Photo taken on 07/26/2019

Flame Retardant Solution for Fabric Textiles

This is a Major Qualifying Project (MQP) completed through WPI’s Beijing Project Center. This project was completed in

collaboration with Tsinghua University and Wuhan University of Technology.

Faculty Advisors:

Jianyu Liang

Xinming Huang

By:

Christopher Nelson

Jingyi (Betty) Liao

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Acknowledgements

Our group would like to express our gratitude to the following individuals who

greatly assisted our project:

➢ Our Advisors, Jianyu Liang and Xinming Huang.

➢ Our Sponsors, Wuhan University of Technology & Tsinghua University

for providing the location and resources for this MQP.

➢ Professors, Bihe Yuan, Shan Wang, Yuanlu Xiong, and Zhao Mu and their

students, Gongqing Chen, Menghan (Hannah) Xu, and Sheng Shang at

WUT for providing tremendous support and help with laboratory

arrangements and guidance on this project.

➢ Chenyang (Jason) Li, Junhui (Tom) Tan, Yongxian Wen, Zhuo Wang, and

Zijian (Jay) Geng, at WUT for performing experiments with our team.

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Abstract

Fabrics are, quite literally, deeply woven into human history. Fabric can be used as

clothing, housing materials, storage, and an almost infinite number of other uses. Since

fabrics are such an important aspect of life, it is significant, whenever possible, to

manufacture fabrics that are safe. While there are some fabrics that can burn and others that

will not, all fabrics have the capacity to be improved. Flame-retardant agents can be added

to fabrics to improve the longevity of fabrics in high temperature environments as well as

make them nonflammable in atmospheric conditions. The process of adding flame-

retardants is not a difficult process as even just spraying a material can improve fire

retardant properties.

The purpose of this MQP was to investigate several parameters of various natural and

synthetic fabrics to determine if their nonflammable properties could be improved upon

after flame-retardants were applied. Through our team’s investigations, our team

determined that flame retardants were able to decrease the flammability, raise the limiting

oxygen index of the fabrics, and decrease the mass loss rate of the fabrics at elevated

temperatures. And is often the case with scientific investigations, while the aforementioned

properties were studied, additional comprehensive studies can only advance the knowledge

base acquired during this MQP.

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Authorship Chapter Section Contributor(s) Editor(s)

Acknowledgements Acknowledgements Jingyi (Betty) Liao All Abstract Abstract Christopher Nelson All

Introduction

&

Background

Introduction Christopher Nelson All Tsinghua University Christopher Nelson All Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Christopher Nelson All

Wuhan University of Technology

Christopher Nelson All

History of Fabrics Jingyi (Betty) Liao All Non-woven Fabrics Jingyi (Betty) Liao All Cotton Jingyi (Betty) Liao All Polyethylene terephthalate (PET/PETE)

Jingyi (Betty) Liao All

PP Yongxian Wen

Zhuo Wang

All

PPS Chenyang Li

Zijian Geng

All

Nylon Christopher Nelson All Flame Retardant Fabrics

Jingyi (Betty) Liao All

Flame retardant Chemicals

Christopher Nelson All

Electrospinning Jingyi (Betty) Liao All Methodology Goal &objectives All All Result & Discussion Result Jingyi (Betty) Liao All

LOI Jingyi (Betty) Liao All TGA Jingyi (Betty) Liao All Cone Calorimeter Christopher Nelson All Future research All All

References References All All Note: All = Christopher Nelson and Jingyi (Betty) Liao

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Table of Contents Acknowledgements _________________________________________________________________ 1

Authorship ________________________________________________________________________ 3

Figures ____________________________________________________________________________ 6

Tables _____________________________________________________________________________ 6

Executive Summary _________________________________________________________________ 7

1.0 Introduction ___________________________________________________________________ 10

2.0 Background ___________________________________________________________________ 11

2.1 Tsinghua University ___________________________________________________________________ 11

2.2 Worcester Polytechnic Institute_________________________________________________________ 11

2.3 Wuhan University of Technology ________________________________________________________ 11

2.4 History of Fabrics ______________________________________________________________________ 12

2.5 Woven Fabrics ________________________________________________________________________ 13

2.6 Non-woven Fabrics ____________________________________________________________________ 13 2.6.1 Cotton ______________________________________________________________________________________ 14 2.6.2 Polyethylene terephthalate (PET / PETE) _________________________________________________________ 15 2.6.3 Polypropylene (PP) ___________________________________________________________________________ 15 2.6.4 Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) ____________________________________________________________________ 16 2.6.5 Nylon 6,6 ____________________________________________________________________________________ 17

2.7 Flame Retardant Fabrics _______________________________________________________________ 18

2.8 Flame Retardant Chemicals_____________________________________________________________ 19

3.0 Methodology ___________________________________________________________________ 20

3.1 Objective 1: Understood the mechanism of using flame-retardant materials and how they help to protect public safety. ___________________________________________________________________ 21

3.2 Objective 2: Determined the properties of cotton, PET, PPS, PS and nylon 6,6, and researched on the methods of improving their flame-retardant properties. __________________________________ 21

3.3 Objective 3: Designed appropriate methods based on laboratory conditions. ________________ 21 3.3.1 Electrospinning_______________________________________________________________________________ 21 3.3.2 Testing Flame Retardant Properties _____________________________________________________________ 22

3.4 Objective 4: Conducted experiments based on designed methods and collected data. ________ 25 3.4.1 Experiments #1 - Electrospinning _______________________________________________________________ 25 3.4.2 Experiments #2 - Spraying Flame Retardant Materials ______________________________________________ 26

3.5 Objective 5: Derived conclusion through analyzing data and made recommendations. _______ 27

4.0 Results and Discussion __________________________________________________________ 28

4.1Results ________________________________________________________________________________ 28 4.1.1 Electrospinning_______________________________________________________________________________ 28 4.1.2 Limiting Oxygen Index _________________________________________________________________________ 29 4.1.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) ______________________________________________________________ 31 4.1.4 Cone Calorimeter _____________________________________________________________________________ 34

4.2 Future Research _______________________________________________________________________ 35

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5.0 Conclusions ____________________________________________________________________ 37

6.0 References _____________________________________________________________________ 38

Appendix A Thermogravimetric Analysis Data ____________________________________________ 44

Appendix B Cone Calorimeter Data _____________________________________________________ 48

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Figures Figure 1 TGA graph of cotton. ...................................................................................................................................... 8 Figure 2 LOI comparison diagram. ............................................................................................................................... 8 Figure 3 Total Heat Release (THR) comparison. .......................................................................................................... 9 Figure 4 Ancient Egyptians wearing cloth tunics while working. ............................................................................. 12 Figure 5 Humans developed tools such as looms to produce fabric. ......................................................................... 12 Figure 6 Three major styles of weaving fabrics. ....................................................................................................... 13 Figure 7 Microstructures of non-woven fabrics. ........................................................................................................ 14 Figure 8 Structure of cellulose. ................................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 9 Chemical structure of PET. ........................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 10 The resin identification code. ..................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 11 Chemical structure of PP. .......................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 12 Chemical structure of PPS. ......................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 13 Chemcial Structure for Nylon 6,6. .............................................................................................................. 18 Figure 14 Schematic of electrospinning process. ....................................................................................................... 22 Figure 15 LOI tester. ................................................................................................................................................... 23 Figure 16 TGA machine............................................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 17 Cone Calorimeter. ...................................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 18 Cone calorimeter made by Motis. .............................................................................................................. 25 Figure 19 Fibers becoming stuck on electrospinning needle.. ................................................................................... 29 Figure 20 LOI comparison diagram. .......................................................................................................................... 30 Figure 21 Final TGA weight percentage value of each sample. ................................................................................. 32 Figure 22 TGA graph of cotton. .................................................................................................................................. 32 Figure 23 TGA graph of PPS. ...................................................................................................................................... 32 Figure 24 TGA graph for PP. ....................................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 25 TGA graph for PET. .................................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 26 MARHE comparison. .................................................................................................................................. 34 Figure 27 THR comparison. ....................................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 28 Total Smoke Produced comparison. ........................................................................................................... 34 Figure 29 Smoke Release Rate comparison. .............................................................................................................. 34

Tables Table 1 Objectives. ...................................................................................................................................................... 20 Table 2 LOI percentage values.................................................................................................................................... 30 Table 3 Observed phenomena below LOI. .................................................................................................................. 30 Table 4 Final TGA weight percentage value for each sample. .................................................................................. 31 Table 5 Decomposition temperature of each sample. ............................................................................................... 31

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Executive Summary

Fire Protection Engineering (FPE), while a relatively new discipline of engineering, is

becoming a mainstream science. This is due to a combination of federal and local guidelines,

as well as a societally need to increase safety. Fire protection focuses on minimizing risks

due to fire and combustion and is incorporated into most aspects of life. One major portion

of fire protection is the study of flame-retardants. Flame-retardants are agents that, when

added to a material, increase user and customer safety by decreasing the material’s

flammability.

The goal of this project was to study the effects of several flame-retardants on non-

woven fabrics in order to observe and determine how the flame-retardants affected the

various fabrics’ properties as they relate to minimizing the damage and injury in a fire event.

Flame-retardants are chemicals that affect a material’s flammability when they were applied

to a fabric. There are four major categories: inorganic, organophosphorus, nitrogen

containing, and halogenated, with the most common subcategory being brominated flame

retardants (BFRs). Flame-retardants can either be added reactively, so the flame-retardant

is chemically bonded to the material, which is the method usually done when manufacturing

plastics; or additively, where it is applied or added to the material either by mixing or

spraying the flame-retardants into or onto the material itself. All flame retardants work

either chemically, physically, or in a combination of the two methods. Chemical flame

retardants work by latching onto the free radicals in the combustion chain, thus, inhibiting

further combustion. Physical flame-retardants work by creating a physical barrier to fresh

fuel. A common example of this phenomenon is char on wood.

In the course of our investigations, our team devised several methods to determine

how the fabrics’ fire-retardant properties would be affected. Initially, our team had planned

to test how electrospinning, a method that incorporates electric charges to “felt” the fibers

together, would affect flame-retardancy with and without the application of flame-

retardants. But due to difficulty finding the correct parameters for production and a limited

timeline, further investigation of this area of the project was discontinued in order to focus

on completing the other studies. With that, our team developed an experimental campaign

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focused on thermogravimetric analysis, each material’s limiting oxygen index, and the heat

release rate of the materials through the use of a cone calorimeter.

The results of each test provided our team with a different side of the larger picture.

The thermogravimetric analysis led our group to determine that, while flame-retardants

raised a material’s maximum temperature and improved its mass loss rate, the material

began to lose mass at a lower temperature. This finding seemed to suggest that flame-

retardants may lower a material’s minimum decomposition temperature. This can be seen

in Figure 1 above, when the materials with the flame-retardants (hereafter referred to as

Test Samples) began losing mass at a lower temperature compared to their base materials

(henceforth referred to as Controls). The results from the limiting oxygen index (LOI)

experiments seemed

to advocate for the

addition of the flame-

retardants. A

material’s LOI is the

minimum amount of

oxygen required to be

in the ambient air to

allow for combustion.

Figure 2 LOI comparison diagram.

Figure 1 TGA graph of cotton.

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In all cases, the Test Samples had higher LOIs than their Controls as can be seen in Figure 2

above. Some even reached the extrema of the testing equipment’s parameters and a

definitive value was not able to be determined. The last set of experiments performed were

with a cone calorimeter. A cone calorimeter is a laboratory device that can measure heat

release rate, mass loss rate, 𝐶𝑂/𝐶𝑂2 production, and smoke production values. Due to

budget constraints, several failed test runs, and

the tight timeline, the amount of data acquired

from the cone calorimeter was limited. From

the data our team was able to collect, the heat

released from the Test Samples indicated

higher levels of enthalpy in the system meaning

the Test Samples required more energy to

combust as can be seen in Figure 3 to the right.

It should be noted that the Test Samples

produced a larger amount of smoke and a higher rate of smoke production than the controls,

and that the by-products of combustion could pose potential health risks that warrant

further investigation.

When all the experiments were examined, both individually and in combination with

each other, our team was able to conclude that flame-retardants are effective at decreasing

the flammability of materials. With that, it was also acknowledged that further studies are

required. The areas that our team identified were into a larger number of flame-retardants,

how different flame-retardants affect different types of materials, a larger data set from the

cone calorimeter, and industry conditions experiments.

Figure 3 Total Heat Release (THR) comparison.

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1.0 Introduction

As society progresses, safety measures must keep up with ever increasing dangers.

Fire Protection Engineering (FPE), as a discipline, was created as a subcategory of

combustion research to combat problems relating to fire and combustion hazards. One of the

main areas of FPE is materials research. Developing newer and better materials helps

mitigate fire risks and, thus, helps save lives. According to Jiang et al. (2019), approximately

20% of the fire accidents in the world were caused by the combustion of fabrics. Demand for

new materials is evident as the fire protection industry is predicted to be an almost $100

billion industry in the coming years. (Markets and Markets, 2019) With that, companies and

universities alike have been becoming increasingly interested in fire protection.

Our sponsor, WUT, along with Tsinghua University and WPI are three excellent

schools who take responsibility for public safety and finding solutions for environmental

problems. Fire accidents, as one of the biggest concerns to public safety and the environment,

can severely threaten human life and a community’s way of life. Therefore, our sponsors

incorporated together and supported our team by providing an opportunity to study flame

retardant fabrics in this fire protection project.

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2.0 Background

This chapter introduces the relevant parties of this project as well as a brief history

of fabrics and flame-retardant. It also includes more in-depth information on the fabrics used

in this project.

2.1 Tsinghua University

Tsinghua University is a world-renowned university based in the northwest section

of Beijing. Tsinghua was founded in 1911. After the formation of the Peoples Republic of

China, Tsinghua became the polytechnic institute that it is today. Currently, the university

has 20 schools and 58 departments ranging from engineering and science to philosophy and

art. Tsinghua’s motto is “Self-Discipline and Social Commitment”, and with this sentiment,

Tsinghua wishes to advance Chinese society as well as world development (Tsinghua, 2019).

