolted flange joint connection can leak.

Even when all the complex inter-related components of a bolted joint flange connection work in

perfect harmony, the single most important factor leading to success or failure of that bolted flange

connection will be attention given to proper installation and assembly procedures by the person

installing the gasket. If done properly, the assembly will remain leak-free for the target life

expectancy.

FLANGED CONNECTIONS VERSUS WELDED CONNECTIONS

There are no standards that define whether or not flange connections may be used.

In a newly built factory is customary to minimize flange connections, because only one weld is neededto connect two pieces of pipe.

This saves the costs of two flanges, the gasket, the stud bolts, the second weld, the cost of NDT for

the second weld, etc..

Some other disadvantages of flange connections:

Each flange connection can leak (some people claim that a flange connection is never 100 percent

leak proof).


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Flanged pipe systems need much more space (just think of a pipe rack).

Insulation of flanged pipe systems is more expensive (special flange caps).

Of course, flange connections have great benefits; some examples:

A new line can contain multiple pipe spools and can be manufactured in a workshop.

This pipe spools can be assembled in the plant without the need to be welded.

NDO (X-ray, Hydro test etc.) in the plant is not necessary, because this has been done in the

workshop.

Blasting and painting in the plant is not necessary, because even this has been done in a workshop

(only paint damages during installation should be repaired).

As with many things, everything has its pros and cons.

PRESSURE CLASS

The Pressure Class or Rating for flanges will be given in pounds. Different names are used to indicate

a Pressure Class. For example: 150 Lb or 150 Lbs or 150# or Class 150, all are means the same.Forged steel flanges are made in seven primary ratings:

150Lbs - 300Lbs - 400Lbs - 600Lbs - 900Lbs - 1500Lbs - 2500Lbs

The concept of flange ratings likes clearly. A Class 300 flange can handle more pressure than a Class

150 flange, because a Class 300 flange are constructed with more metal and can withstand more

pressure. However, there are a number of factors that can impact the pressure capability of a flange.

EXAMPLE

Flanges can withstand different pressures at different temperatures. As temperature increases, the

pressure rating of the flange decreases. For example, a Class 150 flange is rated to approximately 270

PSIG at ambient conditions, 180 PSIG at approximately 400F, 150 PSIG at approximately 600F, and

75 PSIG at approximately 800F. In other words, when the pressure goes down, the temperature goes

up and vice versa.

Additional factors are that flanges can be constructed from different materials, such as stainless steel,

cast and ductile iron, carbon steel etc.. Each material have different pressure ratings.

PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE RATINGS

Pressure-temperature ratings are maximum allowable working gage pressures in bar units at the

temperatures in degrees celsius. For intermediate temperatures, linear interpolation is permitted.

Interpolation between class designations is not permitted.

Pressure-temperature ratings apply to flanged joints that conform to the limitations on bolting and on

gaskets, which are made up in accordance with good practice for alignment and assembly. Use of

these ratings for flanged joints not conforming to these limitations is the responsibility of the user.

The temperature shown for a corresponding pressure rating is the temperature of the pressure-

containing shell of the component. In general, this temperature is the same as that of the contained


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fluid. Use of a pressure rating corresponding to a temperature other than that of the contained fluid is

the responsibility of the user, subject to the requirements of applicable codes and regulations. For any

temperature below -29C, the rating shall be no greater than the rating shown for -29C.

As an example, below you will find two tables with material groups acc. to ASTM, and two other tables

with flange pressure-temperature ratings for those ASTM materials acc. to ASME B16.5.

ASTM Group 2-1.1 Materials ASTM Group 2-2.3 Materials

Nominal

DesignationForgings Castings Plates

Nominal

DesignationForgings Castings Plates

C-Si A105(1)A216

Gr.WCB(1)

A515

Gr.70(1)

16Cr-12Ni-

2Mo

A182

Gr.F316L-

A240

Gr.316L

C-Mn-SiA350

Gr.LF2(1)-

A516

Gr.70(1),(2)

18Cr-13Ni-

3Mo

A182

Gr.F317L- -

C-Mn-Si-VA350

Gr.LF6 Cl 1(3)-

A537

Cl.1(4)18Cr-8Ni

A182

Gr.F304L(1)-

A240

Gr.304L(1)

3NiA350

Gr.LF3- -

NOTES:

(1) Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above

425C, the carbide phase of steel may be converted

to graphite. Permissible but not recommended for

prolonged use above 425C.

(2) Do not use over 455C.



NOTE:


Pressure-Temperature Ratings for ASTM Group 2-1.1 Materials

Working pressures by classes, BAR

Temp.C 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

-29 to 38 19.6 51.1 68.1 102.1 153.2 255.3 425.5

50 19.2 50.1 66.8 100.2 150.4 250.6 417.7

100 17.7 46.6 62.1 93.2 139.8 233 388.3

150 15.8 45.1 60.1 90.2 135.2 225.4 375.6

200 13.8 43.8 58.4 87.6 131.4 219 365

250 12.1 41.9 55.9 83.9 125.8 209.7 349.5

300 10.2 39.8 53.1 79.6 119.5 199.1 331.8

325 9.3 38.7 51.6 77.4 116.1 193.6 322.6

350 8.4 37.6 50.1 75.1 112.7 187.8 313

375 7.4 36.4 48.5 72.7 109.1 181.8 303.1

400 6.5 34.7 46.3 69.4 104.2 173.6 289.3


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1. Weld Neck flange 2. Butt

Weld

3. Pipe or Fitting

425 5.5 28.8 38.4 57.5 86.3 143.8 239.7

450 4.6 23 30.7 46 69 115 191.7

475 3.7 17.4 23.2 34.9 52.3 87.2 145.3

500 2.8 11.8 15.7 23.5 35.3 58.8 97.9

538 1.4 5.9 7.9 11.8 17.7 29.5 49.2

Pressure-Temperature Ratings for ASTM Group 2-2.3 Materials

Working pressures by classes, BAR

Temp.C 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

-29 to 38 15.9 41.4 55.2 82.7 124.1 206.8 344.7

50 15.3 40 53.4 80 120.1 200.1 333.5

100 13.3 34.8 46.4 69.6 104.4 173.9 289.9

150 12 31.4 41.9 62.8 94.2 157 261.6

200 11.2 29.2 38.9 58.3 87.5 145.8 243

250 10.5 27.5 36.6 54.9 82.4 137.3 228.9

300 10 26.1 34.8 52.1 78.2 130.3 217.2

325 9.3 25.5 34 51 76.4 127.4 212.3

350 8.4 25.1 33.4 50.1 75.2 125.4 208.9

375 7.4 24.8 33 49.5 74.3 123.8 206.3

400 6.5 24.3 32.4 48.6 72.9 121.5 202.5

425 5.5 23.9 31.8 47.7 71.6 119.3 198.8

450 4.6 23.4 31.2 46.8 70.2 117.1 195.1

FLANGE TYPES

As already before described, the most used flange types acc.

to ASME B16.5 are: Welding Neck, Slip On, Socket Weld,

Lap Joint, Threaded and Blind flange.

Here below you will find a short description and definition of

each type, completed with an detailed image.

WELDING NECK FLANGE

Welding Neck Flanges are easy to recognize at the long

tapered hub, that goes gradually over to the wall thickness

from a pipe or fitting.

The long tapered hub provides an important reinforcement

for use in several applications involving high pressure, sub-

zero and / or elevated temperatures. The smooth transition

from flange thickness to pipe or fitting wall thickness effected


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by the taper is extremely beneficial, under conditions of repeated bending, caused by line expansion

or other variable forces.

These flanges are bored to match the inside diameter of the mating pipe or fitting so there will be no

restriction of product flow. This prevents turbulence at the joint and reduces erosion. They also

provide excellent stress distribution through the tapered hub and are easily radiographed for flaw

detection. This flange type will be welded to a pipe or fitting with a single full penetration, V weld

(Buttweld).

SLIP On FLANGE

The calculated strength from a

Slip On flange under internal

pressure is of the order of two-

thirds that of welding neck flanges,

and their life under fatigue is aboutone-third that of the latter.

The connection with the pipe is

done with 2 fillet welds, as well at

the outside as also at the inside of the flange. The X measure on the image, are approximately: Wall

thickness of pipe + 3 mm.

