Flags of the Confederate States of America

This article is about historical uses of ags asso-ciated with the Confederate States of America. Formodern uses, seeModern display of the Confederate ag.

There were three successive national ag designs thatserved as the o cial national flags of the Confeder-ate States of America (the "Confederate States" or the"Confederacy") during its existence from 1861 to 1865.Since the end of the American Civil War, private and of-cial use of the Confederacy's ags, and of ags withderivative designs, has continued under philosophical,political, cultural, and racial controversy in the UnitedStates. These include ags displayed in states; cities,towns and counties; schools, colleges and universities;private organizations and associations; and by individu-als.The state ag of Mississippi features the familiar Con-federate battle ag in the canton, or upper left corner, theonly current U.S. state ag to do so. Georgia’s state agis very similar to the rst national ag of the Confeder-acy, the “Stars and Bars"; a prior design incorporating theConfederate battle ag was in use from 1956 until 2001.

1 National flags

1.1 First national flag: “The Stars andBars” (1861–1863)

A Confederate “Stars and Bars” flag, captured by soldiers of theUnion Army at Columbia, South Carolina.

The rst o cial national ag of the Confederacy,often called the “Stars and Bars”, was own fromMarch 4, 1861 to May 1, 1863. It was designed by

Three versions of the flag of the Confederate States of Amer-ica and the Confederate Battle Flag are shown on this printedposter from 1896. The “Stars and Bars” can be seen in the up-per left. Standing at the center are Stonewall Jackson, P. G. T.Beauregard, and Robert E. Lee, surrounded by bust portraits ofJefferson Davis, Alexander Stephens, and various Confederatearmy officers, such as James Longstreet and A. P. Hill.

German/Prussian artist Nicola Marschall in Marion, Al-abama and resembles the Flag of the Austrian Empire(later Austria-Hungary, now the Republic of Austria),with which Marschall would have been familiar.[12][13]The “Stars and Bars” ag was adopted March 4, 1861, inthe rst temporary national capital of Montgomery, Al-abama, and raised over the dome of that rst Confederatecapitol. Marschall also designed the Confederate armyuniform.[13]

One of the rst acts of the Provisional ConfederateCongress was to create the “Committee on the Flag andSeal”, chaired by William Porcher Miles of South Car-olina. The committee asked the public to submit thoughtsand ideas on the topic and was, as historian JohnM. Coskiputs it, “overwhelmed by requests not to abandon the 'oldag' of the United States.” Miles had already designed aag that would later become known as the Confederate"Battle Flag", and he favored his ag over the “Stars and

1

2 1 NATIONAL FLAGS

Bars” proposal. But given the popular support for a agsimilar to the U.S. ag ("the Stars and Stripes" – orig-inally established and designed in June 1777 during theRevolutionary War), the “Stars and Bars” design was ap-proved by the committee.[14] When the American CivilWar broke out, the “Stars and Bars” caused confusion onthe battle eld at the First Battle of Bull Run because of itssimilarity to the U.S. ag, especially when it was hanginglimp, down on the agsta .[15]

The “Stars and Bars” was also criticized on ideologi-cal grounds for its resemblance to the U.S. ag, whichmany Confederates disliked, seeing it as symbolizingabolitionism and emancipation, to which the governmentof the Confederacy were o cially opposed to as a matterof policy. As early as April 1861, a month after the ag’sadoption, some were already criticizing the ag, calling ita “servile imitation” and a “detested parody” of the U.S.ag.[16] In January 1862, George William Bagby, writ-ing for the Southern Literary Messenger, wrote that manyConfederates disliked the ag. “Every body wants a newConfederate ag,” Bagby wrote, also stating that “Thepresent one is universally hated. It resembles the Yankeeag and that is enough to make it unutterably detestable.”The editor of the Charleston Mercury expressed a simi-lar view, stating that “It seems to be generally agreed thatthe 'Stars and Bars’ will never do for us. They resembletoo closely the dishonored 'Flag of Yankee Doodle' …we imagine that the "Battle Flag" will become the South-ern Flag by popular acclaim.” In addition, William T.Thompson, the editor of the Savannah-basedDailyMorn-ing News also objected to the ag, stating in April 1863that he was opposed to it “on account of its resemblanceto that of the abolition despotism against which we areghting.”[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] In 1863, Thompson would goon to design the ag that would succeed the “Stars andBars”, the “Stainless Banner”.[5][6][7][8]

Over the course of the ag’s use by the Confederacy,additional stars were added to the ag’s canton, even-tually bringing the total number of stars on the ag tothirteen. This re ected the Confederacy’s claims of hav-ing admitted Kentucky and Missouri into the Confeder-acy. Although they were represented in the Confeder-ate Congress, neither state was ever fully controlled oradministered by the Confederacy. The rst showing ofthe 13-star ag was outside the Ben Johnson House inBardstown, Kentucky; the 13-star design was also in useas the Confederate navy’s battle ensign.