Tsinghua has always been interested in the betterment of society and has been working

jointly with Worcester Polytechnic Institute to create the “Center for Global Public Safety”.

The center plans to “lead an integrated effort to improve global public safety” which include

fire science research (WPI, 2019c).

2.2 Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Worcester Polytechnic Institute, or WPI, was founded in 1865, in the heart of

Massachusetts in order to “create and convey the latest science and engineering knowledge

in ways that are most beneficial to society” (WPI, 2019a). What was once a small school has

now expanded to 14 departments and 50 degree programs, covering many engineering

disciplines as well as the humanities and arts. WPI also pioneered the path for fire protection

engineering by having the first Master of Science degree program, as well as having one of

only three such programs in the country (WPI, 2019b).

2.3 Wuhan University of Technology

Wuhan University of Technology, or WUT, was founded in 2000 when a merger of the

former Wuhan University of Technology, the Wuhan Transportation university, and the

Wuhan Automotive Polytechnic University occurred. The university currently has 24 schools

and close to 300 degree programs as well as State Key Laboratories and State Key Disciplines

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(WUT, 2019). These State Key laboratories and disciplines not only provide opportunities

for students to learn outside of the book and classroom setting, but also have the ability to

provide professional testing to accomplish the needs of the society and government (WUT,

2018).

2.4 History of Fabrics

Fabric, or cloth, is usually made by weaving or knitting materials. According to the

History of Clothing (2019), there is not accurate recording of the first-time humans started

wearing clothing, but some evidence suggests that humans

began using fabrics around 100,000 to 500,000 years ago.

During this prehistorical era, humans used spindles to make

yarn from fibers of plants and animals. Leather was also used.

Figure 4 on the left below depicts ancient Egyptians wearing

cloth tunics while working. As time went on, humans developed

different tools such as looms and the flying shuttle to make

different fabrics. Figure 5 below illustrates humans using a

loom to produce fabrics. There are many hypotheses about why

humans started using fabric such

as accommodating to climate,

protecting skin, decorating

purpose and believing in religion

(History of Clothing, 2019).

Different cultures developed

different styles of fabric, but the

methods of making fabric were similar, which are weaving and knitting. However, nobody

recorded down who was the first person that developed these methods. While there is no

record of development, the fruit of our predecessors is evident. Because at its core, fabric

represents a core part of human innovation and is truly “woven” into human history. From

Figure 4 Ancient Egyptians wearing cloth tunics while working. Retrieved from https://www.crystalinks.com/EgyptFarmers.jpg

Figure 5 Humans developed tools such as looms to produce fabric. Retrieved from https://www.vjshi.com/watch/1318811.html

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the first humans to the ancient Greeks to the Italian renaissance to the silk road to the

industrial revolution, fabric has truly helped with human progress (Aeon, 2015).

2.5 Woven Fabrics

A woven fabric is produced by weaving or knitting materials together. There are three

major weaving styles: plain weave, twill weave, and satin weave. Figure 6 below

demonstrates these three major patterns. Cambric fabric is an example of a plain weave,

where the materials are organized in a crisscross pattern (Masterclass, 2019a). Plain woven

fabrics are highly stable in structure, as the fibers tend not to shift, but due to the high

number of crimps that develop from how the fibers are woven together (as seen in the cross-

section representation), the fabric can more easily show signs of wear-and-tear (Jeremias,

2019). A common fabric that is woven using the twill weave is denim (Masterclass, 2019b).

Fibers produced by twill weave are offset and result in a characteristic diagonal pattern.

Twill weave has less crimps and this gives it higher mechanical properties, with a slight

reduction in weave stability. Lastly, materials created with the satin weave, like canton, have

a visible sheen. This is due to light being diffracted less by the fibers than by plain and twill

weaves. (Jeremias, 2019). Satin is, fundamentally, a modified twill weave and while it still

has good mechanical properties, its low weave stability limits its utility to predominately

clothing and low wear-and-tear applications (NetComposites, 2019).

Figure 6 Three major styles of weaving fabrics. Retrieved from http://www.best-filter.com/weaving-method-of-

filter-cloth/

2.6 Non-woven Fabrics

Unlike woven-fabric, non-woven fabrics are not produced by weaving or knitting.

Instead of converting the fibers to yarn to make the fabric, non-woven fabric can be created

from separated fibers or molten plastic directly (INDA, 2018). Non-woven fabrics are flat and

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porous due to sheet or web structures producing by bonding or felting. Figure 7 below

shown the microstructures of non-woven fabrics. Felting is the use of pressing fibers

together and having the fibers intertwine. Bonding makes use of an outside bonding agent,

whether that be glue, epoxy, or electrospinning. According to the Association of Nonwoven

Fabrics Industry (INDA, 2018), nonwoven fabrics are engineered fabrics which can be

developed to attain different properties and serve different purposes. For instance, liquid

repellency in wall coverings, absorbency in disposable diapers and flame retardancy in civil

engineering fabrics. Kalebek and Babaarslan (2015) stated that natural fibers such as cotton,

synthetic fibers such as polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polyphenylene sulfide

and nylon 6,6, and special fibers such as carbon are common materials for producing non-

woven fabrics.

Figure 7 Microstructures of non-woven fabrics. Retrieved from: https://res.mdpi.com/fibers/fibers-02-

00158/article_deploy/html/images/fibers-02-00158-g005.png

2.6.1 Cotton

Cotton is a natural fiber and widely used in upholstery, clothing, bedding, wallpapers

and others (Li et al., 2019). It is cellulose which is made by polysaccharide and glucose (T.

Theivasanthi et al., 2018). Figure 8 below shows the structure of cellulose. Cotton as a fabric

is advantageous in its excellent mechanical properties, breathability, comfort, regeneration

and biodegradation (Li et al., 2019 & Jiang et al., 2019). However, as a natural fiber, it can be

easily ignited and flames can quickly due to its high inflammability (Jiang et al., 2019). As a

result, the applications of cotton are limited. Therefore, providing anti-fire treatment (Li et

al., 2019) to cotton to improve its fire -retardant performance is necessary (Li et al., 2019).

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Figure 8 Structure of cellulose. Retrieved from:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141813017339521

2.6.2 Polyethylene terephthalate (PET / PETE)

Polyethylene terephthalate, or PET and

PETE, marked as number “1” in the resin

identification code as shown in Figure 10 below, is

not only commonly used for food packaging such

as plastic containers

(Johnson, 2018), but also one of the most widely used

synthetic fiber materials (Pan et al., 2019). Figure 9 above

shows the chemical structure of PET. PET is popular because

of its good chemical resistance and electrical insulation,

excellent mechanical properties, good processability,

relatively low cost and good recyclability (Pan et al., 2019).

However, PET itself is not flame retardant. Moreover, PET can accelerate the spreading of

flames during combustion due to the melt-dripping effect. Thus, it is significant for us to

improve the flame-retardant properties of PET.

2.6.3 Polypropylene (PP)

Polypropylene, or PP, marked as number “5” in the resin identification code as shown

in Figure 10, above, is widely used to make spraying material, thin film material, automobiles,

and home appliances (Xu, 2019). Figure 11 below shows the chemical structure of PP. PP has

good performances such as good impact resistance, low density, high temperature resistance

and stability in chemical, which makes it popular in many fields (Hou et al., 2009). However,

Figure 9 Chemical structure of PET. Retrieved from: https://baike.baidu.com/item/PET%E5%A1%91%E6%96%99/4931828?fr=aladdin

Figure 10 The resin identification code. Retrieved from: http://yisheng.12120.net/news/jkbk/content_123544922.html

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there are some shortcomings that limit its use. For example, it is difficult to degrade which

means it will cause serious pollution in environment (Yang et al., 2007). As a result, more

environmentalists start to resist it. However, in view of its good performance, we cannot find

anything to take the place of PP temporarily. In addition, polypropylene and its derivatives

have the feature of excellent high temperature resistance. Therefore, polypropylene will play

a more important role in fire retardant (Xu, 2018).

Figure 11 Chemical structure of PP.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Polypropylen.svg/1200px-

Polypropylen.svg.png

2.6.4 Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS)

Polyphenylenesulphide, or PPS, is a high-performance thermoplastic resin with high

mechanical strength, high temperature resistance, chemical resistance, flame resistance,

thermal stability and electrical properties (Jiang et al., 2019 & Wang et al., 2009). Figure 12

below shows the chemical structure of PPS. The strength of PPS is due to the regularity of its

macromolecular and aggregate structure (Shen, 2018). The main purpose of PPS granules is

to overcome the problems of poor toughness, low strength, unstable performance and high

temperature oxidation (Liu et al., 2019).

Figure 12 Chemical structure of PPS.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Polyphenylene_sulfide.svg/1200px-

Polyphenylene_sulfide.svg.png

PPS molecular structure contains flame-retardant elements (sulfur), so PPS has good

flame resistance properties (Shen, 2018). Its limiting oxygen index is more than 38%,

reaching the ul-94v-0 standard, which the highest level of safe combustion coefficient.

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Combustion will occur if placed over a flame but will not continue once removed. While it is

difficult to ignite PPS, it does have a spontaneous combustion temperature of 590 °C (Shen,

2018). The glass transition temperature of PPS fiber is about 90℃, while the melting point is

about 285℃. Even the decomposition temperature is about 500℃ in argon gas, which is

higher than any melt spinning fiber produced in industrial production at present. PPS fibers

have excellent flame retardancy and PPS products are difficult to burn (Shen, 2018). This can

make a big contribution to the chances of survival when a fire does happen.

Due to PPS’s excellent comprehensive characteristics and wide application fields, the

market potential is huge. The demand of PPS in the world is over 100,000 tons per year, and

the annual growth rate is 20% (Liu et al., 2019). At present, the industrial application of PPS

mainly includes military, aerospace, transportation, environmental protection, chemical

industry, electronic and electric, and the functional film field. For example, PPS has been used

as parts for sockets for tanks, aircraft, rockets, and so on (Liu et al., 2019). But while there

are many advantages of using PPS in products, some of the best materials can still benefit

from additional research.

2.6.5 Nylon 6,6

Nylon was invented in the mid-1930s by scientist at DuPont Chemicals under the

original name “fiber 6-6”. It was developed by combining hexamethylene diamine and adipic

acid, as can be seen in figure 13 on the next page. Through a process called “cold drawing”,

strands are then removed from the mixture and spun. While DuPont initially experimented

with nylon 6,6 in toothbrushes, it later made its way into the hosiery market. This decision

proved to be a major success as it provided a cheap alternative to the material of choice for

stockings: silk. Later, during WWII, nylon was used for parachutes and mosquito nets

(College Weekend, 2015).

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Figure 13 Chemcial Structure for Nylon 6,6. Retrived from: https://www.pslc.ws/macrog/images/nylon08.gif

In the early 1950, Remington wanted to save money on manufacturing and looked

towards saving money on gun stocks. Remington told DuPont that they needed a malleable,

strong, temperature resistant, flame resistant material that was also lightweight. DuPont

returned to Remington with nylon 6,6. Fast forward a few decades when the “Remington

Nylon 66” stopped production in 1991, 1,000,000 rifles had been produced, making it

Remington’s most successful 0.22 caliber rifle (Maccar, 2015). Additionally, in coordination

with the attributes mentioned above, there are currently several known additives to increase

the already inherent flame retardancy of nylon 6,6 (Variankaval, 2000). All of these can attest

to the reliability and usability of nylon 6,6.

2.7 Flame Retardant Fabrics

In general, both woven and nonwoven fabrics contain flammable and combustible

organic polymer fibers. Therefore, these fabrics can produce smoke and toxic gases and

pollute the environment during fire accidents, which severely threaten human’s life. As a

result, it is important for us to use flame retardant fabric in our daily life. Flame-retardant is

slightly different to flame-resistant as flame-resistant means that the material itself will not

ignited and will extinguish by itself. Flame-retardant, on the other hand, means that the

material needs to be chemically modified to attain self-extinguishing properties (RMI, 2018).

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2.8 Flame Retardant Chemicals

The term “flame retardants” (FR) is used to encompass many chemical additives that

when added to an otherwise combustive material, slow or even stop the fire from spreading.

This is beneficial as even at its most base level of performance, user safety is increased. Flame

retardants can be used in anything from building materials to electronic devices, one

industry that has seen major application of flame retardants is the upholstered furniture

industry. California enacted a set of flammability standards is 1976 and furniture companies

need a way to meet the minimum requirements (Chemical Safety Facts, 2019).

More than 175 different times of FRs exist, but are organized in 4 main groups:

inorganic, organophosphorus, nitrogen containing, and halogenated. (NCBI, 2009) FRs work

in 2 major ways either chemically, by latching onto free radicals in the chemical reaction to

inhibit further combustion by creating a large amount of noncombustible gases or physically,

by charring, creating a barrier to fresh fuel. (NCBI, 2009) There are two mode of

incorporation of FRs: reactive and additive. Reactive FRs are incorporated by being

chemically bonded in the material, namely plastics. Additive FRs are more common and work

by mixing or spraying the FRs into/onto the material, which creates the possibility of

leaching into the environment. (Segev, 2009).

According to Shengnan et al. (2019), some common flame-retardant elements are

boron, sulfur, halogens, nitrogen, phosphorous, silicon, aluminum and magnesium. Among

them, brominated flame retardants (BFR) are the most common. BFRs are a member of the

chemically reactive FRs. While there is limited information at this time on many BFRs, upon

observation on some BFRs, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, teratogenicity, and several others

effect have been observed. (Segev, 2009) Therefore, it is important to keep in mind that if

the FR could pose a health or environment risks during usage. The major contributor of FRs

leaching into the environments are industrial facilities that produce FRs and the

corporations that manufacture products that incorporate FRs through wastewater Generally,

additive FRs are more prone to leaching than reactive FRs due to the lack of strong chemical

bonding (Segev, 2009). Because of leaching, a handful of states have passed bills to either

ban or limit the use of certain FRs, namely in upholstery and children’s products since 2017

(SGS, 2017).

