ENGLISH 3FLAMMABLE CHEMICAL MATERIAL
CREATED BY: GROUP IIINAME: 1. ANGGIK PRATAMA(061330400289)2.
BELLA ANGGRAINI (061330400291)3. DEKA PITALOKA(061330400293)4.
INTAN NEVIANITA(061330400301)5. NOLA DWIAYU
ADINDA(061330400304)CLASS: 3.KALECTURER: Dra. RISNAWATI, M.Pd
STATE POLYTECHNIC OF SRIWIJAYA2013/2014Srijaya Negara Street
Bukit Besar Palembang 30139 Telpon : +620711353414Fax: +62711355918
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Email : [email protected]
Introduction Small quantities of dangerous goods can be found in
most workplaces. Whatever they are used for, the storage and use of
such goods can pose a serious hazard unless basic safety principles
are followed. If you use one particular group of dangerous goods -
flammable and explosive substances - this leaflet will help you to:
be aware of the hazards of various types of flammable substance; be
aware of the basic standards which apply to safe handling and
storage of flammable substances; introduce procedures to prevent
accidents and protect people from the hazards of flammable
substances; find more detailed information when you need it.There
is an enormous variety of flammable substances to be found in the
workplace. They range from the obvious, eg petrol, paint thinners,
welding gases and heating fuels, to the not so obvious, eg
packaging materials, dusts from woodworking and dusts from food
stuffs such as flour and sugar etc. Three ingredients are needed
for a fire: a fuel at the right concentration, a good supply of
air, and a source of ignition. If you control these ingredients,
fires can be prevented.
FLAMMABLE MATERIALS
1. DefinitionFlammable materials are substances that can ignite
easily and burn rapidly. They can be common materials that are at
most work sites in gas, liquid and solid forms.
2. Example of Flammable Materiala. Gases Flammable gases are
usually gases with a lower explosive limit of less than 13 percent
in air, or have a flammable range in air of at least 12 percent.
Flammable gases can be explosive when mixed with air in the right
proportions. Examples of flammable gases include: Hydrogen, Butane,
Methane, Ethylene, Natural gas, Propane, Acetylene, Carbon
monoxide, Hydrogen sulphide.b. LiquidsGasoline, many solvents such
as acetone, alcohols and toluene, paints and paint thinners,
adhesives, degreasers, cleaners, waxes and polishes. Flammable
liquids have a flashpoint below 37.80C (1000F).Any liquid having a
flash point below 100F (37.8C), except any mixture having
components with flashpoints of 100F (37.8C) or higher, the total of
which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the
mixture. Flammable liquids shall be known as Class I liquids. Class
I liquids are divided into three classes as follows:Class IAshall
include liquids having flash points below 73F (22.8C) and having a
boiling point below 100F (37.8C). Examples: Acetaldehyde, Colodion,
Ethyl Ether, Ethyl Cloride, Methyl Ethyl Ether, Pentane, Petroleum
Ether, Propyline Oxide, Class IBshall include liquids having flash
points below 73F (22.8C) and having a boiling point at or above
100F (37.8C). Examples: Acetone Benzene, Butyl Alcohol, Ethyl
Acetate, Ethyl Alcohol, Gasoline, Methyl Alcohol,
Methylcyclohexane, Toluene.Class ICshall include liquids having
flash points at or above 73F (22.8C) and below 100F (37.8C).
Examples: Amyl Acetate, Amyl, Alcohol, Dibutyl Ether, Isopropanol,
Methyl Alcohol, Styrene, Turpentine, Xylene.It should be mentioned
that flash point was selected as the basis for classification of
flammable and combustible liquids because it is directly related to
a liquid's ability to generate vapor, i.e., its volatility. Since
it is the vapor of the liquid, not the liquid itself that burns,
vapor generation becomes the primary factor in determining the fire
hazard. The expression "low flash - high hazard" applies. Liquids
having flash points below ambient storage temperatures generally
display a rapid rate of flame spread over the surface of the
liquid, since it is not necessary for the heat of the fire to
expend its energy in heating the liquid to generate more vapor.
c. SolidsContact from outside sources ignitionFlammable solid
can ignite easily if contact from outside sources ignition such as
sparks or fire. They are ready to ignite if there is friction.