• First national ag with 7 stars(March 4, 1861 – May 21, 1861)

• First national ag with 9 stars(May 21, 1861 – July 2, 1861)

• First national ag with 11 stars(July 2, 1861 – November 28, 1861)

• First national ag with 13 stars(November 28, 1861 – May 1, 1863[1])

1. ^ “Confederate States of America government”.Retrieved October 5, 2014.

1.2 Second national flag: “The StainlessBanner” (1863–1865)

During the solicitation for a second Confederate nationalag, there were many di erent types of designs that wereproposed, nearly all making use of the battle ag, whichby 1863 had become well-known and popular amongthose living in the Confederacy. The new design wasspeci ed by the Confederate Congress to be a white eld“with the union (now used as the battle ag) to be a squareof two-thirds the width of the ag, having the ground red;thereupon a broad saltire of blue, bordered with white,and emblazoned with mullets or ve-pointed stars, corre-sponding in number to that of the Confederate States.”[17]

The ag is also known as “the Stainless Banner” andwas designed by William T. Thompson, a newspaper ed-itor and writer based in Savannah, Georgia, with assis-tance from William Ross Postell, a Confederate block-ade runner.[2][3][5][6][7][8] The nickname “stainless” re-ferred to the pure white eld which took up a largepart of the ag’s design, although W.T. Thompson, theag’s designer, referred to his design as “The WhiteMan’s Flag”.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] In referring to the whiteeld that comprised a large part of the ag’s design el-ements, Thompson stated that its color symbolized the“supremacy of the white man":[1]

Second national flag(May 1, 1863 – March 4, 1865[18]), 2:1 ratio

As a people we are ghting maintain theHeaven-ordained supremacy of the white manover the inferior or colored race; a white agwould thus be emblematical of our cause.—William T. Thompson (April 23, 1863),Daily Morning News[2][3][4][5][6][7][8]

However, the o cial Confederate ag act of 1864 didnot formally state what the white-colored eld o ciallysymbolized and thus, many Confederates at the time of-fered various interpretations. The Confederate Congressdebated whether the white eld should have a blue stripe

1.3 Third national flag: “The Blood-Stained Banner” (1865) 3

Second national flag, also used as the Confederate navy’s ensign,1.5:1 ratio

and whether it should be bordered in red. As the ag’sdesigner, W.T. Thompson opposed adding any such ad-ditional elements to the white eld.[2][3][8][5][6][7] WilliamMiles delivered a speech supporting the simple white de-sign that was eventually approved. He argued that thebattle ag must be used, but for a national ag it was nec-essary to emblazon it, but as simply as possible, with aplain white eld.[19] In May 1863, when Thompson dis-covered that his design had been chosen by the Confeder-ate Congress to become the Confederacy’s next nationalag, he was pleased. He praised his design as symboliz-ing the Confederacy’s ideology and its cause of “a supe-rior race”, as well as for bearing little resemblance to theU.S. ag, which he called the “infamous banner of theYankee vandals”. Writing for Savannah’s Daily MorningNews, Thompson stated:

As a national emblem, it is signi cantof our higher cause, the cause of a superiorrace, and a higher civilization contendingagainst ignorance, in delity, and barbarism.Another merit in the new ag is, that it bearsno resemblance to the now infamous bannerof the Yankee vandals.—William T. Thompson (May 4, 1863), DailyMorning News[2][3][5][6][7][8]

The ags that were actually produced by the RichmondClothing Depot used the 1.5:1 ratio adopted for the Con-federate navy’s battle ensign, rather than the o cial 2:1ratio.[9]

Initial reaction to the second national ag was favorable,but over time it became criticized for being “too white”.The Columbia-based Daily South Carolinian observedthat it was essentially a battle ag upon a ag of truceand might send a mixed message. Military o cers alsovoiced complaints about the ag being too white, for var-ious reasons, such as the danger of being mistaken fora ag of truce, especially on naval ships, and that it wastoo easily soiled.[11] Addressing these concerns, the ag’sdesigner, W.T. Thompson, stated that the battle cross in

the canton was su cient enough to distinguish the agfrom that of one of truce and that adding any additionalelements would make the ag look too much like theU.S. one, which he referred to derisively as “the Yan-kee ag”.[5][6][7][8] However, despite these complaints,the second national ag was applauded by some for itsdesign invoking Confederate ideology. George WilliamBagby praised the ag, referring to the saltire in the ag’scanton as the “Southern Cross”, as did others at the time,and stating that it embodied “the destiny of the Southernmaster and his African slave”, pointing them southward to"the banks of the Amazon", expressing the desire manyConfederates held of expanding slavery southward intoLatin America.[4][20]

1.3 Third national flag: “The Blood-Stained Banner” (1865)

Third national flag (after March 4, 1865)

Third national flag as commonly manufactured, with a squarecanton

The third national ag (also called “the Blood StainedBanner”) was adopted March 4, 1865. The red verticalbar was proposed by Major Arthur L. Rogers, who ar-gued that the pure white eld of the Second National agcould be mistaken as a ag of truce: when hanging limpin no wind, the ag’s Southern Cross canton could acci-dentally stay hidden, so the ag could mistakenly appearall white.