This space is necessary, to do not damage the flange face, during the welding process.

A disadvantage of the flange is, that principle always firstly a pipe must be welded and then just a

fitting. A combination of flange and elbow or flange and tee is not possible, because named fittings

have not a straight end, that complete slid in the Slip On flange.

Socket Weld FLANGE

Socket Weld flanges were initially

developed for use on small-size

high pressure piping. Their static

strength is equal to Slip On

flanges, but their fatigue strength

50% greater than double-welded

Slip On flanges.The connection with the pipe is done with 1 fillet weld, at the outside of the flange. But before

welding, a space must be created between flange or fitting and pipe.

ASME B31.1 1998 127.3 Preparation for Welding (E) Socket Weld Assembly says:

In assembly of the joint before welding, the pipe or tube shall be inserted into the socket to the

maximum depth and then withdrawn approximately 1/16" (1.6 mm) away from contact between the

end of the pipe and the shoulder of the socket.

1. Slip On flange 2. Filled

weld outside

1. Socket weld flange 2.

Filled weld 3. Pipe

X= Expansion gap


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FLANGE FACES

Different types of flange faces are used as the contact surfaces to seat the sealing gasket material.

ASME B16.5 and B16.47 define various types of flange facings, including the raised face, the large

male and female facings which have identical dimensions to provide a relatively large contact area.

Other flange facings covered by these standards include the large and small tongue-and-groove

facings, and the ring joint facing specifically for ring joint type metal gaskets.

RAISED FACE (RF)

The raised face flange face is the most common type used in process plant applications, and is

easily to identify. It is referred to as a raised face because the gasket surfaces are raised above the

bolting circle face. This face type allows the use of a wide combination of gasket designs, including flat

ring sheet types and metallic composites such as spiral wound and double jacketed types. The

purpose of a RF flange is to concentrate more pressure on a smaller gasket area and thereby increase

the pressure containment capability of the joint. Diameter and height are in ASME B16.5 defined, by

pressure class and diameter. Pressure rating of the flange determines the height of the raised face.

The typical flange face finish for ASME B16.5 RF flanges is 125 to 250 in Ra (3 to 6 m Ra).

Raised Face height

For the height measures H and B of all

described dimensions of flanges on this

website, with exception of the Lap Joint

flange, it is important to understand and

remember the following:

In Pressure Classes 150 and 300 Lbs, the height of raised face is approximately 1.6 mm (1/16 inch).

In these two Pressure Classes, almost all suppliers of flanges, show in their catalog or brochure, the

H and B dimensions including the raised face height. See figure 1 on the image below.
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In Pressure Classes 400, 600, 900, 1500 & 2500 Lbs, the height of raised face is approximately

6.4 mm (1/4 inch). In these Pressure Classes, most suppliers show the H and B dimensions excluding

the raised face height. See figure 2 on the image above.

FLAT FACE (FF)

The flat face flange has a gasket

surface in the same plane as the

bolting circle face. Applications

using flat face flanges are

frequently those in which the

mating flange or flanged fitting is made from a casting.

Flat face flanges are never to be bolted to a raised face flange. ASME B31.1 says that when connecting

flat face cast iron flanges to carbon steel flanges, the raised face on the carbon steel flange must be

removed, and that a full face gasket is required. This is to keep the thin, bittle cast iron flange from

being sprung into the gap caused by the raised face of the carbon steel flange.

RING-TYPE JOINT (RTJ)

The ring type joint flanges are

typically used in high pressure

(Class 600 and higher rating)

and/or high temperature services

above 800F (427C). They have

grooves cut into their faces which

steel ring gaskets. The flanges seal when tightened bolts compress the gasket between the flanges

into the grooves, deforming (or Coining) the gasket to make intimate contact inside the grooves,

creating a metal to metal seal.

An RTJ flange may have a raised face with a ring groove machined into it. This raised face does not

serve as any part of the sealing means. For RTJ flanges that seal with ring gaskets, the raised faces of

the connected and tightened flanges may contact each other. In this case the compressed gasket will

not bear additional load beyond the bolt tension, vibration and movement cannot further crush the

gasket and lessen the connecting tension.

Ring Type Joint gaskets

Ring Type Joint gaskets are metallic

sealing rings, suitable for high-pressure

and high-temperature applications.

They are always applied to special,

accompanying flanges which ensure
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good, reliable sealing with the correct choice of profiles and material.

Ring Type Joint gaskets are designed to seal by "initial line contact" or wedging action between the

mating flange and the gasket. By applying pressure on the seal interface through bolt force, the

"softer" metal of the gasket flows into the microfine structure of the harder flange material, and

creating a very tight and efficient seal.

Most applied type is style R ringthat is manufactured in accordance with ASME B16.20 used with

ASME B16.5 flanges, class 150 to 2500.

Style Rring type joints are manufactured in both oval and octagonal configurations. The octagonal

cross section has a higher sealing efficiency than the oval and would be the preferred gasket.

However, only the oval cross section can be used in the old type round bottom groove. The newer flat

bottom groove design will accept either the oval or the octagonal cross section. The sealing surfaces

on the ring joint grooves must be smoothly finished to 63 Microinches and be free of objectionable

ridges, tool or chatter marks. They seal by an initial line contact or a wedging action as the

compressive forces are applied. The hardness of the ring should always be less than the hardness of

the flanges.

Style R ring type joints are designed to seal pressure up to 6,250 psi in accordance with ASME B16.5

pressure ratings and up to 5,000 psi.

TONGUE-AND-GROOVE (T&G)

The tongue and groove faces

of this flanges must be matched.

One flange face has a raised ring

(Tongue) machined onto the flange

face while the mating flange has a

matching depression (Groove) machined into it's face.

Tongue-and-groove facings are standardized in both large and small types. They differ from male-and-

female in that the inside diameters of the tongue-and-groove do not extend into the flange base, thus

retaining the gasket on its inner and outer diameter. These are commonly found on pump covers and

valve bonnets.

Tongue-and-groove joints also have an advantage in that they are self-aligning and act as a reservoir

for the adhesive. The scarf joint keeps the axis of loading in line with the joint and does not require a

major machining operation.

General flange faces such as the RTJ, T&G and the F&M shall never be bolted together. The reason for

this is that the contact surfaces do not match and there is no gasket that has one type on one side

and another type on the other side.


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MALE-AND-FEMALE (M&F)

With this type the flanges also must be matched. One flange face has an area that extends beyond the

normal flange face (Male). The other flange or mating flange has a matching depression (Female)

machined into it's face.

The female face is 3/16-inch deep, the male face is 1/4-inch high, and both are smooth finished. The

outer diameter of the female face acts to locate and retain the gasket. Custom male and female

facings are commonly found on the heat exchanger shell to channel and cover flanges.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF T&G AND M&F FLANGE FACES

Advantages:

Better sealing properties, more precise location and exact compression af sealing material, utilization

of other, more suitable sealing and spezialized sealing material (O-rings).

Disadvantages:

Commercial availabillity and cost. Normal raised faced is far more common and ready available both

regarding valves, flanges and sealing material. Another complexity is that some rigid rules must be

applied to the piping design. Do you order valves to be female end both sides, or on one side maybe,

in which case do you point all male ends in the flow direction, or what. Same applies to any flanged

joint / vessel connection of course.

FLANGE FACE FINISH

The ASME B16.5 code requires that the flange face (raised

face and flat face) has a specific roughness to ensure that

this surface be compatible with the gasket and provide a

high quality seal.

A serrated finish, either concentric or spiral, is required with

30 to 55 grooves per inch and a resultant roughness

between 125 and 500 micro inches. This allows for various

grades of surface finish to be made available by flange

manufactures for the gasket contact surface of metal

flanges.

THE MOST USED SURFACES AREStock Finish

The most widely used of any flange surface finish, because practically, is suitable for all ordinary

service conditions. Under compression, the soft face from a gasket will embed into this finish, which

helps create a seal, and a high level of friction is generated between the mating surfaces. The finish

for these flanges is generated by a 1.6 mm radius round-nosed tool at a feed rate of 0.8 mm per


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revolution up to 12 inch. For sizes 14 inch and larger, the finish is made with

3.2 mm round-nosed tool at a feed of 1.2 mm per revolution.