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3.0 Methodology

Objectives

The goal of this project was to work with students from Wuhan University of

Technology (WUT) to evaluate different methods of adding fire retardants to highly

commercialized non-woven fabrics to increase manufacturing and user safety. To

accomplish the goal, we did comparison of tests on standard and alter fabrics along with the

following five objectives.

Objectives Methods

1. Understood the mechanism of using flame

retardant materials and how they help to protect

public safety.

Literature Research;

Case Studies

2. Determined the properties of cotton, PET, PP, PS,

and nylon6-6, and researched on the methods of

improving their flame-retardant properties.

Literature Research;

Case Studies;

Direct Observation

3. Designed appropriate methods based on

laboratory conditions.

Electrospinning;

Spraying and Submerging;

Limiting Oxygen Index;

Thermogravimetric

Analysis; Cone Calorimeter

4. Conducted experiments based on designed

methods and collected data.

Direct Observation;

Participant Observation;

5. Derived conclusion through analyzing the data and

made recommendations.

Qualitative and Quantitative

Data Analysis; Constructed

Final Report and

Presentation

Table 1 Objectives.

21

3.1 Objective 1: Understood the mechanism of using flame-

retardant materials and how they help to protect public safety.

An important part of any innovation is looking towards the past. By doing so, trends

can become apparent and reasons for past decisions may be discovered. These can then be

used as a starting point for potential improvements. This objective was done by doing

literature research and case studies.

3.2 Objective 2: Determined the properties of cotton, PET, PPS,

PS and nylon 6,6, and researched on the methods of improving

their flame-retardant properties.

When researching materials, the chemistry and material science is incredibly

important. It provides an explanation to how the fabric works as well as how it can be

improved, specifically in terms of FR additives. To accomplish this objective, we researched

the literature, reviewed case studies, and observed fires directly.

3.3 Objective 3: Designed appropriate methods based on

laboratory conditions.

Due to the inherent nature of a research project, it is important that feasibility of

project was monitored as well as with any project: reproducibility. Once a plan was

developed, testing criteria must be proposed and agreed upon.

3.3.1 Electrospinning

Electrospinning technique, also called electrostatic spinning, was designed by Lord

Rayleigh in the late 19th century, developed by Morton and Cooley in 1902, and finalized as

a feasible technique for fiber-spinning technique by Formhals around 1944 (Li & Yang, 2015).

Electrospinning is advantageous in producing non-woven fabric because of its simple setup

and process, versatile material choices, and no use of post processes (Li & Yang, 2015).

22

Figure 14 below illustrates the process of electrospinning: polymer solution or melt is placed

in a capillary tube; due to forces applied by the high static electric field (usually about 1~6

*106 V/m) , polymer solution or melt forms a conical shape which is called Taylor cone and

ejected from the tip of the Taylor cone when the forces are large enough; spontaneously, the

solvent evaporates or the melt solidifies, forming continuous fibers which are collected by

the collector and became as non-woven fabric (Li & Yang, 2015).

Figure 14 Schematic of electrospinning process. Retrieved from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/non-

woven-fabrics/electrospinning-technology-in-non-woven-fabric-manufacturing

The properties of the non-woven fabrics can be controlled by electrospinning

processes. Some parameters include applied voltage, spinning distance, type of collectors (Li

& Yang, 2015).

3.3.2 Testing Flame Retardant Properties

Regarding testing, our group has three major testing criteria: combustibility, mass

loss rate, and heat release rate:

23

• Combustibility is the first testing criterion because as its definition explain will

it burn. Since the project is to determine the best ways to improve fabrics to

become fire resistant, the goal is low combustibility. This testing criteria can

be reflected by testing limiting oxygen index (LOI) value. Samples with lower

LOI values are more readily flammable. Sample with higher LOIs are less

readily flammable.

• Mass loss rate is the rate at which a material is consumed. This can be

determined by using thermogravimetric analysis. A better flame-retardant

material should have a slower mass loss rate.

• Heat Release Rate (HRR) is an inherent value to a material at a known heat

flux. It is how much heat a material releases in a certain amount of time. This

can used to determine if a material can affect other materials in its vicinity.

HRR can be tested by using a cone calorimeter.

3.3.2.1 Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI)

Limiting oxygen index is used for

determining the lowest amount of oxygen

required for combusting the materials. In our

experiments, we used the oxygen index

tester provided by WUT to test the samples.

We followed GB 5454-1997 fabric standard

and cut the sample into the following size:

100mm 38 mm no more than 10 mm

thick. Figure 15 to the right depicts the LOI

tester our team used.

Figure 15 LOI tester, photo taken on 07/23/2019.

3.3.2.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is a test that measures the weight change of the

sample as the temperature changes over time, in a pure nitrogen condition. (AME, 2019). We

24

used a simultaneous thermal analyzer (STA 6000) from PerkinElmer to conduct our

experiments. The sample size should weight around 1 to 10 mg. The machine is precise

enough that only one test per type of sample required. Figure 16 below shows the TGA

machine used in the tests.

Figure 16 TGA machine, photo taken on 07/22/2019.

3.3.2.3 Cone Calorimeter

The cone calorimeter is a staple of fire

safety research. The cone works by produce

a known heat flux delivered through a

heating element in the shape of a “cone”. By

using known values in oxygen consumption

per joule of energy produced, heat release

rate (HRR) can be measured. Along with the

average HRR, time of ignition, mass loss rate,

and maximum instantaneous HRR can be

measured. (NIST, 2018) This piece of

equipment's utility is two-fold: it can provide

a standardized ignition source as well as

collect data on HRR. The cone calorimeter is used in several fire testing standards and is the

most common method to determine the flammability of a material. (NIST, 2018) Figure 17

above shows a general schematic of a cone calorimeter similar to the one our team used in

our experiments which is shown in Figure 18 below.

Figure 17 Cone Calorimeter. Retrieved from:

https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/cone-

calorimeter

25

Figure 18 Cone calorimeter made by Motis; photo taken on 07/24/2019.

3.4 Objective 4: Conducted experiments based on designed

methods and collected data.

Once a testing plan was agreed upon, testing ensued, and data was collected.

3.4.1 Experiments #1 - Electrospinning

1. Measured 2 g nylon 6,6 powder using the balance and poured it into a clean

vessel.

2. Measured 18 mL formic acid and 2 mL N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMFA) to

make the solution.

3. Added a stir bar magnet into the container and sealed the container.

4. Stirred until the nylon powder was fully in solution while at 55 °C.

5. Set the temperature of the electrospinning machine at 24 °C, humidity at

58 %, injected speed at 0.1 mm/min, receiving speed at 140 rpm, positive

26

voltage at 15.00 kV, negative voltage at 2.00 kV and distance between the

needle and the receiver approximately 15 cm.

6. The solution was poured into the syringe and a 24 G needle was used to spin

sample 1.

7. Measured 6 g nylon 66 powder to make a 30% WT solution.

8. Measured 20 mL formic acid.

9. Repeated steps 4 and 5.

10. Poured the solution into the syringe and used a 22 G needle for sample 2.

3.4.2 Experiments #2 - Spraying Flame Retardant Materials

For our data collection methods there are three sizes to which the fabric must be

cut:

• The LOI samples must be 100mm 38 mm no more than 10 mm thick.

• The TGA samples must be cut into 1-10 mg pieces.

• The cone calorimeter samples must be 100 mm 100 mm square.

3.4.2.1 Addition of Flame Retardant Material (FPK 8001)

Flame Retardant Finishing Agent FPK8001 is a colorless to light yellow transparent

ropy liquid which consists of phosphide and soluble in water. It is best for cotton, polyester

and natural or synthetic fiber fabric. According to the Herst Company (2014), the direction

of applying FPK8001 was the following:

Depending on which test was being conducted, the samples were cut into the sizes

specified above in section 3.4.2certain size based on each test requirements.

1. Measured 60 ml of flame-retardant finishing agent FPK8001 (Herst Company).

2. Added 40 ml deionized water to FPK8007, stirred.

3. The solution was sprayed directly onto cotton and PET samples until the fabrics

were completely wet.

4. The PPS and PP samples were submerged in the solution until the fabrics were

completely wet.

27

5. The samples were placed into the dryer and the temperature was set to 37 °C to

dry the samples thoroughly.

3.4.2.1 Addition of Flame Retardant Material (FPK 8007)

Flame Retardant Agent FPK8007 is a white powder which consists of nitrogen and

phosphorus and is soluble in water. It is best for natural fibers, synthetic fibers, and cotton.

According to the Herst Company (2014), the direction of applying FPK8007 was the

following:

1. Measured 15 g of flame-retardant agent FPK 8007 (Herst Company).

2. Added 100 mL deionized water to FPK8007 and stirred until fully dissolved.

3. The solution was sprayed directly to cotton and PET samples until the fabrics were

completely wet.

4. The PPS and PP samples were submerged in the solution until the fabrics were

completely wet.

5. The samples were placed into the dryer and the temperature was set to 37 °C to dry

the samples thoroughly.

3.5 Objective 5: Derived conclusion through analyzing data and

made recommendations.

With the data that was collected, certain assumptions can be extrapolated. These

assumptions then can be used to make recommendations on the best way to improve the

flame-retardant properties of cotton, PET, PP, PS and nylon 6-6.

28

4.0 Results and Discussion

4.1Results

The purpose of the section is to comprehend the data collected from the various tests

our team conducted. Initially, our team attempted electrospinning and had planned to

experiment with electrospinning and flame-retardant additives, but due to difficulties

finding the correct parameters and limited timeline, experimentation was discontinued.

Therefore, in order collect data on how flame retardants affect different aspects of a given

materials performance and material properties, our team decided on three tests: the LOI, the

TGA, and the cone calorimeter.

4.1.1 Electrospinning

Sample 1 did not form a fabric because nylon fiber broke easily and stuck inside the

syringe. Therefore, the fiber could not be collected by the receiver. Sample 2 was able to form

short fiber and some tiny droplets. However, due to the formation of droplets, a continuous

fiber was hard to form. In addition, because of the droplets, the fabric collected on the

receiver was not flat, which meant the fabric was not able to be used for further tests. Figure

19 below shows that the nylon fiber stuck inside the syringe.

Based on our results, we summarized some possible reasons that why the

experiments were not successful. First, the formic acid has a relatively low boiling

temperature. Thus, it evaporated too fast even before the fiber was able to reach the receiver

and form continuous fiber. Second, the concentration of the solution was not high enough to

form a longer fiber. Third, the properties of nylon and formic acid themselves were not

matched, which meant there was a better solvent to dissolve nylon and form a better solution.

Since electrospinning did not go according to plan, upon the recommendation of the

graduate student our team was working in collaboration with, our team believed it would be

more beneficial to discontinue electrospinning and focus attention on other aspects of our

project.

29

Figure 19 Fibers becoming stuck on electrospinning needle, photo taken on 07/19/2019.

4.1.2 Limiting Oxygen Index

Our team tested 12 samples in total and the result were shown in Table 2 and Figure

20 below. As Figure 20 shows, with the addition of both FPK8001 and FPK8007, the flame

retardancy of all the base materials increased, with the flame-retardant property of FPK8001

being slightly better than FPK8007. According to the Chinese fabric testing standard GB

5454-1997, material with LOI value equal to or larger than 28% is flame retardant. Therefore,

based on this standard, except for the original cotton and PP samples, the rest of the samples

were all flame retardant. There were four samples, marked with asterisks (*) below, that we

did not provide the actual final LOI value because the LOI value is high enough that testing

for the actual number was not necessary due to the risk of damaging the LOI tester and

wasting gases.

Each material offered a different burning phenomenon when it was below the limiting

oxygen index. Table 3 below describes the burning phenomenon of each type of sample. This

is important to consider as while they are not actually burning, when exposed to a flame,

different phenomena were observed. These need to be considered when determining

industry applications. When cotton is in an environment below its LOI, while will not burn,

is does singe and could lose structural stability. PET does not have an observable

phenomenon, but as it approaches to its LOI, melt dripping occurs which creates little black

“pearls”. PP at any oxygen concentration below its LOI experiences melting at areas in

30

contact with flame. Lastly, while PPS only experiences a small amount of singeing at areas in

contact with flame, as it approaches the LOI sporadic combustion throughout the material

occurs.

Cotton

(%) PET (%) PP (%) PPS (%)

Base 17.0 40.8 26.9 44.8

8001 61.7 85.1* 44.0 80.3*

8007 57.3 80.6* 38.7 75.6*

Table 2 LOI percentage values. * means the number is not the result. The actual LOI value is higher but due to the

limits of equipment, further testing was not possible.

Cotton PET PP PPS

Observed

Phenomenon

Singeing Melt Dripping

Effect

Melting Singing->Sporadic

Combustion

Table 3 Observed phenomena below LOI.

Figure 20 LOI comparison diagram.

0

20

40

60

80

100

Cotton (%) PET (%) PP (%) PPS (%)

LOI Comparison Chart

Base 8001 8007

31

4.1.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)

Our team tested 12 samples in total and their final weight percentages are shown in

Table 4 and Figure 21 below. Apart from PPS, the results showed that both FPK8001 and

FPK8007 improved the flame retardancy of cotton, PP, and PET. In contrast, the addition of

either flame-retardant agent weakened the flame-retardant properties of PPS. It should be

noted, however, that even though FPK8001 and FPK8007 slowed down the rate of

decomposition, five out of the eight samples with flame retardant materials decomposed at

a lower temperature than their base samples. For example, without FPK8001 or FPK8007,

PP started to decompose at 371 °C. After the addition of FPK8001 or FPK8007, PP

decomposed at 246 °C and 264.5 °C correspondingly. More details can be found in Table 5

below.

Therefore, our team thought that there was an element in the flame-retardant

materials that may decompose the structure of the original sample or break down the

material. As a result, the flame-retardant ability of PPS decreased. More data about TGA can

be found in appendix A.

.

PPS (%)

Cotton

(%) PP (%) PET (%)

Base 52.77 6.85 0.49 11.17

8001 46.21 33.50 21.05 22.77

8007 45.15 26.82 8.81 32.65

Table 4: Final TGA weight percentage value for each sample.