4 2 OTHER FLAGS

Rogers lobbied successfully to have this alteration intro-duced in the Confederate Senate. He defended his re-design as having “as little as possible of the Yankee blue”,and described it as symbolizing the primary origins ofthe people of the Confederacy, with the St. Andrew’sCross of the British ags and the red bar from the ag ofFrance.[11]

The Flag Act of 1865 by the Confederate congress nearthe very end of theWar, describes the ag in the followinglanguage:

The Congress of the Confederate Statesof America do enact, That the ag of theConfederate States shall be as follows: Thewidth two-thirds of its length, with the union(now used as the battle ag) to be in widththree- fths of the width of the ag, and soproportioned as to leave the length of the eldon the side of the union twice the width ofthe eld below it; to have the ground red anda broad blue saltire thereon, bordered withwhite and emblazoned with mullets or vepointed stars, corresponding in number tothat of the Confederate States; the eld to bewhite, except the outer half from the union tobe a red bar extending the width of the ag.—Flag Act of 1865, [10]

Despite the passage of the Flag Act of 1865, very few ofthese third national ags were actually manufactured andput into use in the eld, with many Confederates neverseeing the ag. Moreover, the ones made by the Rich-mond Clothing Depot used the square canton of the sec-ond national ag rather than the slightly rectangular onethat was speci ed by the law.[10]

2 Other flags

The "Bonnie Blue Flag"

In addition to the national ags of the Confederacy, awide variety of ags and banners were own by South-erners during the War. Most famously, the "Bonnie

Blue Flag" was used as an uno cial ag during the earlymonths of 1861. It was ying above the Confederate bat-teries that rst opened re on Fort Sumter in Charlestonharbor, in South Carolina beginning the Civil War. The"Van Dorn battle ag" was also carried by Confederatetroops ghting in the Trans-Mississippi and Western the-aters of war. In addition, many military units had theirown regimental ags they would carry into battle. Othernotable ags used are shown below.[21]

2.1 Battle flag

The Army of Northern Virginia battle ag was square, ofvarious sizes for the di erent branches of the service: 52inches (130 cm) square for the infantry, 38 inches (97 cm)for the artillery, and 32 inches (81 cm) for the cavalry.It was used in battle beginning in December 1861 untilthe fall of the Confederacy. The blue color on the saltirein the battle ag was navy blue, as opposed to the muchlighter blue of the Naval Jack.The ag’s stars represented the number of states in theConfederacy. The distance between the stars decreasedas the number of states increased, reaching thirteen whenthe secessionist factions of Kentucky andMissouri joinedin late 1861.[22]

The Battle Flag of the Army of Northern Virginia

At the First Battle of Manassas, near Manassas, Virginia,the similarity between the “Stars and Bars” and the “Starsand Stripes” caused confusion and military problems.Regiments carried ags to help commanders observe andassess battles in the warfare of the era. At a distance, thetwo national ags were hard to tell apart.[23] In addition,Confederate regiments carried many other ags, whichadded to the possibility of confusion. After the battle,General P. G. T. Beauregard wrote that he was “resolvedthen to have [our ag] changed if possible, or to adopt formy command a 'Battle ag', which would be Entirely dif-

2.1 Battle flag 5

ferent from any State or Federal ag.”[15] He turned to hisaide, who happened to beWilliam PorcherMiles, the for-mer chairman of the Confederate Congress’s “Commit-tee on the Flag and Seal”. Miles described his rejectednational ag design to Beauregard. Miles also told theCommittee on the Flag and Seal about the general’s com-plaints and request for the national ag to be changed.The committee rejected this idea by a four to one vote,after which Beauregard proposed the idea of having twoags. He described the idea in a letter to his commandingGeneral Joseph E. Johnston: “I wrote to [Miles] that weshould have “two” ags—a peace or parade ag, and awarag to be used only on the eld of battle—but congresshaving adjourned no action will be taken on the matter—How would it do us to address the War Dept. on the sub-ject of Regimental or badge ags made of red with twoblue bars crossing each other diagonally on which shallbe introduced the stars, ... We would then on the eld ofbattle know our friends from our Enemies.”[15]

South Carolina Sovereignty/Secession Flag with the decrescentmoon and the palmetto in the left corner.