Spiral Serrated

This is also a continuous or phonographic spiral groove, but it differs from the

stock finish in that the groove typically is generated using a 90-deg tool which

creates a "V" geometry with 45 angled serration.

Concentric Serrated

As the name suggests, this finish is comprised of concentric grooves. A 90

tool is used and the serrations are spaced evenly across the face.

Smooth Finish

This finish shows no visually apparent tool markings. These finishes are

typically utilized for gaskets with metal facings such as double jacketed, flat

steel and corrugated metal. The smooth surfaces mate to create a seal and

depend on the flatness of the opposing faces to effect a seal. This is typically

achieved by having the gasket contact surface formed by a continuous

(sometimes called phonographic) spiral groove generated by a 0.8 mm radius

round-nosed tool at a feed rate of 0.3 mm per revolution with a depth of 0.05

mm. This will result in a roughness between Ra 3.2 and 6.3 micrometers (125

- 250 micro inch).

GASKETS

To realize a leak-free flange connection gaskets are

necessary.

Gaskets are compressible sheets or rings used to make a

fluid-resistant seal between two surfaces. Gaskets are

built to operate under extreme temperature and pressures

and are available in a wide range of metallic, semi-metallic

and non-metallic materials.

The principle of sealing, for example, is the compression from a gasket between two flanges. A

gaskets fills the microscopic spaces and irregularities of the flange faces and then it forms a seal that

is designed to keep liquids and gases. Correct installation of damage free gaskets is a requirement for

a leak-free flange connection.

On this website gaskets according to ASME B16.20 (Metallic and semi-metallic gaskets for Pipe

flanges) and ASME B16.21 (Nonmetallic flat gaskets for pipe flanges) will be defined.


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WHAT IS A FLANGE GASKET

Flange gaskets are used to create a static seal between two flanges faces, at various operating

conditions, with varied pressure and temperature ratings.

A gaskets fills the microscopic spaces and irregularities of the flange faces, and then it forms a seal

that is designed to keep liquids and gases.

Correct installation of damage-free gaskets and demage-free flange faces is a requirement for a leak-

free flange connection.

If it would be technically possible, in order to manufacture flanges perfectly flat and smooth, and

perfectly compatible with one another under all operating conditions, a gasket would not be

necessary.

But in normal practice it is not possible, because flange connections under ANY circumstances should

be made. Small impurities and a small bit of dirt, is in practice not be avoided and therefore it is

necessary to use a gasket.

TYPES OF GASKETS

Materials for gaskets can be divided into three main categories:

Non-metallic types

Semi-metallic types

Metallic types

Non-metallic gaskets are usually

composite sheet materials are used with

flat-face and raised-face flanges in low

Pressure Class applications. Non-metallic

gaskets are manufactured from arimid

fiber, glass fiber, elastomer, Teflon (PTFE),

graphite etc.. Full-face gasket types are

suitable for use with flat-face flanges. Flat-ring gasket types are suitable for use with raised face

flanges.

ASME B16.21 covers types, sizes, materials, dimensions, dimensional tolerances, and markings for

non-metallic flat gaskets.

Semi-metallic gaskets are composites of metal andnon-metallic materials. The metal is intended to offer

strength and resiliency, while the non-metallic portion

provides conformability and sealability. Often used

semi-metallic gaskets are spiral wound and camprofile,

and a variety of metal-reinforced graphite gaskets.

Semi-metallic are designed for almost all operating


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conditions and high-temperature and pressure applications, and are used on raised face, male-and-

female, and tongue-and-groove flanges.

ASME B16.20 covers materials, dimensions, dimensional tolerances, and markings for metallic and

semi-metallic gaskets.

Metallic gaskets are fabricated from

one or a combination of metals to the

desired shape and size. Often used

metallic gaskets are ring-type-joint

gaskets (RTJ). They are always applied

to special, accompanying flanges which

ensure good, reliable sealing with the

correct choice of profiles and material.

Ring Type Joint gaskets are designed to seal by "initial line contact" or wedging action between the

mating flange and the gasket. By applying pressure on the seal interface through bolt force, the

"softer" metal of the gasket flows into the microfine structure of the harder flange material, and

creating a very tight and efficient seal.

ASME B16.20 covers materials, dimensions, dimensional tolerances, and markings for metallic and

semi-metallic gaskets.

OFTEN USED SEMI-METALLIC

GASKETS

Here below you will find a shortdescription of a number of semi-

metallic gaskets, which are largely

used. For information on other

types, I refer to the World Wide

Web. There you can find a lot of

reliable information about gaskets.

Spiral wound gaskets

The spiral wound gasket meets the

most exacting conditions of both

temperature and pressure in

flanged joints and similar

assemblies and against every known corrosive and toxic media.


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The spiral wound gasket depends upon the mechanical characteristics of a formed metal spiral strip,

rather than the compressive virtues of more traditional gasket materials. This makes it particularly

suitable for low or fluctuating bolt loads. The sealing strips, or fillers, are usually graphite, although

other materials such as Teflon (PTFE) may be used, the windings are always stainless steel. For this

type of gasket to work the spiral must not be over compressed, hence one of two types of

compression control is usually used.

The completed gasket is fitted into a steel ring of specific thickness. When the gasket is fitted into a

flange and the bolt load is applied, flange closure is governed by the outer steel ring of the gasket. To

further improve the pressure rating of the spiral wound gasket, a steel ring may be added to the

inside. This gives an additional compression limiting stop and provides a heat and corrosion barrier

protecting gasket windings and preventing flange erosion. It is customary to select inner ring material

to be the same as the metal winding.

ASME B16.20 which covers spiral wound gaskets requires the use of solid metal inner rings in:

Pressure Class 900, nominal pipe sizes 24 and larger, Pressure Class 1500 from nominal pipe sizes 12

and larger, Pressure Class 2500 from nominal pipe sizes 4 and larger and all PTFE filled gaskets. In

the same standard is also described how a spiral wound gasket should be characterized, below you will

find an image on it.

Camprofile gaskets

Camprofile or "Grooved" gaskets have proven themselves in all industrial applications. Camprofile

gaskets are found in industrial power plants and in the primary circuits in nuclear installations. Used

either between flanges or in heat exchanger units in nuclear applications. The Petro and chemical

industry benefit too, as the gaskets are used in applications where high pressures and temperatures

are maintained and consequently high bolt loads need to be controlled.

Camprofile gaskets consist of a metal core (generally Stainless Steel) with concentric grooves on

either side with sealing materials. The sealing layers (depending on the service duty) can be Graphite,

PTFE (Teflon), CAF or Metal (e.g. Aluminium or Silver). Camprofile's can be used without sealing

layers to provide an excellent seal but there is a risk of flange surface damage - especially at high

seating loads. The sealing layers protect the flange surfaces from damage in addition to providing an

effective seal. In the main Menu "Others" you will find a link to the dimensions of that kind of grooved

gasket.

Metal jacketed gaskets

Metal Jacketed gaskets, as the name suggests, are comprised of a metallic outer shell with either a

metallic or non-metallic filler. The filler material gives the gasket resilience, while the metal jacket

protects the filler and resists pressures, temperatures and corrosion.


19/68


They are traditionally used for heat exchanger applications, pumps and valves, however the resilience

and recovery properties of these gaskets are limited. Metal Jacketed gaskets require smooth flange

surface finishes, high bolt loads and flange flatness in order to seal effectively.

There are many different styles of jacketed gaskets available. In the main Menu "Others" you will find

a link to the dimensions of double jacketed flange gaskets. In that type the filler material is completely

enclosed by a two piece metal jacket, which covers both the inside and outside diameters and both

contact surfaces.

BOLTS

To connect two flanges with each other, also bolts are necessary.

The quantity will be given by the number of bolt holes in a flange, diameter and length of bolts is

dependent of flange type and Pressure Class of flange.

The most used bolts in Petro and chemical industry for ASME B16.5 flanges are stud bolts. Stud bolts

are made from a threaded rod and using two nuts. The other available type is the machine bolt that

using one nut. On this site only stud bolts will be discussed.

Dimensions, dimensional tolerances etc. have been defined in the ASME B16.5 and ASME 18.2.2

standard, materials in different ASTM standards.

TYPES OF BOLTS

In Petro and chemical industry for flange connections actually only stud bolts are used, but in

principle, two types of bolts for flange connections are available.