Example: sulphur, phospor, picric acid, magnessium, aluminium
powder, calcium resinate, celuoite dilitrophenol,
hexamine.Spontaneously flammable substancesFlammable solid in the
ordinary condition have big ability to burn spontaneously. Some of
this kind have big ability to ignite themselves when moist or
contacted by moist air and can produse toxic gas when it burn.
Examples: carbon, carcoal non-activated, carbon black, aluminium
alkyls, phosporus.Dangerous when wetSolid or liquid which can
produce flammable gas when contact with water. They are also
increase toxics gas when contact with humidify water or acid.
Example: calcium carbide, potassium phospide, potassium, magnessium
hydride, calcium magnase cylicon, boron triflouride, dimethyl
etherate, barium, aluminium hydride,
3. Hazard of Flammable MaterialFire For a fire to occur, there
are three elements that must come together at the same time and in
the right proportions, fuel, heat (ignition source) and oxygen.
Remove any of the elements and the fire will go out. The fire
triangle is commonly used as a model to understand how a fire
starts and how it can be prevented.Figure 1 Fire Triangle
Fuel Fuels are flammable or combustible materials and can be
gases, liquids or solids. Heat These are ignition sources and
include an open flame, lit cigarette and sparks (such as from
electrical current and static electricity shorts). A chemical
reaction that creates heat can also ignite a fuel and oxygen
mixture. Oxygen The most common source of oxygen is air, but oxygen
can also come from chemicals called oxidizers. Examples of common
oxidizers are some types of acids and chemicals such as chlorine,
chlorine dioxide, potassium permanganate and potassium
chlorate.
The spread or propagation of fire is also dependant on a fourth
factor, the chemical chain reactions that occur after the fire is
started.Fire prevention consists of making sure that the three legs
of the fire triangle never meet. It is important to note that a
fire will not alwaysstart even when the legs of the triangle meet
unless all three elements are present in right amounts. For
example, vapours from a flammable liquid must be mixed with a
certain amount of air and exposed to the right amount of heat to
ignite and burn. Once vapours from a flammable liquid have ignited,
the flames may flash-back. This means the flames travel back,
through the vapour air mixture, to the container or source of the
flammable liquid. This can create an explosion. Most flammable
liquids produce vapours that are heavier than air. Some flammable
gases are also heavier than air. These gases and vapours can spread
a considerable distance along the ground or floor and be ignited by
a distant spark or flame or source of heat. Certain chemicals such
as organic peroxides (e.g. benzoyl peroxide) contain both fuel and
oxygen. Special extra attention is needed for the safe handling and
storage of these materials.
HealthyIn addition to the danger of fire, flammable materials
may themselves present a health hazard. This can occur at air
concentrations well below those needed to create a fire hazard. For
example, the lower explosive limit for acetone is 2.5 percent
acetone in air (about 25,000 parts per million), however workers
can experience health effects such as irritation and intoxication
at concentrations of 1,000 parts per million. Flammable gases such
as carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulphide are toxic at very low
concentrations. Most vapours from flammable liquids are heavier
than air and will accumulate near the ground. They can displace the
air. When there is not enough air or oxygen, there is a hazard of
asphyxiation (suffocation).
4. Properties of Flammable Materiala. Autoignition temperatureA
material's autoignition or ignition temperature is the temperature
at which a material self-ignites without any obvious sources of
ignition, such as a spark or flame. Most common flammable and
combustible liquids have autoignition temperatures in the range of
300C (572F) to 550C (1022F). Some have very low autoignition
temperatures. For example, ethyl ether has an autoignition
temperature of 160C (356F) and its vapours have been ignited by hot
steam pipes. Serious accidents have resulted when
solvent-evaporating ovens were heated to temperatures above the
autoignition temperature of the solvents used. Autoignition
temperatures, however, are intended as guides, not as fine lines
between safe and unsafe. Use all precautions necessary.b. Bleve
This is a type of pressure release explosion (boiling
liquidexpanding vapour explosion). It occurs when liquid containers
fail(crack or rupture) due to fire.c. Combustible liquidA liquid
with a flashpoint between 37OC (100OF) and 93OC (200OF). Kerosene
and mineral spirits are examples of combustible liquids.d.