PPS [°C ] Cotton[°C ] PP [°C ] PET [°C ]

Base 491.0 51.0 371.0 58.5

8001 37.0 91.0 246.0 197.5

8007 209.5 50.5 264.5 109.0

Table 5 Decomposition temperature of each sample.

32

Figure 21 Final TGA weight percentage value of each sample.

Figure 23 TGA graph of PPS.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

PPS Cotton PP PET

Wei

ght

%

TGA

Base FRK8001 FRK8007

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Wei

ght

%

Temperature [Celcius]

TGA of PPS

PPS Base WT% PPS 8001 WT% PPS 8007 WT%

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Wei

ght

%

Temperature [Celcius]

TGA of Cotton

Cotton Base WT% Cotton 8001 WT % Cotton 8007 WT%

Figure 22 TGA graph of cotton.

33

Figure 24 TGA graph for PP.

Figure 25 TGA graph for PET.

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Wei

ght

%

Temperature [Celcius]

TGA of PP

PP Base WT% PP 8001 WT% PP 8007 WT%

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Wei

ght

%

Temperature [Celcius]

TGA of PET

PET Base WT% PET 8001 WT% PET 8007 WT%

34

4.1.4 Cone Calorimeter

Our team conducted a total of six tests in accordance with ISO 5660-1: 2003, with

three ending in failure and three being successful. Originally, our team had planned to collect

data on a total 12 material specimens with 3 tests for each, but due to miscommunication,

budget constraints, failed tests, and available laboratory time while in China, our team was

only able to collect data on three specimens. The three tests that were conducted successfully

were on PP, PP+FPK8001, and PP+FPK8007 at a heat flux of 50 𝑘𝑊/𝑚2. This was done to

compare the results of the three sample types. While our team understands that the

following data reflects a limited data size and could be subject to scrutiny.

Our team focused on four major values: the total heat release (THR), the maximum

average rate of heat emission (MARHE), smoke production rate, and total smoke produced.

The graphs below represent the values from the cone calorimeter that are relevant to our

team’s research. The complete data sets can be seen in Appendix 2.

Figure 27 THR comparison.

Figure 29 Smoke Release Rate comparison.

Figure 26 MARHE comparison.

Figure 28 Total Smoke Produced comparison.

35

The results our team collected from the cone calorimeter samples were, for the most

part expected. Flame retardants work to prevent combustion, but that also means that when

combustion does occur, there is more enthalpy in the system. Figures 26 and 27 support this

theory as the samples with FPK 8001 and FPK 8007 have a larger MARHE and THR than the

base sample. Additionally, the fact that there is are larger levels of smoke produced and

smoke production rates, shown in Figures 28 and 29 respectively, follows logically, as there

is more material to be burned with the additive samples. The reason that our team included

this here is that is it opens the discussion about what is in the smoke. Since the additives are

creating more air particulates, in the event of a fire, it could pose potential health risks. Our

team recommends future research into the health risks of flame retardants. Additionally, as

mentioned above, the data size is relatively small and poses potential risks for extreme cases

and false assumptions. That is why it is highly recommended that more experiments are

conducted.

4.2 Future Research

Due to the difficulties of finding the correct parameters and limited timeline, the

electrospinning experiment was discontinued. Therefore, based on our result, our team

recommends that solvents such as cresol, chlorophenol, and phenol can be used to dissolve

nylon to form the solution (Huntingdon, n.d.) in further experiments. Additionally, as

mentioned in the first section, the properties of non-woven fabrics can be affected by many

factors: the properties of the fibers, the properties of the dissolved solvent, the parameters

of the electrospinning machine, the environmental properties, and human error. The

properties of the fibers include viscosity and conductivity. Solvent properties are

conductivity and surface tension. The parameters of the electrospinning machine include

applied voltage, spinning distance, and the type of collector. Environmental factors are

ambient temperature and humidity in the spinning area (Li & Yang, 2015). In order to better

understand the flame retardancy of nylon 6,6, rather than comparing the flame-retardant

properties between different base fibers or adding different flame-retardant materials,

changing the parameters listed above may be feasible.

36

In terms of testing and materials, our team has determined a few possible research

areas. Firstly, a larger variety of flame-retardants should be investigated for further testing

with electrospinning. This will allow for a large overall picture of flame retardancy as well as

if certain flame-retardants work better on different fabrics. Another area is extended

research into cone calorimeter experiments. Our team’s ability to conduct this type of

experiment was limited and our data size was arguably inadequate to derive any founded

assumptions from. Heat flux through the material may prove beneficial in order to determine

industrial applications in the form of how the fabrics protect what is behind it. Regarding

industrial applications, it would also be beneficial to conduct experiments with the materials

in their current uses so to determine the properties in those conditions. Lastly, our team

recommends a more in-depth and informed cost benefit analysis, as our teams does not

include a member who is well versed in the business side of industry.

37

5.0 Conclusions

From each test that our team conducted, our team discovered a portion of the larger

picture that is flame-retardants. From the limiting oxygen index testing our team was able to

see just how well the flame retardant resist sustained combustion with some materials being

improved by two times and even three times compared to the base samples. From the

thermogravimetric analysis findings, our team found out that while samples with flame-

retardants have smaller mass loss rates and at higher temperatures retain more mass, they

begin losing mass at lower temperatures than the base material. From the cone calorimeter

our team learned that materials with flame-retardants materials can absorb more enthalpy

in a system than base materials, but this could lead to stronger fires once the material fails

as well as larger smoke production. All these tests point to one conclusion, fire retardants

are effective and work as intended to increase user safety, but further testing is still

necessary.

38

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T. Theivasanthi et al. (April 1, 2018) International Journal of Biological Macromolecules –

Synthesis and characterization of cotton fiber-based nanocellulose. Retrieved July

15, 2019 from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141813017339521

Variankaval, N. (March 1, 2000) What kind of fabrics are fire retardant and what are their

characteristic. Retrieved July 15, 2019 from

http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2000-03/951958662.Ch.r.html

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http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=efae3a9acd8ebdc21fd5

3071935b1b3f&site=xueshu_se

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Xidong Hou & Lijun Gu. (2009). Heilongjiang Science and Technology Information – The

harm and prevention of “White Pollution”. Retrieved from

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polypropylene geotextiles in natural environment. Retrieved from

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Yuanyuan Xu et al., (2018) Synthetic Fiber in China - Study on the High Temperature

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Zhiming Jiang et al. (Jun 15, 2019) Applied Surface Science – Flame retardancy and thermal

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44

Appendix A Thermogravimetric Analysis Data PPS

Temperature (Celcius) PPS Base WT% PPS 8001 WT% PPS 8007 WT% pps 8001 pps base pps 8007 8001 2

35.5 100.00 100.00 100.00 10.782609 11.048261 6.966739 11.991957 100.00

35.5 100.00 100.03 99.98 10.786087 11.048478 6.965435 11.994348 100.02

36 100.00 99.58 99.97 10.737174 11.048696 6.964783 11.986304 99.95

36.5 100.01 99.38 99.97 10.716087 11.048913 6.964348 12.01 100.15

37 100.01 99.49 99.97 10.728043 11.04913 6.964565 11.926957 99.46

37.5 100.01 99.49 99.97 10.728043 11.049348 6.964783 11.99087 99.99

38 100.01 99.47 99.98 10.725435 11.049783 6.965217 11.978043 99.88

38.5 100.02 99.36 99.98 10.713913 11.050435 6.965652 11.95913 99.73

39 100.03 99.39 100.00 10.717174 11.051957 6.966522 11.963696 99.76

39.5 100.05 99.30 100.01 10.706739 11.053261 6.967609 11.959348 99.73

40 100.06 99.28 100.03 10.705217 11.054348 6.968696 11.954783 99.69

40.5 100.06 99.26 100.07 10.702826 11.055435 6.971957 11.953478 99.68

41 100.07 99.18 100.04 10.694565 11.056087 6.969783 11.947609 99.63

41.5 100.08 99.16 100.05 10.692391 11.057174 6.970217 11.946304 99.62

42 100.09 99.11 100.05 10.686304 11.057826 6.970435 11.940652 99.57

42.5 100.09 99.05 100.06 10.680652 11.058261 6.970652 11.938913 99.56

43 100.09 99.01 100.06 10.675435 11.058696 6.970652 11.933696 99.51

43.5 100.10 98.96 100.05 10.670652 11.05913 6.970435 11.929565 99.48

44 100.10 98.90 100.09 10.663696 11.059565 6.972826 11.927391 99.46

44.5 100.11 98.88 100.07 10.661522 11.06 6.971957 11.922391 99.42

45 100.11 98.81 100.07 10.654348 11.060652 6.971957 11.919783 99.40

45.5 100.12 98.77 100.09 10.650217 11.061087 6.972826 11.91587 99.37

46 100.12 98.73 100.10 10.645435 11.061522 6.973696 11.911304 99.33

46.5 100.12 98.67 100.09 10.638696 11.061957 6.973261 11.906957 99.29

47 100.13 98.62 100.10 10.634348 11.062391 6.973913 11.903261 99.26

47.5 100.13 98.57 100.12 10.628261 11.062826 6.975435 11.899783 99.23

48 100.14 98.54 100.11 10.625435 11.063261 6.97413 11.894783 99.19

48.5 100.14 98.48 100.10 10.618913 11.063696 6.973696 11.891304 99.16

49 100.14 98.39 100.12 10.608913 11.06413 6.975435 11.886739 99.12

49.5 100.15 98.42 100.11 10.612174 11.064565 6.974565 11.883913 99.10

50 100.15 98.28 100.13 10.597391 11.065 6.975652 11.878696 99.06

50.5 100.16 98.37 100.13 10.607391 11.065435 6.975652 11.875652 99.03

51 100.16 98.07 100.13 10.574783 11.06587 6.97587 11.869565 98.98

51.5 100.16 98.24 100.13 10.592609 11.066087 6.97587 11.866739 98.96

52 100.17 98.18 100.14 10.586304 11.066522 6.976304 11.862826 98.92

52.5 100.17 97.95 100.14 10.561304 11.066739 6.976304 11.858043 98.88

53 100.17 97.98 100.14 10.565217 11.067174 6.976522 11.852391 98.84

53.5 100.17 97.89 100.14 10.555217 11.067391 6.976522 11.848261 98.80

54 100.18 97.86 100.14 10.552391 11.067609 6.976739 11.844783 98.77

54.5 100.18 97.81 100.15 10.546304 11.067826 6.976957 11.84087 98.74

55 100.18 97.74 100.15 10.539348 11.068261 6.977174 11.836304 98.70

55.5 100.18 97.70 100.15 10.53413 11.068478 6.977174 11.831087 98.66

56 100.19 97.63 100.15 10.526957 11.068913 6.977391 11.826304 98.62

56.5 100.19 97.58 100.16 10.521957 11.06913 6.977609 11.82 98.57

57 100.19 97.52 100.16 10.514783 11.069565 6.977826 11.816304 98.54

57.5 100.19 97.44 100.16 10.506739 11.069783 6.977826 11.812391 98.50

58 100.20 97.40 100.16 10.501739 11.07 6.977826 11.806957 98.46

58.5 100.20 97.32 100.16 10.493696 11.070435 6.977826 11.802174 98.42

59 100.20 97.26 100.16 10.486739 11.070652 6.978043 11.796522 98.37

45

Cotton

Temperature (Celcius) Cotton Base WT% Cotton 8001 WT % Cotton 8007 WT% base 8001 8007