1. Stud bolt

2. Hex bolt

The stud bolt is a threaded rod with 2 heavy hexagon nuts, while the hex bolt has a head with one

nut. Nuts and head are both six sided.

STUD BOLT GENERAL

Stud bolt length are defined in

ASME B16.5 standard. The length in

inches is equal to the effective

thread length measured parallel to

the axis, from the first to the first

thread without the chamfers(points). First thread is defined as

the intersection of the major

diameter of the thread with the base

of the point.


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Note:The length of metric stud bolts measured parallel to axis, is the distance from each stud bolt,

including the point.

The quantity of bolts for a flange connection will be given by the number of bolt holes in a flange,

diameter and length of bolts is dependent of flange type and Pressure Class of flange.

To allow the use of hydraulic tensioning equipment, larger dimension studs shall be often one

diameter longer than "standard". That bolts to have plastic end cap protection.

Bolts threading are defined in ASME B1.1 Unified Inch Screw Threads, (UN and UNR Thread Form).

The most common thread is a symmetrical form with a V-profile. The included angle is 60. This form

is widely used in the Unified thread (UN, UNC, UNF, UNRC, UNRF) form as the ISO / metric threads.

The advantage of a symmetrical threads is that they are easier to produce and inspect compared with

non-symmetrical threads. These are typically used in general-purpose fasteners.

Thread series cover designations of diameter/pitch combinations that are measured by the number of

threads per inch (TPI) applied to a single diameter.

Standard Thread Pitches

Coarse thread series (UNC/UNRC) is the most widely used thread system and applied in most of

the screws, bolts and nuts. Coarse threads are used for threads in low strength materials such as

iron, mild steel, copper and softer alloy, aluminium, etc.. The coarse thread is also more tolerant in

adverse conditions and facilitate quick assembly.

Fine thread series (UNF/UNRF) is commonly used in precision applications and in there where

require a higher tensile strength than the coarse thread series.

8 - Thread series (8UN) is the specified thread forming method for several ASTM standardsincluding A193 B7, A193 B8/B8M, and A320. This series is mostly used for diameters one inch and

above.

Hex nuts (dimensional data) are defined in ASME B18.2.2, and even as bolts the threading in ASME

B1.1.

Depending on a customer specification, nuts must be both sites chamfered or with on one side a

washer-face.

The height of a nut for stud bolts are the same as the diameter of the thread rod.


21/68


IMAGEof a both sites chamfered nut.

MARKING OF STUDBOLTS

Thread rods and nuts must be marked by the manufacturer with a unique identifier to identify the

manufacturer or private label distributor, as appropriate. Below you will find a number of ASTM

examples.

MATERIALS FOR STUDBOLTS

Dimensions from stud bolts are defined in the ASME B16.5 standard. The material qualities for studs

are defined in the different ASTM standards, and are indicated by Grade. Frequently used grades are

A193 for thread rods and A194 for the nuts.

ASTM A193 covers alloy and stainless steel bolting material for pressure vessels, valves, flanges, and

fittings for high temperature or high pressure service, or other special purpose applications.

ASTM A194 covers a variety of carbon, alloy, and martensitic and austenitic stainless steel nuts. These

nuts are intended for high-pressure or high-temperature service, or both.

Below you will find as an example a table with materials and grades for flanges, thread rods (bolts)

and nuts, arranged on design temperature, flanges, thread rods and recommended nuts.

IMAGE of a nut with on one side a

washer-face.


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DESIGN

TEMPERATUREFLANGES GRADE THREAD RODS GRADE NUTS

-195 to 102C

ASTM A 182

Gr. F304, F304L, F316,F316L, F321, F347

A320 Gr. B8 Class 2 A194 Gr. 8A

-101 to -47CASTM A 350

Gr. LF3A 320 Gr. L7 A 194 Gr. 7

-46 to -30CASTM A 350

Gr. LF2A 320 Gr. L7 A 194 Gr. 7

-29 to 427C ASTM A 105 A 193 Gr. B7 A 194 Gr. 2H

428 to 537CASTM A 182

Gr. F11, F22A 193 Gr. B16 A 194 Gr. 2H

538 to 648CASTM A182

Gr. F11, F22A 193 Gr. B8 Class 1 A 194 Gr. 8A

649 to 815CASTM A182

Gr. F304 H, F316 HA 193 Gr. B8 Class 1 A 194 Gr. 8A

Note:materials in the table above are being provided for guidance purposes


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WHAT ARE SPECIAL FLANGES

On this page are the special flanges discussed, and parts that may include a flange connection. Special

Flanges are basically identical to standard flanges, but have a number of special features.

ORIFICE FLANGE

Orifice Flanges are intended for use instead of standard pipe flanges when an orifice plate or flow

nozzle must be installed. Pairs of pressure "Tappings", mostly on 2 sides, directly opposite each other,

are machined into the orifice flange. This makes separate orifice carriers or tappings in the pipe wall

unnecessary.

On the image above a set Orifice Flanges is

shown, where the tappings are sealed with a plug,

and where a jack screw is machined. This jack

screw is used to facilitate separating the flanges

for inspection or replacement of the "Orifice Plate"

and gaskets.

The range of orifice flanges covers all standard

sizes and ranges, and all common flange

materials. Flanges are available in Welding Neck,

Slip On, and Threaded form, and are typically

supplied with two "NPTtappings in each flange.

ASME B16.36 covers Dimensions and

dimensional tolerances from orifice flanges

(similar to those covered in ASME B16.5) that

have orifice pressure differential connections.

Coverage is limited to the following flanges:

Welding Neck Classes 300, 400, 600, 900,

1500, 2500

Slip On Class 300

Threaded Class 300

ORIFICE PLATE

An Orifice Plate is typically a circular, flat plate with a handle. The most common orifice plate is the

square-edged concentric bored orifice plate, others are Eccentric Orifice Plate, Segmental Orifice Plate

etc. and typically, it is made of a durable metal such as stainless steel.

The American National Pipe Thread Tapered

NPT is the best known and most widely used connection where the pipe

thread provides both the mechanical joint and the hydraulic seal. NPT hasa tapered male and female thread which seals with Teflon tape or jointing

compound.

ASME B1.20.1 covers dimensions and gaging of NPT pipe threads forgeneral purpose applications.
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They are normally mounted between a set of Orifice Flanges and are installed in

a straight run of smooth pipe to avoid disturbance of flow patterns from fittings

and valves.

The image of a CROSS-SECTION

of a set of Orifice Flanges, gives you a

good impression.

Orifices Plates are used to create a

differential pressure that relates to

the velocity of the gas from which a

flow rate can be calculated. As the

following gas passes through the

restriction in the line caused by the

orifice plate, the difference in the

upstream and downstream pressure can be

measured at set points, called taps, and a flow rate at

the point can be determined. As the plate serve as a

restriction in a pipeline, then we talk about a Restriction Orifice Plate, abbreviated (RO).

Concentric Orifice Plate

The most common orifice plate is the square-edged concentric bored orifice plate. The concentric

bored orifice plate is the dominant design because of its proven reliability in a variety of applications

and the extensive amount of research conducted on this design. The concentric plate is also easily

reproduced at a relatively low cost.

The concentric orifice is used to measure a wide variety of single phase, liquid and gas products,

typically in conjunction with flange taps.

Eccentric Orifice Plate

Eccentric orifices are used to measure the flow fluids that carry solids and are also used to measure

gases which carry liquids. With the eccentric orifice at the top of the plate, it can measure liquids that

carry gas. It should be noted that the eccentric orifice has a higher degree of uncertainty as compared

to the concentric orifice.

Segmental Orifice Plate

Segmental orifice plates are used to measure the flow of light slurries and fluids with high

concentration of solids. The design of segmental orifice eliminates the damming of foreign matter and

provides more complete drainage than the eccentric orifice plate. The segmental orifice is considerably

more expensive than the eccentric orifice and has slightly greater uncertainty.

1. Orifice Plate 2.Hole in Plate

3.Tappings 4.Orifice flange
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SPECTACLE BLINDS

Spectacle Blinds are generally applied to permanently separating pipe systems, or just to connect with

each other.

A Spectacle Blind is a steel

plate cut into two discs of a

certain thickness.