Endothermic reactionA chemical reaction that absorbs heat.e.
Exothermic reactionA chemical reaction that gives off heat.f.
ExplosionThe very rapid build up and release of pressure resulting
from the ignition of flammable gases or flammable liquid vapours in
an enclosed container or space. Explosions usually occur in
situations where fuel and air have been allowed to mix in the
container or space before ignition so the combustion reaction
occurs very quickly. The tendencies of the pre-mixed gases to
expand on burning will cause a quick rise in pressure in the
container which will result in damage to the container unless
proper pressure venting occurs.g. Flammable rangeThe minimum and
maximum concentration range of a flammable vapour in air that can
ignite on contact with an ignition source.
5. Safety PrinciplesBy applying the following five principles
you will be well on the way to making sure that you are working
safely with flammable substances.VentilationIs there plenty of
fresh air where flammable liquids or gases are stored and used?
Good ventilation will mean that any vapours given off from a spill,
leak, or release from any process, will be rapidly
dispersed.IgnitionHave all the obvious ignition sources been
removed from the storage and handling areas? Ignition sources can
be very varied and they include sparks from electrical equipment or
welding and cutting tools, hot surfaces, open flames from heating
equipment, smoking materials etc.ContainmentAre your flammable
substances kept in suitable containers? If you have a spill will it
be contained and prevented from spreading to other parts of the
working area? Use of lidded containers and spillage catchment
trays, for example, can help to prevent spillages
spreading.ExchangeCan you exchange a flammable substance for a less
flammable one? Can you eliminate flammable substances from the
process altogether? You may be able to think of other ways of
carrying out the job more safely.SeparationAre flammable substances
stored and used well away from other processes and general storage
areas? Can they be separated by a physical barrier, wall or
partition? Separating your hazards in this manner will contribute
to a safer workplace. Think about the flammable substances you have
in the workplace and apply these five principles wherever possible.
Tell workers, and others who need to know, the hazards and how they
should control them.
6. Storage of Flammable MaterialStorage of flammable materialsIn
general, flammable materials must not be stored near exits,
electrical equipment or heating equipment. They should always be
stored in a separate, well-ventilated storage area, away from
potential sources of ignition. If the material is removed from its
original container, it must be placed into a container that is
appropriate for flammable materials.Storage requirements flammable
chemicals are: Cold temperatures Cold temperature will prevent
There Circulation Eve Fire-resistant building Kept out of fuel,
combustible materials, materials that have a low flame point
Special ventilation
a. Flammable liquidsFlammable liquids can give off large volumes
of flammable vapours at room temperature. These vapours, when mixed
with air, can ignite, often violently. Spilled flammable liquids
can, if not contained, flow a long way to an ignition source, and
then flash back to the source of the leak. Spills on clothing can
represent a serious risk of injury if ignited. To help control
these risks: Store flammable liquids in a separate storage area, or
in a purpose-made bin or cupboard; Dispense and use them in a safe
place where there is good ventilation and no source of ignition;
Keep containers closed when not in use. If possible, use safety
containers which have self-closing lids; Dispense liquids over a
tray and keep some non-flammable absorbent material handy to mop up
spills; Dispose of contaminated materials safely or call in
disposal experts.
Portable storage containers for flammable liquidsWhen flammable
liquids are transferred from their original container (one they
were purchased in), or from bulk storage such as a drum or tank, it
is important that the proper type of portable container be used.
Containers that are approved for the use and storage of portable
quantities are usually made of metal or plastic, are vapour-proof
and have: Welded seams, Spark or flame arrestors, Pressure release
valves or spring closing lids with spout covers.Container volume
restrictions are summarized in Table 1.Table 1 Flammable Liquid
Container Sizes
Safety cans Must contain a spring closing lid and spout cover
and must be five gallons or less. This design allows safe relief of
pressure when exposed to fire conditions.