35.5 100.00 100.00 100.00 6.322826 8.644348 11.638913

35.5 99.99 100.00 99.99 6.322391 8.644348 11.637174

36 99.98 100.00 99.96 6.321739 8.644348 11.634565

36.5 99.98 100.00 99.95 6.321304 8.644348 11.633043

37 99.97 100.00 99.95 6.321087 8.644565 11.632609

37.5 99.97 100.00 99.95 6.321087 8.644565 11.632609

38 99.97 100.01 99.95 6.321087 8.645 11.632826

38.5 99.97 100.02 99.94 6.321087 8.645652 11.631957

39 99.98 100.03 99.94 6.321522 8.646739 11.631739

39.5 99.99 100.04 99.99 6.322174 8.647826 11.638043

40 100.00 100.05 99.97 6.322609 8.648478 11.635435

40.5 100.00 100.06 99.98 6.323043 8.64913 11.636957

41 100.01 100.06 99.96 6.323261 8.649565 11.634348

41.5 100.01 100.07 99.97 6.323478 8.65 11.635652

42 100.01 100.07 99.95 6.323696 8.650435 11.633478

42.5 100.02 100.08 99.97 6.323913 8.651087 11.635217

43 100.02 100.08 99.93 6.323913 8.651522 11.631304

43.5 100.02 100.09 99.94 6.323913 8.651957 11.631957

44 100.02 100.09 99.94 6.323913 8.652174 11.631739

44.5 100.02 100.09 99.94 6.323913 8.652391 11.631522

45 100.02 100.10 99.93 6.323913 8.652609 11.63087

45.5 100.01 100.10 99.92 6.323696 8.652826 11.63

46 100.01 100.10 99.93 6.323696 8.653261 11.630217

46.5 100.01 100.11 99.92 6.323478 8.653478 11.629565

47 100.01 100.11 99.92 6.323261 8.653696 11.629348

47.5 100.00 100.11 99.92 6.323043 8.653913 11.62913

48 100.00 100.12 99.91 6.323043 8.654348 11.628696

48.5 100.00 100.12 99.91 6.322826 8.654565 11.628478

49 100.00 100.12 99.90 6.322826 8.654783 11.627826

49.5 100.00 100.12 99.90 6.322826 8.655 11.627391

50 100.00 100.13 99.90 6.322609 8.655217 11.626957

50.5 100.00 100.13 99.89 6.322609 8.655217 11.626304

51 99.99 100.13 99.89 6.322391 8.655435 11.62587

51.5 99.99 100.13 99.88 6.322391 8.655652 11.625435

52 99.99 100.13 99.88 6.322174 8.655652 11.625

52.5 99.99 100.13 99.88 6.321957 8.65587 11.624565

53 99.98 100.13 99.87 6.321739 8.65587 11.623696

53.5 99.98 100.14 99.87 6.321522 8.656087 11.623261

54 99.98 100.14 99.86 6.321304 8.656304 11.622609

54.5 99.97 100.14 99.86 6.32087 8.656304 11.622174

55 99.96 100.14 99.85 6.320435 8.656304 11.621739

55.5 99.96 100.14 99.85 6.32 8.656522 11.621087

56 99.95 100.14 99.84 6.319565 8.656522 11.620652

56.5 99.94 100.14 99.84 6.31913 8.656522 11.620217

57 99.93 100.14 99.84 6.318696 8.656522 11.619783

57.5 99.93 100.14 99.83 6.318478 8.656522 11.61913

58 99.92 100.14 99.83 6.318043 8.656739 11.618696

58.5 99.92 100.14 99.82 6.317826 8.656739 11.618043

59 99.91 100.15 99.82 6.317391 8.656957 11.617609

46

PP

Temperature (Celcius) PP Base WT% PP 8001 WT% PP 8007 WT% base 8001 8007

35.5 100.00 100.00 100.00 7.256522 9.664565 7.058478

35.5 100.00 100.00 100.00 7.256522 9.664565 7.058696

36 100.00 100.00 100.01 7.256522 9.664783 7.058913

36.5 100.00 100.00 100.01 7.256522 9.665 7.059348

37 100.00 100.01 100.02 7.256739 9.665217 7.059565

37.5 100.01 100.01 100.02 7.256957 9.665435 7.059783

38 100.01 100.02 100.03 7.257391 9.666087 7.06087

38.5 100.02 100.03 100.05 7.258261 9.667174 7.061957

39 100.04 100.04 100.06 7.259783 9.668261 7.063043

39.5 100.06 100.05 100.08 7.261087 9.669348 7.063913

40 100.07 100.06 100.10 7.261957 9.670652 7.065435

40.5 100.09 100.07 100.11 7.262826 9.671739 7.066304

41 100.09 100.08 100.12 7.263261 9.672609 7.066957

41.5 100.10 100.09 100.13 7.263913 9.673478 7.067609

42 100.11 100.10 100.14 7.264348 9.673913 7.068043

42.5 100.11 100.11 100.14 7.264783 9.674783 7.068478

43 100.12 100.11 100.15 7.265217 9.675435 7.06913

43.5 100.13 100.12 100.15 7.265652 9.676087 7.069348

44 100.13 100.12 100.16 7.26587 9.676522 7.07

44.5 100.13 100.13 100.17 7.266304 9.677174 7.070217

45 100.14 100.13 100.18 7.266739 9.677609 7.07087

45.5 100.15 100.14 100.18 7.267174 9.678043 7.071304

46 100.15 100.14 100.18 7.267609 9.678478 7.071522

46.5 100.16 100.15 100.19 7.268043 9.678913 7.071957

47 100.16 100.16 100.20 7.268261 9.679565 7.072391

47.5 100.16 100.16 100.21 7.268478 9.68 7.073043

48 100.17 100.16 100.21 7.268913 9.680435 7.073478

48.5 100.17 100.16 100.22 7.26913 9.680435 7.073696

49 100.18 100.17 100.22 7.269348 9.68087 7.07413

49.5 100.18 100.17 100.22 7.269565 9.681087 7.074348

50 100.18 100.18 100.23 7.269783 9.681739 7.074565

50.5 100.19 100.19 100.24 7.27 9.683043 7.075217

51 100.19 100.19 100.24 7.270435 9.683261 7.075652

51.5 100.19 100.20 100.25 7.270652 9.683696 7.07587

52 100.20 100.20 100.25 7.27087 9.683478 7.076304

52.5 100.20 100.20 100.26 7.271304 9.684348 7.076522

53 100.21 100.20 100.26 7.271739 9.683913 7.076957

53.5 100.22 100.21 100.26 7.272174 9.685 7.077174

54 100.22 100.20 100.27 7.272609 9.684348 7.077609

54.5 100.23 100.20 100.27 7.273043 9.68413 7.077826

55 100.23 100.21 100.28 7.273261 9.684565 7.078261

55.5 100.23 100.22 100.29 7.273478 9.685435 7.07913

56 100.24 100.22 100.29 7.273696 9.685435 7.078913

56.5 100.24 100.22 100.30 7.273913 9.685652 7.079348

57 100.24 100.23 100.30 7.27413 9.687174 7.079565

57.5 100.24 100.23 100.30 7.27413 9.686739 7.079783

58 100.25 100.24 100.30 7.274348 9.687391 7.079783

58.5 100.25 100.24 100.28 7.274565 9.688043 7.078261

59 100.25 100.24 100.30 7.274565 9.687826 7.079348

47

PET

Temperature (Celcius) PET Base WT% PET 8001 WT% PET 8007 WT% Base 8001 8007

35.5 100.00 100.00 100.00 9.445652 10.60087 14.123261

35.5 100.00 100.13 99.99 9.445435 10.614348 14.121957

36 100.00 99.90 99.98 9.445435 10.590217 14.120435

36.5 100.00 99.89 99.98 9.445652 10.58913 14.120435

37 100.00 99.89 99.98 9.44587 10.588913 14.121087

37.5 100.01 99.91 99.98 9.446304 10.591304 14.12087

38 100.01 99.92 99.99 9.446522 10.592174 14.121957

38.5 100.02 99.92 100.00 9.447391 10.592391 14.123043

39 100.03 99.93 100.00 9.448478 10.593261 14.123261

39.5 100.04 99.94 100.01 9.449783 10.594348 14.124348

40 100.05 99.95 100.01 9.450435 10.595217 14.125

40.5 100.06 99.96 100.02 9.451087 10.596304 14.125435

41 100.06 99.96 100.02 9.451087 10.596957 14.125652

41.5 100.06 99.97 100.02 9.451087 10.597826 14.126304

42 100.06 99.98 100.02 9.451304 10.598261 14.126739

42.5 100.06 99.98 100.03 9.451522 10.598696 14.127174

43 100.06 99.99 100.03 9.451522 10.599565 14.127391

43.5 100.06 99.99 100.03 9.451522 10.599783 14.127609

44 100.06 99.99 100.03 9.451522 10.6 14.128043

44.5 100.06 100.00 100.04 9.451522 10.600435 14.128478

45 100.06 100.00 100.04 9.451739 10.60087 14.128478

45.5 100.07 100.00 100.04 9.451957 10.601304 14.128696

46 100.07 100.01 100.04 9.451957 10.601739 14.128913

46.5 100.07 100.01 100.04 9.452174 10.602174 14.12913

47 100.07 100.01 100.04 9.452391 10.602391 14.129348

47.5 100.07 100.02 100.04 9.452391 10.602826 14.129565

48 100.07 100.02 100.05 9.452609 10.603261 14.129783

48.5 100.07 100.02 100.05 9.452609 10.603478 14.129783

49 100.07 100.03 100.05 9.452609 10.603913 14.13

49.5 100.07 100.03 100.05 9.452391 10.60413 14.130217

50 100.07 100.03 100.05 9.452391 10.604348 14.130435

50.5 100.07 100.03 100.05 9.452174 10.604565 14.130652

51 100.07 100.04 100.05 9.451957 10.604783 14.130652

51.5 100.06 100.04 100.05 9.451522 10.605 14.13087

52 100.06 100.04 100.05 9.451304 10.605217 14.13087

52.5 100.06 100.04 100.06 9.451087 10.605435 14.131087

53 100.06 100.05 100.06 9.45087 10.605652 14.131087

53.5 100.05 100.05 100.06 9.450652 10.605652 14.131304

54 100.05 100.05 100.06 9.450217 10.60587 14.131304

54.5 100.04 100.05 100.06 9.449783 10.606087 14.131522

55 100.04 100.05 100.06 9.44913 10.606304 14.131522

55.5 100.03 100.05 100.06 9.448478 10.606522 14.131522

56 100.02 100.06 100.06 9.447609 10.606739 14.131522

56.5 100.02 100.06 100.06 9.447174 10.606739 14.131739

57 100.01 100.06 100.06 9.446522 10.606957 14.131957

57.5 100.00 100.06 100.06 9.44587 10.607174 14.131957

58 100.00 100.06 100.06 9.445217 10.607391 14.132174

58.5 99.98 100.06 100.06 9.44413 10.607391 14.132391

59 99.97 100.07 100.06 9.442609 10.607826 14.132391

48

Appendix B Cone Calorimeter Data PP base ISO

实验室名称:

实验员:

文件名:

报告名:

样品描述:

材料:

E等价热值 13.1 MJ/kg

厚度 .02 mm

初始质量 .1 g

辐射面积 88.4 c㎡

热辐射值 50 kW/㎡

辐射距离 25 mm

试样方向 Vertical

测试条件

符合标准 ISO 5660-1

测试时间 ############

测试时间 54 s

初始条件

C-系数 0.043

光程 0.114 s

O2延迟时间 13 s

CO2延迟时间 13 s

CO延迟时间 13 s

OD矫正系数 0.9945

热释放(30)最大(kw/㎡)

产烟率(30)最大(㎡/s)

总热释放(MJ/㎡)

2GPP441907241053

pp b

平衡条件? YES

边框选用? No 环境湿度 50.20%

28

0.0003

0.6

锥形量热仪测试报告2MOTIS12

lj

SAVE

结束时间

环境温度 26.1 [°C]

1

样品

试样数目 9of10

No

制造商 CHEN14

Sponsor

要求烟气流量 24 [l/s]

LIUJ13

大气压力 101.9 [kPa]

预测条件 时间记录

栅格选用? No

是否选用基材? No

基材

熄灭时间 28 s

大气温度 26.1 [°C] 点燃时间 6 s

大气湿度 50.2 [%] 结束标准 ISO 5660-1 : 2003

基线氧含量 20.975% 总热量 (0~600)0 MJ/㎡

设备参数 热释放结果

基线大气压氧含量 20.620% 总热量 (0~300)0.84 MJ/㎡

0 MJ/㎡

质量损失 0.0 g 热当量 0 MJ/kg

基线C2氧含量 0.0590% 总热量 (0~1200)

测试结果

火焰增长指数[W/㎡·s]

烟气增长指数[m²/s²]

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91

-100.0

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

700.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

FIGRA W/sHRR,THR and FIGRA value

HRR30

THR

FIGRA

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

SMOGRA ㎡/s²RSP ㎡/s SPR and SMOGRA Value

SPR30

SMOGRA

49

PP base FTP

实验室名称:

实验员:

文件名:

报告名:

样品描述:

材料:

E等价热值 13.1 MJ/kg

厚度 .02 mm

初始质量 .1 g

辐射面积 88.4 c㎡

热辐射值 50 kW/㎡

辐射距离 25 mm

试样方向 Vertical

测试条件

符合标准 ISO 5660-1

测试时间 ############

测试时间 54 s

初始条件

C-系数 0.043

光程 0.114 s

O2延迟时间 13 s

CO2延迟时间 13 s

CO延迟时间 13 s

OD矫正系数 0.9945

热释放(30)最大(kw/㎡)

产烟率(30)最大(㎡/s)

总热释放(MJ/㎡)

2GPP441907241053

pp b

平衡条件? YES

边框选用? No 环境湿度 50.20%

28

0.0003

0.6

锥形量热仪测试报告2MOTIS12

lj

SAVE

结束时间

环境温度 26.1 [°C]

1

样品

试样数目 9of10

No

制造商 CHEN14

Sponsor

要求烟气流量 24 [l/s]

LIUJ13

大气压力 101.9 [kPa]

预测条件 时间记录

栅格选用? No

是否选用基材? No

基材

熄灭时间 28 s

大气温度 26.1 [°C] 点燃时间 6 s

大气湿度 50.2 [%] 结束标准 ISO 5660-1 : 2003

基线氧含量 20.975% 总热量 (0~600)0 MJ/㎡

设备参数 热释放结果

基线大气压氧含量 20.620% 总热量 (0~300)0.84 MJ/㎡

0 MJ/㎡

质量损失 0.0 g 热当量 0 MJ/kg

基线C2氧含量 0.0590% 总热量 (0~1200)

测试结果

火焰增长指数[W/㎡·s]

烟气增长指数[m²/s²]

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91

-100.0

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

700.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

FIGRA W/sHRR,THR and FIGRA value

HRR30

THR

FIGRA

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

SMOGRA ㎡/s²RSP ㎡/s SPR and SMOGRA Value

SPR30

SMOGRA

50

PP base Data

时间(s)热释放(30)(kW

/m²)

产烟率(30)

(m²/s)

总热释放

(MJ/m²)总产烟量(m²)

火焰增长指数(W/㎡·s)

烟气增长指数A(m²/s²)

27 0 0 0 0 0 0

28 0 0 0 0 0 0

29 11.1679 0 11.17 0.0003 0 0

30 13.4634 0 24.63 0.0005 0 0

31 15.466 0 40.1 0.0008 0 0

32 17.3038 0 57.4 0.0011 0 0

33 18.8268 0 76.23 0.0013 0 0

34 20.2035 0 96.43 0.0016 0 0

35 21.3075 0 117.74 0.0019 0 0

36 22.2696 0 140.01 0.0021 0 0

37 23.0229 0 163.03 0.0024 0 0

38 23.782 0 186.81 0.0026 0 0

39 24.4896 0 211.3 0.0028 0 0

40 25.2108 0 236.51 0.003 0 0

41 25.8243 0 262.34 0.0031 0 0

42 26.4435 0 288.78 0.0032 0 0

43 26.97 0 315.75 0.0032 0 0

44 27.3506 0 343.1 0.0032 0 0

45 27.6339 0 370.74 0.0032 0 0

46 27.817 0 398.55 0.0032 0 0

47 27.9344 0 426.49 0.0032 0 0

48 27.951 0 454.44 0.0032 0 0

49 27.9538 0 482.39 0.0032 0 0

50 27.9538 0 510.35 0.0032 0 0

51 27.9497 0 538.3 0.0032 0 0

52 27.9371 0 566.23 0.0032 0 0

53 27.5224 0 593.76 0.0032 0 0

51

PP base Graph

实验室名称:

实验员:

文件名:

报告名:

样品描述:

材料:

实验室名称: MOTIS12

实验员: lj

文件名: SAVE

报告名: 2GPP441907241053

样品描述: pp b

材料: 1

2GPP441907241053

pp b

1

锥形量热仪性能曲线

MOTIS12

lj

SAVE

-100

1020304050607080

1 126 251 376 501 626 751 876

热释放率(kW/m²)

20.7

20.75

20.8

20.85

20.9

20.95

21

1 134 267 400 533 666 799 932

含氧量(%)

-0.0005

0

0.0005

0.001

0.0015

0.002

0.0025

1 142 283 424 565 706 847 988

一氧化碳含量(%)

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

1 128 255 382 509 636 763 890

二氧化碳含量(%)

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

1 129 257 385 513 641 769 897

样品重量(g)

-0.0002

0

0.0002

0.0004

0.0006

0.0008

0.001

1 141 281 421 561 701 841 981

总热释放(MJ/m²)

-0.00050

0.00050.001

0.00150.002

0.00250.003

0.0035

1 137 273 409 545 681 817 953

产烟率(m²/s)

-0.002

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

1 135 269 403 537 671 805 939

总产烟量(m²)

52

PP base BASE

时间

热释

放

率

(kW

/m²)

含氧

量

(%)

一氧

化碳

含量

(%

)

二氧

化碳

含

量 (%

)

样品

重量

(g

)

总热

释放

(MJ/m

²)

产烟

率

(m²/

s)

总产

烟量

(m²)

主光

值

(1)

辅光

值

(1)

孔板

温度

(℃)

采样

温度

(℃)

孔板

压差

(pa

)

Me质

量

流量

(1)

体积

流量

(L)

质量

差分

(g)

10

20.9

84

00.0

51

0.1

00

01.0

11

.00

65

4.3

55

.51

21

.07

26

.14

65

42

4.3

0

20

20.9

84

00.0

51

0.1

00

01.0

11

.00

65

4.4

55

.61

19

.69

25

.99

31

32

4.2

0

30

20.9

85

00.0

51

0.1

00

01.0

21

1.0

06

54

.45

5.6

11

9.6

92

5.9

93

13

24

.20

40

20.9

85

00.0

51

0.1

00

01.0

21

1.0

06

54

.75

5.8

11

9.6

92

5.9

81

24

24

.20

50

20.9

85

00.0

51

0.1

00

01.0

21

1.0

06

54

.85

61

19

.69

25

.97

72

72

4.2

0

60

20.9

86

00.0

51

0.1

00

01.0

21

1.0

06

55

.15

6.2

11

9.6

92

5.9

65

42

4.2

0

70

20.9

86

00.0

51

0.1

00

01.0

21

1.0

06

55

.25

6.3

11

9.4

62

5.9

36

49

24

.20

80

20.9

86

00.0

51

0.1

00.0

01268

0.0

01268

11

.00

65

5.6

56

.81

18

.51

25

.81

74

32

4.1

0

90

20.9

86

00.0

51

0.1

00.0

01258

0.0

02526

11

.00

65

65

7.3

11

6.2

72

5.5

56

73

23

.90

10

020.9

85

00.0

51

0.1

00.0

01247

0.0

03774

11

.00

65

6.9

58

.31

14

.98

25

.37

98

92

3.7

0

11

020.9

85

00.0

52

0.1

00.0

01242

0.0

05016

11

.00

65

7.5

58

.91

13

.52

25

.19

53

52

3.6

0

12

020.9

85

00.0

53

0.1

00.0

03326

0.0

08342

0.9

91

.00

65

8.4

59

.91

13

.52

25

.16

11

32

3.7

0

13

020.9

85

00.0

54

0.1

00.0

01253

0.0

09595

11

.00

65

8.7

59

.91

14

.53

25

.26

13

92

3.8

0

14

020.9

84

00.0

56

0.1

00

0.0

09595

1.0

11

.00

65

9.2

60

.21

15

.54

25

.35

34

32

3.9

0

15

020.9

82

00.0

57

0.1

00

0.0

09595

1.0

11

.00

65

9.3

60

.21

17

.04

25

.51

36

42

4.1

0

16

020.9

80

0.0

59

0.1

00

0.0

09595

1.0

11

.00

65

9.5

60

.71

17

.37

25

.54

19

24

.10

17

020.9

80

0.0

60.1

00

0.0

09595

1.0

11

.00

65

9.5

60

.71

17

.88

25

.59

73

42

4.2

0

18

020.9

78

00.0

64

0.1

00

0.0

09595

1.0

11

.00

65

9.5

60

.91

18

.06

25

.61

68

72

4.2

0

19

020.9

78

00.0

67

0.1

00

0.0

09595

1.0

11

.00

65

9.5

61

.21

20

.29

25

.85

76

72

4.5

0

20

020.9

76

00.0

83

0.1

00

0.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

59

.46

1.2

12

0.2

92

5.8

61

56

24

.50

21

0.1

23

20.9

67

00.0

96

0.1

00

0.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

59

.36

1.2

11

9.4

52

5.7

74

98

24

.40

22

0.3

78

20.9

60.0

01

0.1

26

0.1

0.0

00001

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

59

.26

1.1

11

9.4

52

5.7

78

86

24

.40

23

12.4

41

20.9

33

0.0

01

0.1

43

0.1

0.0

00013

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

59

61

12

0.3

25

.87

82

24

.50

24

20.5

120.9

12

0.0

01

0.1

67

0.1

0.0

00033

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.96

0.9

12

0.3

25

.88

21

24

.50

25

41.5

47

20.8

69

0.0

02

0.1

74

0.1

0.0

00075

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.86

0.9

11

9.7

42

5.8

25

68

24

.40

26

53.1

48

20.8

46

0.0

02

0.1

77

0.1

0.0

00128

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.76

0.9

11

9.7

42

5.8

29

57

24

.40

27

68.2

06

20.8

17

0.0

02

0.1

77

0.1

0.0

00196

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.76

0.9

12

0.6

32

5.9

25

38

24

.50

28

69.1

75

20.8

17

0.0

01

0.1

73

0.1

0.0

00266

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.66

0.9

12

0.6

32

5.9

29

29

24

.50

29

69.5

120.8

19

0.0

01

0.1

61

0.1

0.0

00335

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.66

0.9

12

0.0

32

5.8

64

73

24

.50

30

68.8

64

20.8

22

0.0

01

0.1

54

0.1

0.0

00404

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.66

0.8

11

8.8

12

5.7

32

94

24

.30

31

60.0

78

20.8

42

0.0

01

0.1

40.1

0.0

00464

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.56

0.7

11

8.5

92

5.7

12

98

24

.30

32

55.1

34

20.8

54

0.0

01

0.1

33

0.1

0.0

00519

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.56

0.7

11

8.3

42

5.6

85

87

24

.30

33

45.6

89

20.8

75

0.0

01

0.1

19

0.1

0.0

00565

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.46

0.7

11

8.5

62

5.7

13

61

24

.30

34

41.3

03

20.8

85

0.0

01

0.1

10.1

0.0

00606

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.46

0.7

11

8.9

82

5.7

59

11

24

.30

35

33.1

220.9

03

0.0

01

0.0

99

0.1

0.0

00639

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.46

0.7

11

9.4

25

.80

45

42

4.4

0

36

28.8

61

20.9

12

00.0

97

0.1

0.0

00668

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.46

0.7

12

0.6

82

5.9

42

49

24

.50

37

22.6

01

20.9

25

00.0

92

0.1

0.0

00691

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.46

0.8

12

0.6

82

5.9

42

49

24

.50

38

22.7

71

20.9

25

00.0

90.1

0.0

00713

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.56

0.8

12

0.1

25

.87

61

72

4.5

0

39

21.2

28

20.9

29

00.0

85

0.1

0.0

00735

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.56

0.8

11

9.5

42

5.8

15

77

24

.40

40

21.6

37

20.9

29

00.0

82

0.1

0.0

00756

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.56

0.8

11

8.5

82

5.7

11

92

4.3

0

41

18.4

04

20.9

36

00.0

78

0.1

0.0

00775

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.56

0.8

11

8.5

82

5.7

11

92

4.3

0

42

18.5

78

20.9

36

00.0

76

0.1

0.0

00793

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.56

0.8

11

9.3

22

5.7

92

24

.40

43

15.7

93

20.9

42

00.0

72

0.1

0.0

00809

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.56

0.8

12

02

5.8

65

39

24

.50

44

11.4

18

20.9

51

00.0

69

0.1

0.0

00821

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.56

0.8

12

0.6

82

5.9

38

57

24

.50

45

8.5

20.9

57

00.0

67

0.1

0.0

00829

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.56

0.8

12

0.6

82

5.9

38

57

24

.50

46

5.4

92

20.9

63

00.0

66

0.1

0.0

00835

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.46

0.7

12

0.6

32

5.9

37

11

24

.50

47

3.5

22

20.9

67

00.0

65

0.1

0.0

00838

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.36

0.5

11

9.5

82

5.8

27

88

24

.40

48

0.4

98

20.9

73

00.0

64

0.1

0.0

00839

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.26

0.4

11

9.5

82

5.8

31

77

24

.40

49

0.0

84

20.9

74

00.0

63

0.1

0.0

00839

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.26

0.4

11

9.6

32

5.8

37

18

24

.40

50

020.9

75

00.0

61

0.1

0.0

00839

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.26

0.4

11

9.5

82

5.8

31

77

24

.40

51

020.9

76

00.0

61

0.1

0.0

00839

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.26

0.5

12

0.5

82

5.9

39

56

24

.50

52

020.9

77

00.0

60.1

0.0

00839

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.26

0.5

12

0.5

82

5.9

39

56

24

.50

53

020.9

77

00.0

60.1

0.0

00839

00.0

09595

1.0

21

1.0

06

58

.36

0.5

12

0.3

42

5.9

09

82

24

.50

53

PP 8001 ISO

实验室名称:

实验员:

文件名:

报告名:

样品描述:

材料:

E等价热值 13.1 MJ/kg

厚度 .02 mm

初始质量 .5 g

辐射面积 88.4 c㎡

热辐射值 50 kW/㎡

辐射距离 25 cm

试样方向 Vertical

测试条件

测试标准 ISO 5660-1

测试日期 ##########

测试时间 60 S

初始条件

C-系数 0.043

光程 0.114 m

O2延迟时间 13 S

CO2延迟时间 13S

CO延迟时间 13S MARHE

OD矫正系数 0.9945

平均 峰值

总热释放 0.18 MJ/㎡ 8.63 68.76

总氧气消耗量 0.1 g 3.978 0

质量损失 45.2 g/㎡ 1.62 0

平均质量损失 2.40 g/㎡s 0 0

总产烟率 5.7 ㎡/㎡ 0.01 0

总产烟量 0.1㎡ 0.57 0

损失10%质量时间 0 s 9 s

损失90%质量时间 15 s 2.4 g/㎡s

测试平均值1 min 2 min 3 min 4 min 5 min 6 min

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

产烟数据

总产烟率: 整个测试过程 (0 秒 -26 秒) 7.1㎡/㎡

YES

26.1 ℃

50.20%

结果 (在5 和 60s之间)

5S

结束标准

26 S熄灭时间

点燃时间

60 S

0.94 MJ/㎡

0 MJ/㎡

总热量 (0~300)

质量损失率(g/s·㎡)

热释放率(kw/㎡)

单位质量产热率.(MJ/kg)

0.0510%

22.0 kW/㎡

基线氧含量

20.616%

比消光面积(㎡/kg)

一氧化碳的产率(kg/kg)

起始 点燃到 火焰熄灭

二氧化碳的产率(kg/kg)

70%质量损失时间10%到90%质量损失率

总产烟率 :无焰阶段 (0秒 - 5秒) 1.1㎡/㎡

0

0.01

0.01

0.57一氧化碳的产率(kg/kg)

二氧化碳的产率(kg/kg)

5 s

5 s

26 s

8.63

0

5.34

设备参数

ISO 5660-1 : 2003

总热量 (0~1200)

时间（秒)

3.98MJ/kg

0 MJ/㎡

总热量 (0~600)

热释放结果

结束时间

基线大气压氧含量

总产烟率 : 燃烧阶段 (5 秒 -26秒)

测试样品条件

MOTIS12

lj

SAVE

2GPP441907241118

pp 8001

热释放(kW/㎡)

质量损失率(g/s·㎡ )

6.0㎡/㎡

0

0

0.02

628.25

1.62

比消光面积(㎡/kg)

单位质量产热率 (MJ/kg)

0

0秒 -

29

0

0

0

0

大气温度 26.1 [℃]

试样数目

要求烟气流量

边框选用?

栅格选用?

是否选用基材?

基材

制造商

No

No

CHEN14

LIUJ13

时间记录预测条件

大气湿度

101.9 [kPa]

热当量质量损失 0.4g

基线CO2氧含量

20.971%

50.2 [%]

大气压力

锥形量热仪测试报告1

No

1

9of10

24 [l/s]

No

平衡条件?