The two discs are attached to

each other by section of steel

similar to the nose piece of a

pair of glasses. One of the

discs is a solid plate, and the

other is a ring, whose inside

diameter is equal to that of a

flange.

Spectacle Blinds be applied in

systems, which regularly need

to be separated from other

installations.

Normally, a Spectacle Blind is mounted in the "open" position so that flow through the pipe is possible.

If the Spectacle Blind in the "close" position is rotated, the pipe is blanked off and no flow is possible.

Maintenance on a pipe system can be a reason to rotate the spectacle in the "close" position. This run

will take place through the hole that is drilled in the connection piece. By loosening of all bolts, and

partial removal of their, the Spectacle Blind can be rotated. After replacing the gaskets (new gaskets

are to recommend), the bolts can be re-assembled and tightened.

SPADES (SINGLE BLINDS) / RING SPACER

Spades and Ring Spacers are basically the same as Spectacle Blinds, except that both are not

attached to each other.


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Spades and Spacers are applied in systems where maintenance is often not necessary, or in

applications with large pipe sizes. Depending on the flange size and the Pressure Class, Spades can

weigh hundreds of pounds. To prevent unnecessary weight to a flange connection, usually will be

chosen not for a Spectacle Blind, but for 2 separate parts.

So as for the Spectacle Blind already described, maintenance on a pipe system can be a reason to

temporarily replace a Ring Spacer for a Spade. By loosening of all bolts, and half of the bolts

temporarily remove, the Spade or Spacer can be placed. After replacing the gaskets (new gaskets are

to recommend), the bolts can be re-assembled and tightened.

A small problem is that we basically cannot see, or a Spade or a Spacer mounted between the flanges.

Therefore the handles are often specially marked, or both have a different design; a customer often

provides its own specification.

What should never lack is, that in the handle, the diameter and the Pressure Class of a Spade or

Spacer is engraved; this applies also for the Spectacle Blind.

SURFACES / DIMENSIONS / MATERIAL

The sealing surfaces of a Spectacle Blind, Spade or Ring Spacer are usually conducted in accordance

with the Face Finish from the flange. The diameter always is slightly larger than the Raised Face of a

flange; by a correct assembly, the bolts are just not touched by the Blind or Spacer.

The diameter of them is depending on the flange size, and the thickness from the Pressure Class of a

flange.

Dimensions from Spectacle Blinds, Spades and Ring Spacers, you will find in the main Menu "Flanges"

ASME B16.48 covers pressure-temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, dimensional tolerances,

marking, and testing for operating line blanks in sizes NPS 1/2 up to NPS 24 for installation between

ASME B16.5 flanges in the 150, 300, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500 Pressure Classes.

Spectacle Blinds, Spades and Ring Spacers should be made from a plate or forging specification,

approved for use by ASME B31.3, of essentially the same chemical composition as the mating flanges

and piping involved.

LONG WELDING NECK FLANGE

Long Neck Welding (abbreviated LWN) flanges are similar to a

standard Welding Neck flange, but the "Neck" is considerably longer.

This type is often used as a nozzle for a barrel or column. In addition,

there are the type LWN Heavy Barrel (HB) and the Equal LWN Barrel

(E); they have a different shape and a thicker "Wall".


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WELDOFLANGE / NIPOFLANGE

The Weldoflange and Nipoflange is a combination of a Welding Neck flange and a supposedly Weldolet

or Nipolet. The 2 components are manufactured in one piece, and not welded. These flanges are

primarily in Branchconnections.

On the website of Promat BD you can find more information about the various performances,

dimensions etc.. Furthermore, they have an expanded range of special flanges, fittings and branch

connections.

EXPANDER FLANGE

Expander Flanges is a Welding Neck pipe flange where

the nominal size of the non-flanged end is larger than

the nominal size of the flanged end. They can be used

to change the size of a pipe run. These are usually

used to increase the line size to the first or second

larger size. This is an alternative to using a separate

reducer and weld neck flange combination. The

expander flange can be used to connect pipe to pumps,

compressors and valves.

REDUCING FLANGE

Reducing Flanges are suitable for changing line size, but

should not be used if abrupt transition would create

undesirable turbulence, as at pump connections. A

reducing flange consists of a flange with one specified

diameter having a bore of a different and smaller,

diameter. Except for the bore and hub dimensions, the

flange will have dimensions of the larger pipe size.


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Method for calculating Stud bolt lengths

The stud bolt theoretical length can be calculated by means of the formula:

L = 2 (s + n + h + rf) + g

s = free threads (equals 1/3 time bolt diameter)

n = nut thickness (equals nominal bolt diameter)

h = flange thickness

rf = height of raised face

for class 150 and class 300 height of raised face is included in h height

g = gasket thickness approximately 3 mm


29/68


Dimensions Stud bolts for RF and RTJ flanges acc to ASME B16.5

Pressure Class 150- NPS 1/2 up to NPS 24

NPSDiameter

of bolts (inches)

Length

RF

Length

RTJ

N

of bolts

1/2 1/2 55 - 4

3/4 1/2 65 - 4

1 1/2 65 75 4

1 1/2 70 85 4

1 1/2 70 85 4

2 5/8 85 95 4

2 5/8 90 100 4

3 5/8 90 100 4

3 5/8 90 100 84 5/8 90 100 8

5 3/4 95 110 8

6 3/4 100 115 8

8 3/4 110 120 8

10 7/8 115 125 12

12 7/8 120 135 12

14 1 135 145 12

16 1 135 145 16

18 1 1/8 145 160 1620 1 1/8 160 170 20

24 1 1/4 170 185 20

General notes:

Dimensions are in millimeters unless otherwise indicated.

The length of the stud bolt does not include the height of theCHAMFERS(points).

Length dimensional tolerances for all stud bolts:

length to 12 inch tolerance = 1.6 mm

length over 12 inch to 18 inch tolerance = 3.2 mm

length over 18 inch tolerance = 6.4 mm


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NPSDiameter

of bolts (inches)

Length

RF

Length

RTJ

N

of bolts

1/2 1/2 65 75 4

3/4 5/8 75 90 4

1 5/8 75 90 4

1 5/8 85 95 4

1 3/4 90 100 4

2 5/8 90 100 8

2 3/4 100 115 8

3 3/4 110 120 8

3 3/4 110 125 84 3/4 115 125 8

5 3/4 120 135 8

6 3/4 120 140 12

8 7/8 140 150 12

10 1 160 170 16

12 1 1/8 170 185 16

14 1 1/8 180 190 20

16 1 1/4 190 205 20

18 1 1/4 195 210 2420 1 1/4 205 220 24

24 1 1/2 230 255 24

General notes:








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NPSDiameter

of bolts (inches)

Length

RF

Length

RTJ

N

of bolts

1/2 1/2 75 75 4

3/4 5/8 90 90 4

1 5/8 90 90 4

1 5/8 95 95 4

1 3/4 110 110 4

2 5/8 110 110 8

2 3/4 120 120 8

3 3/4 125 125 8

3 7/8 140 140 84 7/8 140 140 8

5 7/8 145 145 8

6 7/8 150 150 12

8 1 170 170 12

10 1 1/8 190 190 16

12 1 1/4 205 205 16

14 1 1/4 210 210 20

16 1 3/8 220 220 20

18 1 3/8 230 230 2420 1 1/2 240 250 24

24 1 3/4 265 280 24

General notes:








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NPSDiameter

of bolts (inches)

Length

RF

Length

RTJ

N

of bolts

1/2 1/2 75 75 4

3/4 5/8 90 90 4

1 5/8 90 90 4

1 5/8 95 95 4

1 3/4 110 110 4

2 5/8 110 110 8

2 3/4 120 120 8

3 3/4 125 125 8

3 7/8 140 140 84 1 145 145 8

5 1 1/8 165 165 8

6 1 1/8 170 170 12

8 1 1/4 190 195 12

10 1 3/8 215 215 16

12 1 3/8 220 220 20

14 1 1/2 235 235 20

16 1 5/8 255 255 20

18 1 3/4 275 275 2020 1 3/4 285 290 24

24 2 330 335 24

General notes:








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NPSDiameter

of bolts (inches)