The ag that Miles had favored when he was chairmanof the “Committee on the Flag and Seal” eventually be-came the battle ag and, ultimately, the most popular agof the Confederacy. According to historian John Coski,Miles’ design was inspired by one of the many “seces-sionist ags” own at the South Carolina secession con-vention in Charleston of December 1860. That ag wasa blue St George’s Cross (an upright or Latin cross) ona red eld, with 15 white stars on the cross, represent-ing the slaveholding states,[24] and, on the red eld, pal-metto and crescent symbols. Miles received a variety offeedback on this design, including a critique fromCharlesMoise, a self-described “Southerner of Jewish persua-sion”. Moise liked the design, but asked that “the sym-bol of a particular religion not be made the symbol ofthe nation”. Taking this into account, Miles changed hisag, removing the palmetto and crescent, and substitutinga heraldic saltire (“X”) for the upright one. The numberof stars was changed several times as well. He describedthese changes and his reasons for making them in early1861. The diagonal cross was preferable, he wrote, be-cause “it avoided the religious objection about the cross(from the Jews and many Protestant sects), because it didnot stand out so conspicuously as if the cross had been

placed upright thus”. He also argued that the diagonalcross was “more Heraldric [sic] than Ecclesiastical, it be-ing the 'saltire' of Heraldry, and signi cant of strengthand progress”.[25]

The Battle of Franklin, 1864, by Kurz and Allison

According to Coski, the "Saint Andrew’s Cross" (alsoused on the ag of Scotland as a white saltire on a blueeld), had no special place in Southern iconography at thetime, and if Miles had not been eager to conciliate theSouthern Jews his ag would have used the traditionalupright, "Saint George’s Cross" (as used on the ag ofEngland, a red cross on a white eld). A colonel namedJames B. Walton submitted a battle ag design essentiallyidentical to Miles’ except with an upright Saint George’scross, but Beauregard chose the diagonal cross design.[26]

Miles’ ag, and all the ag designs up to that point, wererectangular (“oblong”) in shape. General Johnston sug-gested making it square instead to conserve material.Johnston also speci ed the various sizes to be used by dif-ferent types of military units. Generals Beauregard andJohnston and Quartermaster General Cabell approved thedesign of the 12-star Confederate Battle Flag at the Rat-cli e home, which served brie y as Beauregard’s head-quarters, near Fairfax Court House in September 1861.The 12th star represented Missouri. President Je ersonDavis arrived by train at Fairfax Station soon after andwas shown the design for the new battle ag at the Rat-cli e House. Hetty Cary and her sister and cousin madeprototypes. One such 12-star ag resides in the collectionof Richmond’s Museum of the Confederacy and the otheris in Confederate Memorial Hall in New Orleans.On November 28, 1861, Confederate soldiers in Gen-eral Robert E. Lee's newly reorganized Army of North-ern Virginia received the new battle ags in ceremoniesat Centreville and Manassas, Virginia, and carried themthroughout the Civil War. Beauregard gave a speech en-couraging the soldiers to treat this new agwith honor andthat it must never be surrendered. Many soldiers wrotehome about the ceremony and the impression the ag hadupon them, the “ ghting colors” boosting morale after theconfusion at the Battle of First Manassas. From that pointon, the battle ag only grew in its identi cation with the

6 3 THE “CONFEDERATE FLAG”

Confederacy and the South in general.[27] Later, a 13thstar was added for Kentucky.

Cherokee Confederates reunion in New Orleans, 1903

The Army of Northern Virginia battle ag assumed aprominent place post-war when it was adopted as thecopyrighted emblem of the United Confederate Veterans.Its continued use by the Southern Army’s post-war vet-erans groups, the United Confederate Veterans (U.C.V.)and the later Sons of Confederate Veterans, (S.C.V.), andelements of the design by related similar female descen-dents organizations of the United Daughters of the Con-federacy, (U.D.C.), led to the assumption that it was, as ithas been termed, “the soldier’s ag” or “the Confederatebattle ag”.The square “Battle Flag” is also properly known as “theag of the Army of Northern Virginia". It was some-times called “Beauregard’s ag” or “the Virginia bat-tle ag”. A Virginia Department of Historic Resourcesmarker declaring Fairfax, Virginia, as the birthplace ofthe Confederate battle ag was dedicated on April 12,2008, near the intersection of Main and Oak Streets, inFairfax, Virginia.[28][29][30]