环境温度

环境湿度

54

PP 8001 FTP

实验室名称:

实验员:

文件名:

报告名:

样品描述:

材料:

E等价热值 13.1 MJ/kg

厚度 .02 mm

初始质量 .5 g

辐射面积 88.4 c㎡

热辐射值 50 kW/㎡

辐射距离 25 mm

试样方向 Vertical

测试条件

符合标准 ISO 5660-1

测试时间 ############

测试时间 60 s

初始条件

C-系数 0.043

光程 0.114 s

O2延迟时间 13 s

CO2延迟时间 13 s

CO延迟时间 13 s

OD矫正系数 0.9945

热释放(30)最大(kw/㎡)

产烟率(30)最大(㎡/s)

总热释放(MJ/㎡)

2GPP441907241118

pp 8001

平衡条件? YES

边框选用? No 环境湿度 50.20%

31.2

0.0021

0.8

锥形量热仪测试报告2MOTIS12

lj

SAVE

结束时间

环境温度 26.1 [°C]

1

样品

试样数目 9of10

No

制造商 CHEN14

Sponsor

要求烟气流量 24 [l/s]

LIUJ13

大气压力 101.9 [kPa]

预测条件 时间记录

栅格选用? No

是否选用基材? No

基材

熄灭时间 26 s

大气温度 26.1 [°C] 点燃时间 5 s

大气湿度 50.2 [%] 结束标准 ISO 5660-1 : 2003

基线氧含量 20.971% 总热量 (0~600)0 MJ/㎡

设备参数 热释放结果

基线大气压氧含量 20.616% 总热量 (0~300)0.94 MJ/㎡

0 MJ/㎡

质量损失 0.4 g 热当量 3.98 MJ/kg

基线C2氧含量 0.0510% 总热量 (0~1200)

测试结果

火焰增长指数[W/㎡·s]

烟气增长指数[m²/s²]

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91

-100.00.0

100.0200.0300.0400.0500.0600.0700.0800.0900.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

FIGRA W/sHRR,THR and FIGRA value

HRR30

THR

FIGRA

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91

0

0.0005

0.001

0.0015

0.002

0.0025

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

SMOGRA ㎡/s²RSP ㎡/s SPR and SMOGRA Value

SPR30

SMOGRA

55

PP 8001 Data

时间(s)热释放(30)(kW

/m²)

产烟率(30)

(m²/s)

总热释放

(MJ/m²)总产烟量(m²)

火焰增长指数(W/㎡·s)

烟气增长指数A(m²/s²)

27 0 0 0 0 0 0

28 0 0 0 0 0 0

29 14.7914 0.002 14.79 0.0021 0 0

30 16.9417 0.002 31.73 0.0043 0 0

31 18.9537 0.002 50.69 0.0064 0 0

32 20.9883 0.002 71.68 0.0085 0 0

33 22.7084 0.002 94.38 0.0105 0 0

34 24.4435 0.002 118.83 0.0123 0 0

35 25.9195 0.002 144.75 0.0139 0 0

36 26.9804 0.001 171.73 0.0152 0 0

37 27.8154 0.001 199.54 0.0163 0 0

38 28.4713 0.001 228.01 0.0171 0 0

39 29.0733 0.001 257.09 0.0177 0 0

40 29.5551 0 286.64 0.0181 0 0

41 29.9766 0 316.62 0.0183 0 0

42 30.3087 0 346.93 0.0185 0 0

43 30.5964 0 377.52 0.0187 0 0

44 30.8076 0 408.33 0.0187 0 0

45 30.97 0 439.3 0.0187 0 0

46 31.0664 0 470.37 0.0187 0 0

47 31.1488 0 501.52 0.0187 0 0

48 31.1791 0 532.7 0.0187 0 0

49 31.1946 0 563.89 0.0187 0 0

50 31.1197 0 595.01 0.0187 0 0

51 30.6907 0 625.7 0.0187 0 0

52 29.9637 0 655.66 0.0187 0 0

53 28.6875 0 684.35 0.0187 0 0

54 27.1488 0 711.5 0.0187 0 0

55 25.1628 0 736.66 0.0187 0 0

56 23.0601 0 759.72 0.0187 0 0

57 20.8134 0 780.54 0.0187 0 0

58 18.5214 0 799.06 0.0187 0 0

59 16.4135 0 815.47 0.0187 0 0

56

PP 8001 Graph

实验室名称:

实验员:

文件名:

报告名:

样品描述:

材料:

实验室名称: MOTIS12

实验员: lj

文件名: SAVE

报告名: 2GPP441907241118

样品描述: pp 8001

材料: 1

2GPP441907241118

pp 8001

1

锥形量热仪性能曲线

MOTIS12

lj

SAVE

-100

1020304050607080

1 126 251 376 501 626 751 876

热释放率(kW/m²)

20.7

20.75

20.8

20.85

20.9

20.95

21

1 134 267 400 533 666 799 932

含氧量(%)

-0.00050

0.00050.001

0.00150.002

0.00250.003

0.0035

1 137 273 409 545 681 817 953

一氧化碳含量(%)

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

1 128 255 382 509 636 763 890

二氧化碳含量(%)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

1 125 249 373 497 621 745 869 993

样品重量(g)

-0.0002

0

0.0002

0.0004

0.0006

0.0008

0.001

1 141 281 421 561 701 841 981

总热释放(MJ/m²)

-0.002

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

1 137 273 409 545 681 817 953

产烟率(m²/s)

00.010.020.030.040.050.060.07

1 127 253 379 505 631 757 883

总产烟量(m²)

57

PP 8001 BASE

热释

放

率

(kW

/m²)

含氧

量

(%)

一氧

化碳

含量

(%

)

二氧

化碳

含

量

(%

)

样品

重量

(g

)

总热

释放

(MJ

/m²)

产烟

率

(m²/

s)

总产

烟量

(m²)

主光

值

(1)

辅光

值

(1)

孔板

温度

(℃)

采样

温度

(℃)

孔板

压差

(pa

)

Me质

量

流量

(1)

体积

流量

(L)

质量

差分

(g)

020.9

78

00.0

49

0.4

00

01

15

65

7.3

122.0

926

.188

56

24.5

0

020.9

78

00.0

49

0.4

00.0

01934

0.0

01934

0.9

91

15

6.2

57

.51

22.0

92

6.1

806

24.5

0

020.9

78

00.0

49

0.4

00.0

01918

0.0

03853

0.9

91

15

6.2

57

.61

20.0

125

.956

63

24.3

0

020.9

77

00.0

48

0.4

00.0

06004

0.0

09856

0.9

72

15

6.4

57

.71

17.9

32

5.7

229

24.1

0

020.9

77

00.0

48

0.3

00.0

05954

0.0

15811

0.9

72

15

6.4

57

.81

15.7

125

.479

64

23.9

0

020.9

77

00.0

49

0.3

00.0

07871

0.0

23681

0.9

63

15

6.8

58

.31

15.5

725

.448

78

23.8

0

020.9

76

00.0

49

0.3

00.0

07838

0.0

31519

0.9

63

15

7.1

58

.31

14.1

725

.282

68

23.7

0

020.9

76

00.0

51

0.2

00.0

07838

0.0

39356

0.9

63

15

7.9

58

.71

14.1

725

.252

11

23.7

0

020.9

76

00.0

51

0.2

00.0

05904

0.0

45261

0.9

72

15

8.5

58

.71

14.5

12

5.2

668

23.7

0

020.9

75

00.0

51

0.2

00.0

05904

0.0

51165

0.9

72

15

9.4

59

.61

14.8

525

.270

01

23.7

0

020.9

75

00.0

51

0.2

00.0

04042

0.0

55207

0.9

81

15

9.8

60

.51

16

.825

.468

32

24

0

020.9

75

00.0

51

0.2

00.0

01895

0.0

57102

0.9

91

16

0.2

61.3

116.8

25

.453

04

24

0

020.9

75

00.0

51

0.2

00.0

01903

0.0

59004

0.9

91

16

0.3

61.8

116

.46

25

.412

16

24.1

0

020.9

73

00.0

51

0.1

00.0

01903

0.0

60907

0.9

91

16

0.4

62

116

.79

25

.444

32

24.1

0

020.9

73

00.0

51

0.1

00.0

01918

0.0

62825

0.9

91

16

0.5

62.1

118

.55

25

.631

48

24.3

0

020.9

73

00.0

52

0.1

00

0.0

62825

11

60.5

62.1

120

.18

25

.807

09

24.5

0

020.9

73

00.0

53

0.1

00

0.0

62825

11

60.4

62.1

122

.48

26

.056

77

24.7

0

020.9

73

00.0

54

0.1

00

0.0

62825

11

60.2

62.1

122

.48

26

.064

58

24.7

0

0.0

32

20.9

68

00.0

65

0.1

00

0.0

62825

11

60

62

122

.48

26

.072

41

24.7

0

2.3

320.9

61

0.0

01

0.0

76

0.1

0.0

00002

00.0

62825

11

59.9

61.9

122

.99

26

.130

56

24.8

0

13.0

64

20.9

35

0.0

01

0.1

0.1

0.0

00015

00.0

62825

11

59.8

61.9

122

.99

26

.134

48

24.8

0

21.8

11

20.9

15

0.0

02

0.1

13

0.1

0.0

00037

00.0

62825

11

59.7

61.8

121

.84

26

.015

92

24.7

0

38.2

85

20.8

78

0.0

02

0.1

36

0.1

0.0

00076

00.0

62825

11

59.7

61.8

120.7

25

.893

92

24.6

0

46.1

63

20.8

61

0.0

03

0.1

46

0.1

0.0

00122

00.0

62825

11

59.7

61.8

117

.94

25

.596

16

24.3

0.0

0833

3

59.5

820.8

33

0.0

03

0.1

55

0.1

0.0

00181

00.0

62825

11

59.6

61.8

117

.94

25.6

24.3

0

63.0

79

20.8

26

0.0

03

0.1

55

0.1

0.0

00244

00.0

62825

11

59.6

61.8

118

.25

25

.633

62

24.3

0

67.4

01

20.8

19

0.0

03

0.1

49

0.1

0.0

00312

00.0

62825

11

59.5

61.8

118

.28

25

.640

73

24.3

0

68.7

620.8

19

0.0

02

0.1

42

0.1

0.0

00381

00.0

62825

11

59.5

61.8

119

.28

25

.74889

24.4

0

63.2

37

20.8

33

0.0

02

0.1

30.1

0.0

00444

00.0

62825

11

59.5

61.8

119

.56

25

.77909

24.4

-0.0

01

667

64.5

08

20.8

33

0.0

02

0.1

24

0.1

0.0

00508

00.0

62825

11

59.5

61.8

120

25

.82649

24.5

0

60.3

620.8

43

0.0

02

0.1

14

0.1

0.0

00569

00.0

62825

11

59.5

61.7

119

.72

25

.79634

24.5

0

61.0

38

20.8

43

0.0

01

0.1

09

0.1

0.0

0063

00.0

62825

11

59.5

61.7

119

.54

25

.77694

24.4

0

51.6

04

20.8

63

0.0

01

0.1

0.1

0.0

00681

00.0

62825

11

59.5

61.7

119

.58

25

.78125

24.4

0

52.0

53

20.8

63

0.0

01

0.0

96

0.1

0.0

00733

00.0

62825

11

59.5

61.7

118

.91

25

.70892

24.4

0

44.2

820.8

79

0.0

01

0.0

88

0.1

0.0

00778

00.0

62825

11

59.5

61.8

118

.91

25

.70892

24.4

0

31.8

28

20.9

03

0.0

01

0.0

85

0.1

0.0

00809

00.0

62825

11

59.5

61.9

119

.26

25

.74673

24.4

0

25.0

520.9

16

0.0

01

0.0

82

0.1

0.0

00834

00.0

62825

11

59.6

61.9

119.4

25

.75797

24.4

0

19.6

76

20.9

27

0.0

01

0.0

79

0.1

0.0

00854

00.0

62825

11

59.6

62

119.4

25

.75797

24.4

0

18.0

620.9

31

00.0

76

0.1

0.0

00872

00.0

62825

11

59.7

62

119

.08

25

.71956

24.4

0

14.4

54

20.9

39

00.0

71

0.1

0.0

00887

00.0

62825

11

59.7

62

119

.08

25

.71956

24.4

0

12.6

45

20.9

43

00.0

69

0.1

0.0

00899

00.0

62825

11

59.7

62

119

.81

25

.79828

24.5

0

9.9

64

20.9

49

00.0

65

0.1

0.0

00909

00.0

62825

11

59.7

62

119

.37

25

.75086

24.4

0

8.6

31

20.9

52

00.0

63

0.1

0.0

00918

00.0

62825

11

59.7

62

118

.34

25

.63952

24.3

0

6.3

35

20.9

57

00.0

60.1

0.0

00924

00.0

62825

11

59.7

62

11

8.9

92

5.7

0984

24.4

0

4.8

73

20.9

60

0.0

59

0.1

0.0

00929

00.0

62825

11

59.8

62

11

8.4

62

5.6

4867

24.3

0

2.8

92

20.9

64

00.0

58

0.1

0.0

00932

00.0

62825

11

59.8

62.1

11

8.3

82

5.6

4001

24.3

0

2.4

72

20.9

65

00.0

57

0.1

0.0

00934

00.0

62825

11

59.8

62.1

11

9.9

62

5.8

1054

24.5

0

0.9

08

20.9

68

00.0

57

0.1

0.0

00935

00.0

62825

11

59.8

62.1

11

9.9

62

5.8

1054

24.5

0

0.4

97

20.9

69

00.0

56

0.1

0.0

00936

00.0

62825

11

59.8

62.1

11

9.2

82

5.7

3729

24.4

0

0.0

84

20.9

70

0.0

55

0.1

0.0

00936

00.0

62825

11

59.8

62.2

11

9.2

82

5.7

3729

24.4

0

0.1

94

20.9

70

0.0

54

0.1

0.0

00936

00.0

62825

11

59.8

62.2

11

9.2

82

5.7

3729

24.4

0

020.9

71

00.0

52

0.1

0.0

00936

00.0

62825

11

59.9

62.2

11

9.4

62

5.7

5283

24.5

0

020.9

72

00.0

52

0.1

0.0

00936

00.0

62825

11

59.9

62.2

11

9.1

525.7

194

24.4

0

020.9

72

00.0

51

0.1

0.0

00936

00.0

62825

11

59.9

62.2

11

9.4

325.7

496

24.4

0

020.9

73

00.0

51

0.1

0.0

00936

00.0

62825

11

59.9

62.2

11

9.4

325.7

496

24.4

0

020.9

74

00.0

51

0.1

0.0

00936

00.0

62825

11

59.9

62.2

11

8.5

72

5.6

5672

24.4

0

020.9

75

00.0

51

0.1

0.0

00936

00.0

62825

11

59.9

62.2

11

8.5

72

5.6

5672

24.4

0

020.9

75

00.0

51

0.1

0.0

00936

00.0

62825

11

59.9

62.2

11

8.6

82

5.6

6862

24.4

0

020.9

77

00.0

51

0.1

0.0

00936

00.0

62825

11

59.9

62.2

11

8.7

82

5.6

7943

24.4

0

58

PP 8007 ISO

实验室名称:

实验员:

文件名:

报告名:

样品描述:

材料:

E等价热值 13.1 MJ/kg

厚度 .02 mm

初始质量 .3 g

辐射面积 88.4 c㎡

热辐射值 50 kW/㎡

辐射距离 25 cm

试样方向 Vertical

测试条件

测试标准 ISO 5660-1

测试日期 ##########

测试时间 54 S

初始条件

C-系数 0.043

光程 0.114 m

O2延迟时间 13 S

CO2延迟时间 13S

CO延迟时间 13S MARHE

OD矫正系数 0.9945

平均 峰值

总热释放 0.00 MJ/㎡ 0 85.21

总氧气消耗量 0.0 g 0 0

质量损失 22.6 g/㎡ 1.03 0

平均质量损失 3.60 g/㎡s 1453.8 0

总产烟率 14.7 ㎡/㎡ 0 0

总产烟量 0.1㎡ 0.01 0

损失10%质量时间 0 s 1 s

损失90%质量时间 5 s 3.6 g/㎡s

测试平均值1 min 2 min 3 min 4 min 5 min 6 min

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

产烟数据

总产烟率: 整个测试过程 (0 秒 -14 秒) 41.9㎡/㎡

YES

26.1 ℃

50.20%

结果 (在3 和 54s之间)

3S

结束标准

14 S熄灭时间

点燃时间

54 S

0.85 MJ/㎡

0 MJ/㎡

总热量 (0~300)

质量损失率(g/s·㎡)

热释放率(kw/㎡)

单位质量产热率.(MJ/kg)

0.0530%

20.4 kW/㎡

基线氧含量

20.596%

比消光面积(㎡/kg)

一氧化碳的产率(kg/kg)

起始 点燃到 火焰熄灭

二氧化碳的产率(kg/kg)

70%质量损失时间10%到90%质量损失率

总产烟率 :无焰阶段 (0秒 - 3秒) 2.0㎡/㎡

0

0.01

0

0.01一氧化碳的产率(kg/kg)

二氧化碳的产率(kg/kg)

3 s

3 s

14 s

0

1453.83

0

设备参数

ISO 5660-1 : 2003

总热量 (0~1200)

时间（秒)

0.00MJ/kg

0 MJ/㎡

总热量 (0~600)

热释放结果

结束时间

基线大气压氧含量

总产烟率 : 燃烧阶段 (3 秒 -14秒)

测试样品条件

MOTIS12

lj

SAVE

2GPP441907241126

pp 8007

热释放(kW/㎡)

质量损失率(g/s·㎡ )

39.9㎡/㎡

0

0

0.03

1563.03

1.03

比消光面积(㎡/kg)

单位质量产热率 (MJ/kg)

0

0秒 -

28

0

0

0

0

大气温度 26.1 [℃]

试样数目

要求烟气流量

边框选用?

栅格选用?

是否选用基材?

基材

制造商

No

No

CHEN14

LIUJ13

时间记录预测条件

大气湿度

101.9 [kPa]

热当量质量损失 0.2g

基线CO2氧含量

20.950%

50.2 [%]

大气压力

锥形量热仪测试报告1

No

1

9of10

24 [l/s]

No

平衡条件?

环境温度

环境湿度

59

PP 8007 FTP

实验室名称:

实验员:

文件名:

报告名:

样品描述:

材料:

E等价热值 13.1 MJ/kg

厚度 .02 mm

初始质量 .3 g

辐射面积 88.4 c㎡

热辐射值 50 kW/㎡

辐射距离 25 mm

试样方向 Vertical

测试条件

符合标准 ISO 5660-1

测试时间 ############

测试时间 54 s

初始条件

C-系数 0.043

光程 0.114 s

O2延迟时间 13 s

CO2延迟时间 13 s

CO延迟时间 13 s

OD矫正系数 0.9945

热释放(30)最大(kw/㎡)

产烟率(30)最大(㎡/s)

总热释放(MJ/㎡)

2GPP441907241126

pp 8007

平衡条件? YES

边框选用? No 环境湿度 50.20%

28.3

0.0072

0.6

锥形量热仪测试报告2MOTIS12

lj

SAVE

结束时间

环境温度 26.1 [°C]

1

样品

试样数目 9of10

No

制造商 CHEN14

Sponsor

要求烟气流量 24 [l/s]

LIUJ13

大气压力 101.9 [kPa]

预测条件 时间记录

栅格选用? No

是否选用基材? No

基材

熄灭时间 14 s

大气温度 26.1 [°C] 点燃时间 3 s

大气湿度 50.2 [%] 结束标准 ISO 5660-1 : 2003

基线氧含量 20.950% 总热量 (0~600)0 MJ/㎡

设备参数 热释放结果

基线大气压氧含量 20.596% 总热量 (0~300)0.85 MJ/㎡

0 MJ/㎡

质量损失 0.2 g 热当量 0.00 MJ/kg

基线C2氧含量 0.0530% 总热量 (0~1200)

测试结果

火焰增长指数[W/㎡·s]

烟气增长指数[m²/s²]

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91

-100.0

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

700.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

FIGRA W/sHRR,THR and FIGRA value

HRR30

THR

FIGRA

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91

00.0010.0020.0030.0040.0050.0060.0070.008

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

SMOGRA ㎡/s²RSP ㎡/s SPR and SMOGRA Value

SPR30

SMOGRA

60

PP 8007 Data

时间(s)热释放(30)(kW

/m²)

产烟率(30)

(m²/s)

总热释放

(MJ/m²)总产烟量(m²)

火焰增长指数(W/㎡·s)

烟气增长指数A(m²/s²)

27 0 0 0 0 0 0

28 0 0 0 0 0 0

29 15.1556 0.007 15.16 0.0072 0 0

30 17.3995 0.007 32.56 0.0144 0 0

31 19.3955 0.007 51.95 0.0215 0 0

32 20.9896 0.007 72.94 0.0286 0 0

33 22.4071 0.007 95.35 0.0357 0 0

34 23.5165 0.007 118.86 0.0426 0 0

35 24.4708 0.007 143.33 0.0495 0 0

36 25.1992 0.007 168.53 0.056 0 0

37 25.8333 0.006 194.37 0.0622 0 0

38 26.3273 0.006 220.69 0.068 0 0

39 26.7813 0.005 247.48 0.0734 0 0

40 27.194 0.005 274.67 0.0785 0 0

41 27.5436 0.005 302.21 0.0835 0 0

42 27.8346 0.005 330.05 0.0883 0 0

43 28.0077 0.005 358.06 0.0931 0 0

44 28.1541 0.005 386.21 0.0979 0 0

45 28.2344 0.005 414.44 0.1028 0 0

46 28.28 0.005 442.72 0.1078 0 0

47 28.294 0.005 471.02 0.1129 0 0

48 28.3116 0.005 499.33 0.1181 0 0

49 28.2472 0.005 527.58 0.1234 0 0

50 28.2403 0.005 555.82 0.1288 0 0

51 28.2257 0.006 584.04 0.1343 0 0

52 28.2257 0.006 612.27 0.1398 0 0

53 27.7498 0.006 640.02 0.1453 0 0

61

PP 8007 Graph

实验室名称:

实验员:

文件名:

报告名:

样品描述:

材料:

实验室名称: MOTIS12

实验员: lj

文件名: SAVE

报告名: 2GPP441907241126

样品描述: pp 8007

材料: 1

2GPP441907241126

pp 8007

1

锥形量热仪性能曲线

MOTIS12

lj

SAVE

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 128 255 382 509 636 763 890

热释放率(kW/m²)

20.6520.7

20.7520.8

20.8520.9

20.9521

1 129 257 385 513 641 769 897

含氧量(%)

-0.00050

0.00050.001

0.00150.002

0.00250.003

0.0035

1 137 273 409 545 681 817 953

一氧化碳含量(%)

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

1 128 255 382 509 636 763 890

二氧化碳含量(%)

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

1 129 257 385 513 641 769 897

样品重量(g)

-0.0002

0

0.0002

0.0004

0.0006

0.0008

0.001

1 141 281 421 561 701 841 981

总热释放(MJ/m²)

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

1 134 267 400 533 666 799 932

产烟率(m²/s)

00.050.1

0.150.2

0.250.3

0.350.4

1 123 245 367 489 611 733 855 977

总产烟量(m²)

62

PP 8007 BASE

产烟

率

(m

²/s

)

总产

烟量

(m

²)

主光

值

(1

)

辅光

值

(1

)

孔板

温度

(℃

)

采样

温度

(℃

)

孔板

压

差

(p

a)

Me质

量

流量

(1)

体积

流量

(L

)

质量

差分

(g

)

0.005394

0.010787

0.981

1.006

55.6

56.9

121.51

26.14217

24.4

0

0.007333

0.01812

0.972

1.006

55.7

56.9

120.71

26.05201

24.3

0

0.007333

0.025453

0.972

1.006

55.8

57.1

119.84

25.95401

24.3

0

0.007302

0.032755

0.972

1.006

55.9

57.2

118.98

25.85678

24.2

0

0.009123

0.041878

0.963

1.006

56.2

57.6

115.31

25.44328

23.8

0

0.013222

0.055101

0.944

1.006

56.4

57.7

114.27

25.32059

23.7

0

0.017162

0.072262

0.926

1.006

57.1

58.4

113.23

25.17838

23.6

0

0.017162

0.089424

0.926

1.006

57.5

59

113.23

25.16315

23.6

0

0.015154

0.104578

0.935

1.006

58.7

60.1

113.47

25.14421

23.6

0

0.015218

0.119796

0.935

1.006

59.3

60.8

113.47

25.12151

23.7

0

0.009085

0.128881

0.963

1.006

60.3

61.7

113.47

25.08382

23.7

0

0.0092

0.138081

0.963

1.006

60.6

62.1

115.53

25.29911

24

0

0.007302

0.145383

0.972

1.006

61

62.5

117.59

25.50838

24.2

0

0.00546

0.150843

0.981

1.006

61

62.5

122

25.9823

24.7

0

0.00546

0.156303

0.981

1.006

61

62.7

122

25.9823

24.7

0

0.005438

0.161741

0.981

1.006

61

62.7

121.27

25.90445

24.6

0

0.005438

0.167179

0.981

1.006

60.8

62.7

121.09

25.89297

24.6

0

0.005394

0.172573

0.981

1.006

60.7

62.7

118.76

25.64649

24.4

0

0.005394

0.177966

0.981

1.006

60.5

62.7

118.76

25.65417

24.4

0

0.005438

0.183404

0.981

1.006

60.4

62.7

120.27

25.82062

24.6

0

0.005438

0.188842

0.981

1.006

60.3

62.6

120.27

25.82449

24.6

0

0.005416

0.194258

0.981

1.006

60.2

62.6

119.55

25.75094

24.5

0

0.005416

0.199674

0.981

1.006

60.2

62.5

120.22

25.82299

24.5

0

0.004126

0.2038

0.981

160.1

62.5

119.93

25.7957

24.5

0

0.004109

0.207909

0.981

160

62.4

119.15

25.71554

24.4

0

0.004126

0.212036

0.981

160

62.4

119.75

25.7802

24.5

0

0.004126

0.216162

0.981

160

62.4

119.75

25.7802

24.5

0

0.004109

0.220272

0.981

160

62.4

119.21

25.72201

24.4

0

0.004109

0.224381

0.981

160

62.4

119.21

25.72201

24.4

0

0.004126

0.228507

0.981

160

62.4

119.45

25.74789

24.5

0

0.005438

0.233945

0.981

1.006

59.9

62.3

120.55

25.87005

24.6

0

0.00546

0.239405

0.981

1.006

59.9

62.3

121.42

25.96324

24.7

0

0.005482

0.244887

0.981

1.006

59.9

62.2

122.91

26.12206

24.8

0

0.005482

0.250369

0.981

1.006

59.9

62.2

122.91

26.12206

24.8

0

0.005482

0.255852

0.981

1.006

59.8

62.2

122.55

26.08769

24.8

0

0.00546

0.261312

0.981

1.006

59.8

62.2

122.2

26.05041

24.7

0

0.005438

0.266749

0.981

1.006

59.8

62.2

121.12

25.93504

24.6

0

0.005438

0.272187

0.981

1.006

59.8

62.2

121.12

25.93504

24.6

0

0.00546

0.277647

0.981

1.006

59.8

62.2

121.46

25.97141

24.7

0

0.005438

0.283085

0.981

1.006

59.8

62.2

121.35

25.95965

24.6

0

0.005438

0.288523

0.981

1.006

59.8

62.2

121.12

25.93504

24.6

0

0.005438

0.293961

0.981

1.006

59.9

62.2

121.12

25.93114

24.6

0

0.005438

0.299399

0.981

1.006

59.9

62.2

120.88

25.90544

24.6

0

0.007423

0.306822

0.972

1.006

59.9

62.2

120.88

25.90544

24.6

0

0.007423

0.314245

0.972

1.006

59.9

62.2

120.88

25.90544

24.6

0

0.007514

0.321759

0.972

1.006

59.8

62.2

123.34

26.17164

24.9

0

0.007574

0.329333

0.972

1.006

59.8

62.2

125.52

26.40191

25.1

0

0.007634

0.336967

0.972

1.006

59.8

62.2

127.7

26.6302

25.3

0

0.007634

0.344602

0.972

1.006

59.8

62.2

127.7

26.6302

25.3

0

0.007544

0.352146

0.972

1.006

59.8

62.2

125.15

26.36297

25

0

0.007514

0.359659

0.972

1.006

59.8

62.2

123.57

26.19603

24.9

0

0.005438

0.365097

0.981

1.006

59.8

62.2

121.13

25.93611

24.6

0

0.005416

0.370513

0.981

1.006

59.8

62.2

120.25

25.84172

24.5

0