Length

RF

Length

RTJ

N

of bolts

1/2 3/4 110 110 4

3/4 3/4 115 115 4

1 7/8 125 125 4

1 7/8 125 125 4

1 1 140 140 4

2 7/8 145 145 8

2 1 160 160 8

3 7/8 145 145 8

4 1 1/8 170 170 85 1 1/4 190 190 8

6 1 1/8 190 195 12

8 1 3/8 220 220 12

10 1 3/8 235 235 16

12 1 3/8 255 255 20

14 1 1/2 275 280 20

16 1 5/8 285 290 20

18 1 7/8 325 335 20

20 2 350 360 2024 2 1/2 440 455 20

General notes:








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NPSDiameter

of bolts (inches)

Length

RF

Length

RTJ

N

of bolts

1/2 3/4 110 110 4

3/4 3/4 115 115 4

1 7/8 125 125 4

1 7/8 125 125 4

1 1 140 140 4

2 7/8 145 145 8

2 1 160 160 8

3 1 1/8 180 180 8

4 1 1/4 195 195 85 1 1/2 250 250 8

6 1 3/8 260 265 12

8 1 5/8 290 300 12

10 1 7/8 335 345 12

12 2 375 385 16

14 2 1/4 405 425 16

16 2 1/2 445 470 16

18 2 3/4 495 525 16

20 3 540 565 1624 3 1/2 615 650 16

General notes:








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NPSDiameter

of bolts (inches)

Length

RF

Length

RTJ

N

of bolts

1/2 3/4 120 120 4

3/4 3/4 125 125 4

1 7/8 140 140 4

1 1 150 150 4

1 1 1/8 170 170 4

2 1 180 180 8

2 1 1/8 195 205 8

3 1 1/4 220 230 8

4 1 1/2 255 260 85 1 3/4 300 310 8

6 2 345 355 8

8 2 380 395 12

10 2 1/2 490 510 12

12 2 3/4 540 560 12

General notes:








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ASTM GRADES

Dimensions from carbon steel and stainless steel flanges are defined in the ASME B16.5 standard. The

material qualities for these flanges are defined in the ASTM standards.

These ASTM standards, define the specific manufacturing process of the material and determine the

exact chemical composition of pipes, fittings and flanges, through percentages of the permitted

quantities of carbon, magnesium, nickel, etc., and are indicated by "Grade".

For example, a carbon steel flange can be identified with Grade F9 or F11, a stainless-steel flange with

Grade F316 or Grade F321 etc..

Below you will find as an example a table with chemical requirements for flanges according to ASTM

A182 Grade F304, F304L, F316L, and a table with frequent Grades, arranged on pipe and pipe-

components, which belong together as a group.

As you may be have noted, in the table below, ASTM A105 has no Grade. Sometimes ASTM A105N is

described;

"N" stands not for Grade, but for normalized. Normalizing is a type of heat treatment, applicable to

ferrous metals only. The purpose of normalizing is to remove the internal stresses induced by heat

treating, casting, forming etc..

Chemical requirements composition, %

Grade F304 (A) Grade F304L (A) Grade F316L (A)

Carbon, max 0.08 0.035 0.035

Manganese, max 2.00 2.00 2.00

Phosphorus, max 0.045 0.045 0.045

Sulfur, max 0.030 0.030 0.030

Silicon, max 1.00 1.00 1.00

Nickel 8 - 11 8 - 13 10 - 15

Chrome 18 - 20 18 - 20 16 - 18

Molybdenum - - 2.00-3.00

(A) Nitrogen 0.10% max.


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ASTM Grades

Material Pipes Fittings Flanges Valves Bolts & Nuts

Carbon Steel

A106 Gr A A234 Gr WPA A105 A216 Gr WCBA193 Gr B7

A194 Gr 2HA106 Gr B A234 Gr WPB A105 A216 Gr WCB

A106 Gr C A234 Gr WPC A105 A216 Gr WCB

Carbon Steel

Alloy

High-Temp

A335 Gr P1 A234 Gr WP1 A182 Gr F1 A217 Gr WC1

A193 Gr B7

A194 Gr 2H




A335 Gr P5 A234 Gr WP5 A182 Gr F5 A217 Gr C5

A335 Gr P9 A234 Gr WP9 A182 Gr F9 A217 Gr C12

Carbon Steel

Alloy

Low-Temp

A333 Gr 5 A420 Gr WPL6 A350 Gr LF2 A352 Gr LCBA320 Gr L7

A194 Gr 7A333 Gr 3 A420 Gr WPL3 A350 Gr LF3 A352 Gr LC3

Austenitic

Stainless

Steel

A312 Gr TP304 A403 Gr WP304 A182 Gr F304 A182 Gr F304

A193 Gr B8

A194 Gr 8




MATERIALS ACCORDING TO ASTM

Pipes

A106 = This specification covers carbon steel pipe for high-temperature service.

A335 = This specification covers seamless ferritic alloy-steel pipe for high-temperature service.

A333 = This specification covers wall seamless and welded carbon and alloy steel pipe intended for

use at low temperatures.

A312 = Standard specification for seamless, straight-seam welded, and cold worked welded

austenitic stainless steel pipe intended for high-temperature and general corrosive service.

Fittings

A234 = This specification covers wrought carbon steel and alloy steel fittings of seamless and

welded construction.

A420 = Standard specification for piping fittings of wrought carbon steel and alloy steel for low-

temperature service.

A403 = Standard specification for wrought austenitic stainless steel piping fittings.


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Flanges

A105 = This specification covers standards for forged carbon steel piping components, that is,

flanges, fittings, valves, and similar parts, for use in pressure systems at ambient and higher-

temperature service conditions.

A182 = This specification covers forged or rolled alloy and stainless steel pipe flanges, forged

fittings, and valves and parts for high-temperature service.

A350 = This specification covers several grades of carbon and low alloy steel forged or ring-rolled

flanges, forged fittings and valves for low-temperature service.

Valves

A216 = This specification covers carbon steel castings for valves, flanges, fittings, or other

pressure-containing parts for high-temperature service and of quality suitable for assembly with

other castings or wrought-steel parts by fusion welding.

A217 = This specification covers steel castings, martensitic stainless steel and alloys steel castingsfor valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure-containing parts intended primarily for high-

temperature and corrosive service.

A352 = This specification covers steel castings for valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure-

containing parts intended primarily for low-temperature service.

A182 = This specification covers forged or rolled alloy and stainless steel pipe flanges, forged

fittings, and valves and parts for high-temperature service.

Bolds & Nuts

A193 = This specification covers alloy and stainless steel bolting material for pressure vessels,valves, flanges, and fittings for high temperature or high pressure service, or other special purpose

applications.

A320 = Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for Low-

Temperature Service.

A194 = Standard specification for nuts in many different material types.


39/68


Dimensions Slip On flanges and Stud bolts according to ASME B16.5

Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 30 38 38 38 38 38 -

Diameter - D 90 95 95 95 120 120 -

Thickness - B9.611.2

12.714.3

14.320.7

14.320.7

22.328.7

22.328.7

-

Diameter - G 35.1 35.1 35.1 35.1 35.1 35.1 -

Diameter - K 60.3 66.7 66.7 66.7 82.6 82.6 -

Height - H14

15.621

22.622

28.422

28.432

38.432

38.4-

Bolt Holes 4 4 4 4 4 4 -

Diameter - L 15.9 15.9 15.9 15.9 22.2 22.2 -Stud boltDia x Length

1/2"55

1/2"65

1/2"75

1/2"75

3/4"110

3/4"110

--

Nominal Pipe Size 1/2 ID = 22.3

Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 38 48 48 48 44 44 -

Diameter - D 100 115 115 115 130 130 -


14.315.9

15.922.3

15.922.3

25.431.8

25.431.8

-

Diameter - G 42.9 42.9 42.9 42.9 42.9 42.9 -

Diameter - K 69.9 82.6 82.6 82.6 88.9 88.9 -

Height - H 1415.6 2425.6 2531.4 2531.4 3541.4 3541.4 -

Bolt Holes 4 4 4 4 4 4 -

Diameter - L 15.9 19.1 19.1 19.1 22.2 22.2 -

Stud boltDia x Length

1/2"65

5/8"75

5/8"90

5/8"90

3/4"115

3/4"115

--

Nominal Pipe Size 3/4 ID = 27.7


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Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 49 54 54 54 52 52 -