2.2 Naval jacks and ensigns

The edgling Confederate States Navy adopted and usedseveral types of ags, banners, and pennants aboard allCSN ships: "jacks", “battle ensigns", and “small boat en-signs”, as well as “commissioning pennants”, “designatingags”, and “signal ags”.The First Confederate Navy Jack, in use from 1861 to1863, consisted of a circle of seven to fteen ve-pointedwhite stars against a eld of medium blue. It was ownforward aboard all Confederate warships while they wereanchored in port. One seven-star jack still exists today(found aboard the captured ironclad CSS Atlanta) that isactually dark blue in color (see illustration below, left).The Second Confederate Navy Jack was a rectangularcousin of the Confederate Army’s battle ag and was inuse from 1863 until 1865. It existed in a variety of di-mensions and sizes, despite the CSN’s detailed naval reg-ulations. The blue color of the diagonal saltire’s SouthernCross was much lighter than the dark blue of the battle

ag.

• The First Confederate Navy Jack, 1861–1863

• The Second Confederate Navy Jack, 1863–1865

• The First Confederate Navy Ensign,1861–1863

• The Second Confederate Navy Ensign, 1863–1865

The rst national ag, also known as the Stars and Bars(see above), served from 1861 to 1863 as the ConfederateNavy’s rst battle ensign. It was generally made with anaspect ratio of 2:3, but a few very wide 1:2 ratio ensignsstill survive today in museums and private collections.As the Confederacy grew, so did the numbers of whitestars seen on the ensign’s dark blue canton: seven-, nine-,eleven-, and thirteen-star groupings were typical. Even afew fourteen- and fteen-starred ensigns were made to in-clude states that were expected to secede but never com-pletely joined the Confederacy.The second national ag was later adapted as a naval en-sign, using a shorter 2:3 ratio than the 1:2 ratio adopted bythe Confederate Congress for the national ag. This par-ticular battle ensign was the only example taken aroundthe world, nally becoming the last Confederate ag low-ered in the CivilWar; this happening aboard CSS Shenan-doah in Liverpool, England on November 7, 1865.

3 The “Confederate flag”

For usage of Confederate symbols in modern society andpopular culture, see Modern display of the Confederateag.“Rebel ag” redirects here. For the red and black agcommonly used in video games and symbology for un-named or generic rebel movements, see bisected ag.Designed by William Porcher Miles, the chairman of

The rectangular battle flag of the Army of Tennessee

the Flag and Seal committee, a now-popular variant ofthe Confederate ag was rejected as the national ag in1861. It was instead adopted as a battle ag by the Armyof Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee.[31]

7

Despite never having historically represented the CSAas a country nor o cially recognized as one of the na-tional ags, it is commonly referred to as "the Confeder-ate Flag" and has become a widely recognized symbol ofthe American south.[32] It is also known as the rebel flag,Dixie flag, and Southern cross and is often incorrectlyreferred to as the “Stars and Bars”.[33] (The actual “Starsand Bars” is the rst national ag, which used an entirelydi erent design.) The self-declared Confederate exclaveof Town Line, New York, lacking a genuine Confederateag, ew a version of this ag prior to its 1946 vote toceremonially rejoin the Union.

4 Legal recognition and protection

In some U.S. states the Confederate ag is given the sameprotection from burning and desecration as the U.S. ag.It is protected from being publicly mutilated, de led, orotherwise cast in contempt by the laws of ve U.S. states:Florida,[34] Georgia,[35] Louisiana,[36]Mississippi,[37] andSouth Carolina.[38] However, laws banning the desecra-tion of any ag, even if technically remaining in ef-fect, were ruled unconstitutional in 1989 by the SupremeCourt in Texas v. Johnson, and are not enforceable.[39]

By contrast, in California, legislation enacted in 2014prohibits the Confederate ag from being sold or dis-played by government agencies, except for historical oreducational purposes.[40][41]

5 UDC salute

A “salute” to the Confederate ag was written by Mrs.James Henry Parker of New York:

I salute the Confederate Flag with a ec-tion, reverence and undying remembrance.

It was o cially adopted in 1933 by the United Daughtersof the Confederacy (UDC). This salute is still in use to-day by the organization and its auxiliary, the Children ofthe Confederacy[42] and the Sons of Confederate Veter-ans.[43][44]

According to the 1959 UDC handbook, this salute was tobe given by the speaker while giving the Pledge of Alle-giance to theUnited States ag; the Pledgewas to be givenrst, and the speaker was directed to drop their right armto their side before giving the salute.[45] The current UDCag code states that the speaker is to stand at attention andplace their ungloved right hand over their heart. The or-der of precedence for ag salutes and pledges is: saluteto the Christian ag (if used), the Pledge of Allegianceto the American ag, the salute to the state ag and thenthe salute to the Confederate ag. Speakers are to droptheir right hand to their side in between each salute orpledge.[46]