Flammable and Combustible Liquid Storage Cabinets
Yellow Safety Cabinets For aerosols, gasoline and flammable
liquids. Red Safety Cabinets For paint, inks and Class lll
combustibles. Self-Closing Models- Doors automatically close if
temperature reaches 165F.Should be equipped with two vents on
opposite sides of the cabinet (usually top right and bottom left)
to protect contents from external fires. All contents should be in
closed containers. If the cabinet begins to deteriorate, replace
it. Do not repaint or make repairs to the cabinet. Once the
structural integrity is altered, there is no guarantee that the
unit will be able to protect the contents from creating greater
damage in the event of a fire or explosion.
Another fundamental means of fire protection is the use of
flammable storage cabinets. The NFPA, OSHA and Uniform Fire Code
(UFC) require flammable cabinets to be designed and constructed to
specific requirements. 1910.106(d)(3)(ii)(a) states that metal
cabinets must be constructed in the following manner: Bottom, top
and sides of cabinet shall be at least No. 18 ga. sheet steel
Cabinet must be doubled walled with 1" airspace Joints shall be
riveted, welded or made tight by some equally effective means Door
shall have a three-point latch Door sill shall be raised at least
2" above the cabinet bottom to retain spilled liquid within the
cabinet Cabinet shall have a "FLAMMABLEKEEP FIRE AWAY" legendThese
regulations also provide an option for wood cabinets.
1910.106(d)(3)(ii)(b) states that wood cabinets must be constructed
in the following manner: Bottom, top and sides of cabinet shall be
at constructed of exterior grade plywood at least 1" thick Plywood
shall not break down or delaminate under fire conditions Joints
shall be rebutted and fastened in two directions with flathead wood
screws When more than one door is used, they should have a rebutted
overlap of not less than 1" Doors shall be equipped with latches
and hinges that are mounted to not lose their holding capacity when
subjected to fire Door sill or pan shall be raised at least 2"
above the cabinet bottom to retain spilled liquid within the
cabinet Cabinet must have a "FLAMMABLEKEEP FIRE AWAY" legendb.
Flammable solidsSome types of plastic foam, packaging materials,
polyester wadding and textiles will ignite easily and burn
fiercely, giving off a lot of dense black smoke. Remember: Do not
store these materials close to heaters or electrical equipment
which could run hot and act as a local ignition source; Make sure
that gangways and exits from storage and working areas are kept
clear of packaging materials, finished products containing
flammable solids etc. In the event of fire, gangways and exits
could become obscured by smoke, so the easier they are to find, the
better.
Storage Cabinets Proper storage cabinets can protect workers and
the environment and can allow you to store larger quantities of
flammable solids safely. See Keeping Incompatible Hazardous
Materials Separated See Hazardous Materials Storage Cabinets See
The Transition to Hazardous Waste See Hazardous Product
Containers
Indoor StorageFlammable solids can be stored inside buildings so
long as certain precautions are taken. These precautions are based
on fire code requirements. Check with your local fire marshal
because your area may have additional restrictions. Keeping the
total volume of flammable solids below the exempt amount (125
pounds) per control area will avoid additional restrictions; see
your hazmat coordinator if you have more than 125 pounds of
flammable solids per control area. Floors in flammable solid
storage areas should be noncombustible. Noncombustible shelving
should be used. Notify your local fire department if you have more
than 100 pounds of flammable solids onsite. All products should be
labeled with a flammable solid label. Each control area must have a
NO SMOKING sign. Each control area must have a flammable solid
hazard identification sign. Dont store or transport damaged
fusees.
Outdoor Storage Flammable solids can be stored outside as well
as inside, as long as storage does not degrade the quality of the
product. You can have up to two control areas, possibly more if you
have a large area, but each control area has restrictions. Keeping
the total storage volume of flammable solids below the exempt
amount (125 pounds) per control area will avoid additional
restrictions. Notify your local fire department if you have more
than 100 pounds of flammable solids onsite. All products should be
labeled with a flammable solid label. Each control area must have a
NO SMOKING sign. Each control area must have a flammable solid
hazard identification sign.