Diameter - D 110 125 125 125 150 150 -


15.917.5

17.523.9

17.523.9

28.635

28.635

-

Diameter - G 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8 -Diameter - K 79.4 88.9 88.9 88.9 101.6 101.6 -

Height - H16

17.625

26.627

33.427

33.441

47.441

47.4-

Bolt Holes 4 4 4 4 4 4 -

Diameter - L 15.9 19.1 19.1 19.1 25.4 25.4 -


1/2"65

5/8"75

5/8"90

5/8"90

7/8"125

7/8"125

--

Nominal Pipe Size 1 ID = 34.5

Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 59 64 64 64 64 64 -

Diameter - D 115 135 125 135 160 160 -


17.519.1

20.727.1

20.727.1

28.635

28.635

-

Diameter - G 63.5 63.5 63.5 63.5 63.5 63.5 -

Diameter - K 88.9 98.4 98.4 98.4 111.1 111.1 -

Height - H19

20.625

26.629

35.429

35.441

47.441

47.4-

Bolt Holes 4 4 4 4 4 4 -

Diameter - L 15.9 19.1 19.1 19.1 25.4 25.4 -


1/2"70

5/8"85

5/8"95

5/8"95

7/8"125

7/8"125

--


Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 65 70 70 70 70 70 -

Diameter - D 125 155 155 155 180 180 -


19.120.7

22.328.7

22.328.7

31.838.2

31.838.2

-

Diameter - G 73.2 73.2 73.2 73.2 73.2 73.2 -

Diameter - K 98.4 114.3 114.3 114.3 123.8 123.8 -

Height - H21

22.629

30.632

38.432

38.444

50.444

50.4-

Bolt Holes 4 4 4 4 4 4 -

Diameter - L 15.9 22.2 22.2 22.2 28.6 28.6 -

Stud bolt

Dia x Length

1/2"

70

3/4"

90

3/4"

110

3/4"

110

1"

140

1"

140

-

-Nominal Pipe Size 1 ID = 49.5

Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 78 84 84 84 105 105 -

Diameter - D 150 165 165 165 215 215 -

Thickness - B17.5

19.1

20.7

22.3

25.4

31.8

25.4

31.8

38.1

44.5

38.1

44.5-

Diameter - G 91.9 91.9 91.9 91.9 91.9 91.9 -


41/68


Diameter - K 120.7 127 127 127 165.1 165.1 -

Height - H24

25.6

32

33.6

37

43.4

37

43.4

57

63.4

57

63.4-

Bolt Holes 4 8 8 8 8 8 -

Diameter - L 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 25.4 25.4 -


5/8"85

5/8"90

5/8"110

5/8"110

7/8"145

7/8"145

--

Nominal Pipe Size 2 ID = 62

Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 90 100 100 100 124 124 -

Diameter - D 180 190 190 190 245 245 -


23.925.5

28.635

28.635

41.347.7

41.347.7

-

Diameter - G 104.6 104.6 104.6 104.6 104.6 104.6 -

Diameter - K 139.7 149.2 149.2 149.2 190.5 190.5 -

Height - H27

28.637

38.641

47.441

47.464

70.464

70.4-

Bolt Holes 4 8 8 8 8 8 -

Diameter - L 19.1 22.2 22.2 22.2 28.6 28.6 -


5/8"90

3/4"100

3/4"120

3/4"120

1"160

1"160

--


Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 108 117 117 117 127 - -

Diameter - D 190 210 210 210 240 - -


2728.6

31.838.2

31.838.2

38.144.5

- -

Diameter - G 127 127 127 127 127 - -

Diameter - K 152.4 168.3 168.3 168.3 190.5 - -

Height - H29

30.641

42.646

52.446

52.454

60.4- -

Bolt Holes 4 8 8 8 8 - -

Diameter - L 19.1 22.2 22.2 22.2 25.4 - -

Stud bolt

Dia x Length

5/8"

90

3/4"

110

3/4"

125

3/4"

125

7/8"

145

-

-

-

-


Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 122 133 133 133 - - -

Diameter - D 215 230 230 230 - - -


28.630.2

3541.4

3541.4

- - -

Diameter - G 139.7 139.7 139.7 139.7 - - -

Diameter - K 177.8 184.2 184.2 184.2 - - -

Height - H30

31.643

44.649

55.449

55.4- - -

Bolt Holes 8 8 8 8 - - -

Diameter - L 19.1 22.2 25.4 25.4 - - -


5/8"90

3/4"110

7/8"140

7/8"140

--

--

--



42/68


Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 135 146 146 152 159 - -

Diameter - D 230 255 254 275 290 - -


30.231.8

3541.4

38.144.5

44.550.9

- -

Diameter - G 157.2 157.2 157.2 157.2 157.2 - -Diameter - K 190.5 200 200 215.9 235 - -

Height - H32

33.646

47.651

57.454

60.470

76.4- -

Bolt Holes 8 8 8 8 8 - -

Diameter - L 19.1 22.2 25.4 25.4 31.8 - -


5/8"90

3/4"115

7/8"140

7/8"145

1 1/8"170

--

--


Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 192 206 206 222 235 - -

Diameter - D 280 320 320 355 380 - -


3536.6

41.347.7

47.754.3

55.662

- -

Diameter - G 215.9 215.9 215.9 215.9 215.9 - -

Diameter - K 241.3 269.9 269.9 292.1 317.5 - -

Height - H38

39.651

52.657

63.467

73.486

92.4- -

Bolt Holes 8 12 12 12 12 - -

Diameter - L 22.2 22.2 25.4 28.6 31.8 - -


3/4"100

3/4"120

7/8"150

1"170

1 1/8"190

--

--


Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 246 260 260 273 298 - -

Diameter - D 345 380 381 420 470 - -

Thickness - B27

28.639.741.3

47.754.1

55.662

63.569.9

- -

Diameter - G 269.7 269.7 269.7 269.7 269.7 - -

Diameter - K 298.5 330.2 330 349.2 393.7 - -

Height - H43

44.660

61.668

74.476

82.4102

108.4- -

Bolt Holes 8 12 12 12 12 - -

Diameter - L 22.2 22.2 28.6 31.8 38.1 - -

Stud bolt

Dia x Length

3/4"

110

7/8"

140

1"

170

1 1/8"

190

1 3/8"

220

-

-

-


Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 305 321 321 343 368 - -

Diameter - D 405 445 445 510 545 - -

Thickness - B28.6

30.2

46.1

47.7

54

60.4

63.5

69.9

69.9

76.3- -

Diameter - G 323.9 323.9 323.9 323.9 323.9 - -


43/68


Diameter - K 362 387.4 387.4 431.8 469.9 - -

Height - H48

49.6

65

66.6

73

79.4

86

92.4

108

114.4- -

Bolt Holes 12 16 16 16 16 - -

Diameter - L 25.4 25.4 31.8 34.9 38.1 - -


7/8"115

1"160

1 1/8"190

1 1/4"215

1 3/8"235

--

--


Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 365 375 375 400 419 - -

Diameter - D 485 520 520 560 610 - -


49.350.9

57.263.4

66.773.1

79.485.8

- -

Diameter - G 381 381 381 381 381 - -

Diameter - K 431.8 450.8 450.8 489 533.4 - -

Height - H54

55.671

72.679

85.492

98.4117

123.4- -

Bolt Holes 12 16 16 20 20 - -

Diameter - L 25.4 28.6 34.9 34.9 38.1 - -


7/8"120

1 1/8"170

1 1/4"205

1 1/4"220

1 3/8"255

--

--


Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 400 425 425 432 451 - -

Diameter - D 535 585 585 605 640 - -

Thickness - B33.435

52.454

60.466.8

69.976.3

85.892.2

- -

Diameter - G 412.8 412.8 412.8 412.8 412.8 - -

Diameter - K 476.3 514.4 514.4 527 558.8 - -

Height - H56

57.675

76.684

90.494

100.4130

136.4- -

Bolt Holes 12 20 20 20 20 - -

Diameter - L 28.6 31.8 34.9 38.1 41.3 - -

Stud bolt

Dia x Length

1"

135

1 1/8"

180

1 1/4"

210

1 3/8"

235

1 1/2"