6 See also

• Great Seal of the Confederate States of America

7 Notes[1] WilliamTappan Thompson, the ag’s designer, used a dif-

ferent nickname for the ag, calling it “The battle Flag”saying the white eld symbolized the “supremacy of thewhite man”.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]

[2] Although the o cially-speci ed proportions were 1:2,many of the ags that actually ended up being producedused a 1.5:1 aspect ratio.[9]

[3] With assistance from William RossPostell.[2][3][5][6][7][8]ca. | [2][3][5][6][7][8] A white rect-angle, one-and-a-h f times as wide as it is tall a red vert

ar of equal size insidethe saltire.{{efn| The third national ag of the Confed-erate States of America. ar c Name “The Blood-StainedBanner” iz d Use = National ag we e Proportions 2:3 na i Adopted March 4, 1865 rv d Design o Awhite rectangle, one-and-a-half times as wide as it istall a red vertical stipe on the far right of the rectangle,a red quadrilateral in the canton, inside the canton isa blue saltire with white outlining, with thirteen whiteve-pointed stars of equal size inside the saltire.acy]]'sags, and of aAlthough the o cially-designated designspeci ed a rectangular canton, many of the ags thatended up being produced utilized a square-shapedcanton.[10]

8 References[1] Kim, Kyle; Krishnakumar, Priya. “What you should

know about the Confederate ag’s evolution”. Los AngelesTimes (23 June 2015).

[2] Preble 1872, pp. 414–417

[3] Preble 1880, pp. 523–525

[4] Coski, John M. (May 13, 2013). “The Birth of the 'Stain-less Banner'". The New York Times. New York: TheNew York Times Company. Archived from the originalon 2014-01-27. Retrieved January 27, 2014. A handfulof contemporaries linked the new ag design to the “pecu-liar institution” that was at the heart of the South’s econ-omy, social system and polity: slavery. Bagby character-ized the ag motif as the “Southern Cross” – the constel-lation, not a religious symbol – and hailed it for pointing'the destiny of the Southern master and his African slave'southward to 'the banks of the Amazon,' a reference to

8 8 REFERENCES

the desire among many Southerners to expand Confeder-ate territory into Latin America. In contrast, the editor ofthe Savannah, Ga., Morning News focused on the whiteeld on which the Southern Cross was emblazoned. “Asa people, we are ghting to maintain the heaven-ordainedsupremacy of the white man over the inferior or coloredraces. A White Flag would be thus emblematical of ourcause.” He dubbed the new ag “the White Man’s Flag,”a sobriquet that never gained traction.

[5] Thompson, William T. (April 23, 1863). "Daily MorningNews". Savannah, Georgia.

[6] Thompson, William T. (April 28, 1863). "Daily MorningNews". Savannah, Georgia.

[7] Thompson, William T. (May 4, 1863). "Daily MorningNews". Savannah, Georgia.

[8] Loewen, JamesW.; Sebesta, Edward H. (2010). The Con-federate and Neo Confederate Reader: The Great Truthabout the 'Lost Cause'. Jackson, Mississippi: UniversityPress of Mississippi. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-60473-219-1.OCLC 746462600. Retrieved December 5, 2013. Con-federates even showed their preoccupation with race intheir ag. Civil War bu s know that 'the Confederate ag'waved today was never the o cial ag of the ConfederateStates of America. Rather, it was the ag of the Armyof Northern Virginia. During the war, the Confederacyadopted three o cial ags. The rst, sometimes called'the Stars and Bars,' drew many objections 'on account ofits resemblance to that of the abolition despotism againstwhich we are ghting,' in the words of the editor of theSavannah Morning News, quoted herein.

[9] The Second Confederate National Flag (Flags of the Con-federacy) at the Wayback Machine (archived February 9,2009)

[10] The Third Confederate National Flag (Flags of the Con-federacy) at the Wayback Machine (archived January 30,2009)

[11] Coski 2005, pp. 17–18

[12] “NicolaMarschall”. The Encyclopedia of Alabama. April25, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011. The ag does re-semble that of the Germanic European nation of Austria,which as a Prussian artist, Marschall would have knownwell.

[13] Hume, Edgar Erskine (August 1940). “Nicola Marschall:Excerpts from The German Artist Who Designed the Con-federate Flag and Uniform". The American-German Re-view. Retrieved 26 June 2015.