c. Flammable gasesFlammable gases stored in cylinders are
usually at very high pressures, so their uncontrolled release can
present both physical and flammability hazards. A small amount of
the released gas can fill a large area with a potentially explosive
concentration very quickly. This is particularly the case with
liquefied gases such as Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG).When storing
flammable gas in the workplace: Store flammable gas cylinders in a
separate well ventilated room Do not store flammable gas cylinders
with oxygen cylinders Ensure that cylinders are properly secured so
that they cannot fall over and valves protected from damage Always
use the correct fittings and valves for the specific cylinder, do
not mix and match fittings Protect hoses, connections and
containers from damage and inspect them regularly for signs of
wear.As well as the precautions outlined above for flammable gases,
the following points should be remembered: Never Use Oxygen Instead
Of Compressed Air; Never Use Oxygen To Sweeten The Air In A Working
Area Or Confined Space; Never Use Grease or Oil On Equipment
Containing Oxygen.
Flammable cylinder gas If the walls of a store room neighbour on
a public path or road, these walls should have neither doors nor
windows below a height of 2 m (except for self-closing and fire
doors). A distance of a minimum of 2 m must be maintained between
gas cylinders with oxidizing gases and gas cylinders with flammable
gases.
7. Flammable and combustible material storage options includea.
Refrigerators
Do not use domestic refrigerators/freezers for flammable or
combustible liquid storage. The internal components could cause a
spark and ignite the contents. Make sure the unit is
explosion-proof or laboratory safe and indicate that it is to be
used for flammable material only.b. Storage Rooms
Make sure the room is equipped with explosion-proof electrical
fixtures. The room should also be properly ventilated. Provide
emergency spill cleanup equipment and proper cleanup training to
specific employees.
8. Handling flammable materials Fire preventionTo prevent fires,
flammable materials must be properly managed in the workplace.
There are three main ways to prevent fires: 1. Limit the amounts of
flammable and combustible materials Keep only what you need on-site
Purchase materials in the smallest volumes necessary At work
locations, keep only those chemicals that are needed for the
present task Do not let hazardous wastes accumulate at the work
site Store products, including wastes, used at the work site in
proper containers Keep flammable materials separate from other
processes and storage areas2. Provide proper ventilation to ensure
flammable vapours do not accumulate Install properly designed
ventilation in storage area Ensure that processes that use or make
flammable materials do not exhaust back in the work site Ensure
that equipment, such as spray booths, where flammable materials are
used, are exhausted outside of the building, and away from air
intakes Ventilation systems must be properly3. Control ignition
sources Ground and bond all work and ignition-proof equipment
Ensure that there is no smoking in work areas where flammable
materials are stored or used Never store flammable materials near
hot equipment or open flames Use intrinsically safe and
non-sparking toolsIt is important that the employer assess the work
site and identify potential fire hazards. This will allow the
employer to identify the best ways to control these hazards.
Reactive chemicalsSome products contain chemicals, such as
organic peroxides, which can explode if they are not stored and
handled correctly. Other substances can react vigorously with
incompatible materials or contaminants. For example, oxidising
chemicals can cause flammable materials to ignite, and some
substances, such as sodium, react violently with water and can
ignite. The following points need to be considered: Storage and
process temperatures may need to be carefully controlled to prevent
dangerous decomposition or reaction; Check labels and safety data
sheets for physical properties and incompatibility with other
materials.
9. Personal Safety Equipment for Flammable Material Laboratory
Coat
All of us know if in laboratory, we must wear laboratory coat.
No matter what kind of material that you use. You have to wear
laboratory coat. Because why? Because if there is the material that
left or spill, so material indirectly drop in our clothes or our
body.
Eye protection Eye protection in the form of safety glasses must
be worn at all times when handling flammable chemicals. We use it
to protect our eyes from flammable material because our eyes is
sensitive. Ordinary (street) prescription glasses do not provide
adequate protection. (Contrary to popular opinion these glasses
cannot pass the rigorous test for industrial safety glasses.)
Adequate safety glasses must meet the requirements of the Practice
for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection (ANSI
Z.87. 1 1989) and must be equipped with side shields. Safety
glasses with side shields do not provide adequate protection from
splashes; therefore, when the potential for splash hazard exists
other eye protection and/or face protection must be worn.