275

-

-

-

-


Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 400 425 425 432 451 - -

Diameter - D 535 585 585 605 640 - -

Thickness - B33.435

52.454

60.466.8

69.976.3

85.892.2

- -

Diameter - G 412.8 412.8 412.8 412.8 412.8 - -

Diameter - K 476.3 514.4 514.4 527 558.8 - -

Height - H56

57.675

76.684

90.494

100.4130

136.4- -

Bolt Holes 12 20 20 20 20 - -

Diameter - L 28.6 31.8 34.9 38.1 41.3 - -


1"135

1 1/8"180

1 1/4"210

1 3/8"235

1 1/2"275

--

--



44/68


Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 457 483 483 495 508 - -

Diameter - D 595 650 650 685 705 - -

Thickness - B35

36.655.657.2

63.569.9

76.282.6

88.995.3

- -

Diameter - G 469.9 469.9 469.9 469.9 469.9 - -Diameter - K 539.8 571.5 571.5 603.2 616 - -

Height - H62

63.681

82.694

100.4106

112.4133

139.4- -

Bolt Holes 16 20 20 20 20 - -

Diameter - L 28.6 31.8 38.1 41.3 44.5 - -


1"135

1 1/4"190

1 3/8"220

1 1/2"255

1 5/8"285

--

--


Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 505 533 533 546 565 - -

Diameter - D 635 710 710 745 785 - -


58.860.4

66.773.1

82.689

101.6108

- -

Diameter - G 533.4 533.4 533.4 533.4 533.4 - -

Diameter - K 577.9 628.6 628.6 654 685.8 - -

Height - H67

68.687

88.698

104.4117

123.4152

158.4- -

Bolt Holes 16 24 24 20 20 - -

Diameter - L 31.8 34.9 38.1 44.5 50.8 - -


1 1/8"145

1 1/4"195

1 3/8"230

1 5/8"275

1 7/8"325

--

--


Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 559 587 587 610 622 - -

Diameter - D 700 775 775 815 855 - -


6263.6

69.976.3

88.995.3

108114.4

- -

Diameter - G 584.2 584.2 584.2 584.2 584.2 - -

Diameter - K 635 685.8 685.8 723.9 749.3 - -

Height - H71

72.694

95.6102

108.4127

133.4159

165.4- -

Bolt Holes 20 24 24 24 20 - -

Diameter - L 31.8 34.9 41.3 44.5 54 - -

Stud bolt

Dia x Length

1 1/8"

160

1 1/4"

205

1 1/2"

240

1 5/8"

285

2"

350

-

-

-


Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 663 702 702 718 749 - -

Diameter - D 815 915 915 940 1040 - -

Thickness - B46.1

47.7

68.3

69.9

76.2

82.6

101.6

108

139.7

146.1- -

Diameter - G 692.2 692.2 692.2 692.2 692.2 - -


45/68


Diameter - K 749.3 812.8 812.8 838.2 901.7 - -

Height - H81

82.6

105

106.6

114

120.4

140

146.4

203

209.4- -

Bolt Holes 20 24 24 24 20 - -

Diameter - L 34.9 41.3 47.6 50.8 66.7 - -


1 1/4"170

1 1/2"230

1 3/4"265

1 7/8"330

2 1/2"440

--

--


DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES OF SLIP ON FLANGES ACCORDING TO ASME B16.5

Outside Diameter

24 = 1.6 mm|> 24 = 3.2 mm

Inside Diameter

10 = 0.8 mm| 12 = + 1.6 mm/ - 0 mm

Diameter of Contact Face

1.6 mmRaised Face = 0.8 mm

6.35 mm Raised Face, Tongue & Groove / Male-

Female = 0.4 mm

Outside Diameter of Hub

12 = + 2.4 mm/ - 1.6 mm| 14 = 3.2

mm

Diameter of Counterbore

Same as for Inside Diameter

Drilling

Bolt Circle = 1.6 mm |Bolt Hole Spacing =

0.8 mm

Eccentricity of Bolt Circle with Respect to

Facing

2 = 0.8 mmmax. | 3 = 1.6 mmmax.

Thickness

18 = + 3.2 mm/ - 0 | 20 = + 4.8 mm/ - 0

Length thru Hub

18 = + 3.2 mm/ - 0.8 mm| 20 = + 4.8

mm/ - 1.6 mm

Dimensional tolerances are in millimeters unless otherwise indicated.


46/68


Dimensions Socket Weld flanges and Stud bolts according to ASME B16.5

Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 30 38 - 38 - 38 -

Diameter - D 90 95 - 95 - 120 -


12.714.3

-14.320.7

-22.328.7

-

Diameter - G 35.1 35.1 - 35.1 - 35.1 -

Diameter - K 60.3 66.7 - 66.7 - 82.6 -

Height - H14

15.621

22.6-

2228.4

-32

38.4-

Bolt Holes 4 4 - 4 - 4 -

Diameter - L 15.9 15.9 - 15.9 - 22.2 -


1/2"55

1/2"65

--

1/2"75

--

3/4"110

--

Nominal Pipe Size 1/2 (ID = 22.3) (F = 9.5)

Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 38 48 - 48 - 44 -

Diameter - D 100 115 - 115 - 130 -


14.315.9

-15.922.3

-25.431.8

-

Diameter - G 42.9 42.9 - 42.9 - 42.9 -

Diameter - K 69.9 82.6 - 82.6 - 88.9 -

Height - H14

15.624

25.6-

2531.4

-35

41.4-

Bolt Holes 4 4 - 4 - 4 -

Diameter - L 15.9 19.1 - 19.1 - 22.2 -Stud bolt

Dia x Length1/2"65

5/8"75

--

5/8"90

--

3/4"115

--

Nominal Pipe Size 3/4 (ID = 27.7) (F = 11.1)


47/68


Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 49.2 54 - 54 - 52 -

Diameter - D 110 125 - 125 - 150 -


15.917.5

-17.523.9

-28.635

-

Diameter - G 50.8 50.8 - 50.8 - 50.8 -

Diameter - K 79.4 88.9 - 88.9 - 101.6 -

Height - H16

17.625

26.6-

2733.4

-41

47.4-

Bolt Holes 4 4 - 4 - 4 -

Diameter - L 15.9 19.1 - 19.1 - 25.4 -

Stud bolt

Dia x Length

1/2"

65

5/8"

75

-

-

5/8"

90

-

-

7/8"

125

-

-

Nominal Pipe Size 1 (ID = 34.5) (F = 12.7)

Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 59 64 - 64 - 64 -

Diameter - D 115 135 - 135 - 160 -


17.519.1 -

20.727.1 -

28.635 -

Diameter - G 63.5 63.5 - 63.5 - 63.5 -

Diameter - K 88.9 98.4 - 98.4 - 111.1 -

Height - H19

20.625

26.6-

2935.4

-41

47.4-

Bolt Holes 4 4 - 4 - 4 -

Diameter - L 15.9 19.1 - 19.1 - 25.4 -


1/2"70

5/8"85

--

5/8"95

--

7/8"125

--


Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 65 70 - 70 - 70 -

Diameter - D 125 155 - 155 - 180 -


19.120.7

-22.328.7

-31.838.2

-

Diameter - G 73.2 73.2 - 73.2 - 73.2 -

Diameter - K 98.4 114.3 - 114.3 - 123.8 -

Height - H21

22.629

30.6-

3238.4

-44

50.4-

Bolt Holes 4 4 - 4 - 4 -

Diameter - L 15.9 22.2 - 22.2 - 28.6 -


1/2"70

3/4"90

--

3/4"110

--

1"140

--


Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 78 84 - 84 - 105 -

Diameter - D 150 165 - 165 - 215 -


20.722.3

-25.431.8

-38.144.5

-

Diameter - G 91.9 91.9 - 91.9 - 91.9 -

Diameter - K 120.7 127 - 127 - 165.1 -


48/68


Height - H24

25.632

33.6-

3743.4

-57

63.4-

Bolt Holes 4 8 - 8 - 8 -

Diameter - L 19.1 19.1 - 19.1 - 25.4 -

Stud bolt

Dia x Length

5/8"

85

5/8"

90

-

-

5/8"

110

-

-

7/8"

145

-

-


Pressure Class 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500

Diameter - A 90 100 - 100 - 125 -

Diameter - D 180 190 - 190 - 245 -


23.925.5

Documents

Flanges Gasket, Nuts