[14] Coski 2005, pp. 4–5

[15] Coski 2005, p. 8

[16] Coski, John M. (May 13, 2013). “The Birth of the 'Stain-less Banner'". The New York Times. New York: The NewYork Times Company. Archived from the original on2014-01-27. Retrieved January 27, 2014. “Every bodywants a new Confederate ag,” wrote George Bagby, edi-tor of The Southern Literary Messenger, in January 1862.“The present one is universally hated. It resembles the

Yankee ag and that is enough to make it unutterably de-testable.” The editor of the Charleston Mercury echoedBagby in his criticism and in his solution: “It seems tobe generally agreed that the 'Stars and Bars’ will never dofor us. They resemble too closely the dishonored Flag ofYankee Doodle … we imagine that the Battle Flag willbecome the Southern Flag by popular acclaim.” As earlyas April 1861, critics denounced the Stars and Bars as a“servile imitation” and a “detested parody” of the Starsand Stripes.

[17] Coski The Second Confederate National Flag, Flags of theConfederacy

[18]

[19] Coski 2005, pp. 16–17

[20] Bagby, George (January 1862). “Editor’s Table”. South-ern Literary Messenger. p. 68. The “Southern Cross”holds its place steadily in the Southern heart. It was in ev-ery mouth long before the war began; it remains in spiteof all arguments against it. These arguments are ridicu-lous. First, we don’t see the Southern Cross in the heav-ens. Indeed! Do the British see the lion and the unicorn onthe land or in the sea? Do the Austrians behold the dou-ble headed eagle anywhere in nature or out of it? Whathas seeing got to do with it? The truth is, we shall seethe Southern Cross ere the destiny of the Southern masterand his African slave is accomplished. That destiny doesnot stop short of the banks of the Amazon. The world ofwonders in the animal and vegetable kingdom, of richesincalculable in the vast domain, watered by that giganticstream, is the natural heritage of the Southron and his do-mestic slave. They alone can achieve its conquest and layits untold wealth a tribute at the feet of commerce, theQueen consort of King Cotton.

[21] North & South – The O cial Magazine of the Civil WarSociety, Volume 11, Number 2, Page 30, Retrieved April16, 2010, “The Stars and Bars”

[22] Coski 2005, p. 11

[23] Gevinson, Alan. “TheReason Behind the 'Stars and Bars”.Teachinghistory.org. Retrieved October 8, 2011.

[24] Coski 2005, p. 5

[25] Coski 2005, p. 5: “describes the 15 stars and the debateon religious symbolism.”

[26] Coski 2005, pp. 6–8

[27] Coski 2005, p. 10

[28] Birthplace of the Confederate Battle Flag. The HistoricalMarker Database.

[29] “37 New Historical Markers for Virginia’s Roadways”(PDF). Notes on Virginia (Virginia Department of His-toric Resources) (52): 71. 2008. B-261: Birthplace ofthe Confederate Battle Flag

[30] “2008 Virginia Marker Dedication: Birthplace of theConfederate Battle Flag”. Retrieved October 5, 2014.

9

[31] Geoghegan, Tom (August 30, 2013). “Why do people stilly the Confederate ag?". BBC News. Retrieved October30, 2013.

[32] Chapman, Roger (2011). Culture Wars: An Encyclopediaof Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices. M.E. Sharpe. p. 114.ISBN 978-0-7656-2250-1. Retrieved February 21, 2013.

[33] Coski 2005, pp. 58

[34] “Florida Statute Chapter 256.051”. Retrieved October 5,2014.

[35] “Georgia Code Ann. Section 50-3-9”. Retrieved October5, 2014.

[36] Louisiana Revised Statutes 14:116 and 14:117

[37] Mississippi Statutes 97-7-39

[38] South Carolina Code 16-17-210 and 16-17-220

[39] Texas, Petitioner v. Gregory Lee Johnson. 491 U.S. 397(109 S.Ct. 2533, 105 L.Ed.2d 342). No. 88-155. Ar-gued: March 21, 1989. Decided: June 21, 1989.

[40] “California lawmakers OK bill that would ban Confeder-ate ag displays”. latimes.com. August 21, 2014. Re-trieved October 5, 2014.

[41] “Bill Text”. Retrieved October 5, 2014.

[42] The Code for the correct use of the Confederate ags

[43] “Sons of Confederate Veterans – Pledges and Salutes toOur Flags”. Retrieved October 5, 2014.

[44] “Sons of Confederate Veterans Zebulon Vance Camp 15Asheville North Carolina”. Retrieved October 5, 2014.

[45] Handbook of the United Daughters of the ConfederacyRichmond, n.p. 1959 pp.80 and 83

[46] The Code for the correct use of the Confederate ags“Saluting the Confederate ag”

9 Bibliography• Bonner, Robert. Colors and Blood: Flag Passions ofthe Confederate South. Princeton University Press,2002. ISBN 0-691-11949-X.

• Coski, John M. (2005). The Confederate BattleFlag: America’s Most Embattled Emblem. HarvardUniversity Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01722-1.