Eyewash
Where the eyes or body of any person may be exposed to flammable
chemicals, suitable facilities for quick drenching or flushing of
the eyes and body shall be provided within the work area for
immediate emergency use. If flammable material hit your eye, we
must already wash our eye. If you dont wash our eye already, eye
will burn and the bad effect is blindness. Glove (dry) box We use
it when we will react in fume hood so our body not enter to fume
hood. It can minimize contaminationby flammable material. Gloves
Gloves should be worn when handling flammable chemicals. Disposable
nitrile gloves provide adequate protection against accidental hand
contact with small quantities of most laboratory chemicals. Safety
shielding
Safety shielding is required any time there is a risk of
explosion, splash hazard or a highly exothermic reaction. All
manipulations of flammable chemicals which pose this risk should
occur in a fume hood with the sash in the lowest feasible position.
Portable shields, which provide protection to all laboratory
occupants are acceptable. Safety shower
A safety or drench shower should be available in a nearby
location where the flammable chemicals are used. Usually, it use
when the practice was done to remove flammable material if that
left in your body. Or it use when your flammable material left to
your body.10. EmergenciesWhenever you work with flammable
substances, there is the potential for something to go wrong. You
need to think about possible problems and make sure everyone knows
what to do in an emergency. Instructing staff in emergency
procedures is an important part of their job training, and should
be ongoing. Examples of things to think about are: Make sure
workers know enough to prevent the mixing of incompatible
chemicals, lay down the procedures to be followed if there is a
leak or spill of flammable material and make sure people know and
understand them If special first-aid facilities or equipment are
required, then staff need to be trained in their use.
11. ConclutionFlammable materials are substances that can ignite
easily and burn rapidly. They can be common materials that are at
most work sites in gas, liquid and solid forms.a. Flammable gases
can be explosive when mixed with air in the right proportions.
Examples of flammable gases include: Hydrogen and Butane.b.
Flammable liquids have a flashpoint below 37.80C (1000F). Flammable
liquids shall be known as Class I liquids. Class I liquids are
divided into three classes as follows:ClassExamples
Class I
IA
IB
ICAcetaldehyde, Colodion, Ethyl Ether, Ethyl Cloride, Methyl
Ethyl Ether, Pentane, Petroleum Ether, Propyline Oxide,Acetone
Benzene, Butyl Alcohol, Ethyl Acetate, Ethyl Alcohol, Gasoline,
Methyl Alcohol, Methylcyclohexane, Toluene.Amyl Acetate, Amyl,
Alcohol, Dibutyl Ether, Isopropanol, Methyl Alcohol, Styrene,
Turpentine, Xylene.
IIAcetic acid, naphtha and stoddard solvent
Class III
IIIA
IIIBCyclohexanol, formic acid and nitrobenzene.Formalin and
picric acid.
c. Flammable solidExample
Contact from outside sources ignitionSulphur, phospor, picric
acid, magnessium, aluminium powder, calcium resinate, celuoite
dilitrophenol, hexamine.
Spontaneously flammable substancesCarbon, carcoal non-activated,
carbon black, aluminium alkyls, phosporus.
Dangerous when wetCalcium carbide, potassium phospide,
potassium, magnessium hydride, calcium magnase cylicon, boron
triflouride, dimethyl etherate, barium, aluminium hydride
Hazard of Flammable Materiala. Fire For a fire to occur, there
are three elements that must come together at the same time and in
the right proportions, fuel, heat (ignition source) and oxygen.
b. HealthyIn addition to the danger of fire, flammable materials
may themselves present a health hazard. Such as irritation,
intoxication and asphyxiation.
Storage of Flammable MaterialStorage requirements flammable
chemicals are: Cold temperatures There Circulation Eve
Fire-resistant building Kept out of fuel, combustible materials,
materials that have a low flame point Special ventilation
Storage OptionsPicture
Refrigerators
Safety Cans
Storage Cabinets
Storage room
Handling flammable materialsFire preventionThere are three main
ways to prevent fires: Limit the amounts of flammable and
combustible materials Provide proper ventilation to ensure
flammable vapours do not accumulate Control ignition sources
Personal Safety Equipment for Flammable MaterialSafety
EquipmentPicture
Laboratory Coat
Eye protection
Eye wash
Glove (dry) box
Gloves
Safety shielding
Safety shower