• Katcher, Phillip and Scollins, Rick. Flags of theAmerican Civil War 1: Confederate. (Osprey Men-At-War Series), Osprey Publishing Company, 1993.ISBN 1-85532-270-6.

• Madaus, H. Michael. Rebel Flags Afloat: A Sur-vey of the Surviving Flags of the Confederate StatesNavy, Revenue Service, and Merchant Marine. FlagResearch Center, 1986, Winchester, MA. ISSN0015-3370. (Eighty-page, all Confederate navalags issue of The Flag Bulletin, magazine #115.)

• Marcovitz, Hal. The Confederate Flag, AmericanSymbols and Their Meanings. Mason Crest Publish-ers, 2002. ISBN 1-59084-035-6.

• Martinez, James Michael; Richardson, WilliamDonald; McNinch-Su, Ron (2000). ConfederateSymbols in the Contemporary South. Gainesville,FL: University Press of Florida. pp. 284–285.ISBN 0-8130-1758-0.

• Preble, George Henry (1872). Our Flag: Origin andProgress of the Flag of the United States of America,with an Introductory Account of the Symbols, Stan-dards, Banners and Flags of Ancient and ModernNations. Albany: Joel Munsell. OCLC 612597989.

• Preble, George Henry (1880). History of the Flagof the United States of America: And of the Navaland Yacht-Club Signals, Seals, and Arms, and Prin-cipal National Songs of the United States, with aChronicle of the Symbols, Standards, Banners, andFlags of Ancient and Modern Nations (2nd reviseded.). Boston: A. Williams and Company. OCLC645323981.

10 External links• Confederate Flags at DMOZ

10 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text

• Flags of the Confederate States of America Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America?oldid=670712341 Contributors: The Epopt, Mav, The Anome, Christian List, Ortolan88, William Avery, Hephaestos, Infrogmation,JohnOwens, Michael Hardy, Palnatoke, Jrcrin001, Dante Alighieri, Hoshie, Ixfd64, AlexR, Anonymous56789, Egil, Docu, Den fjättradeankan~enwiki, Vzbs34, BRG, Jengod, Daniel Quinlan, Sedorr, Tpbradbury, Furrykef, Itai, Nv8200pa, Joy, HarryHenryGebel, AlexPlank,Robbot, Chris 73, Pibwl, Postdlf, Jor, Seth Ilys, Stuz, Carnildo, Hlj, Matt Gies, JamesMLane, DocWatson42, Tom harrison, Marcika,Wwoods, Everyking, Bkonrad, Niteowlneils, Duncharris, Bobblewik, Dainamo, Stevietheman, Chowbok, Mu, SoWhy, Formeruser-81,Vanished user 1234567890, Blazotron, Kaldari, CaribDigita, JimWae, Administer, Bumm13, Mysidia, Mrtrey99, Keresaspa, Neutrality,Oknazevad, Expatkiwi, Cab88, Karl Dickman, Ashmodai, Tcr25, The stuart, Gazpacho, Chrisjwmartin, Jayjg, Discospinster, LDBear,Pmsyyz, Samboy, ESkog, Evice, Brian0918, Zscout370, El C, Laurascudder, Susvolans, Remember, Deathawk, Dragoonmac, Whosy-ourjudas, Kghusker, TheSolomon, Texas.veggie, Brim, JW1805, Acjelen, Darwinek, SVera1NY, Pschemp, RazorChicken, Alansohn,Mgaved, Elpincha, Adkins, Paradigmbu , Khamm, Bart133, Wtmitchell, Max rspct, Binabik80, Darco, Bsadowski1, BDD, Embryomys-tic, Kelly Martin, Woohookitty, Fingers-of-Pyrex, Acone, Alcarinquë, Optichan, GregorB, Inventm, Prashanthns, Tydaj, Youngamerican,Conch Shell, Lawrence King, Cuchullain, Jclemens, Josh Parris, Rjwilmsi, Eoghanacht, WehrWolf, Koavf, Rillian, Funnyhat, Bubba73,Notorious4life, Yamamoto Ichiro, Qqqqqq, Daderot, SchuminWeb, Caesarscott, Gurch, Revolving Bugbear, Dyrnych, Quuxplusone, Al-phachimp, Vonkje, Mrschimpf, Bedford, MoRsE, It’s-is-not-a-genitive, Benjamin Gatti, Hall Monitor, Adoniscik, Jpfagerback, Crotalushorridus, RussBot, Conscious, Robert A West, ScottMainwaring, SpuriousQ, Quothe the Raven, RadioFan, Lord Voldemort, Gaius Cor-nelius, CambridgeBayWeather, Wimt, Marcus Cyron, MosheA, NawlinWiki, TEB728, Wiki alf, Phil Bastian, Tetsuo, Joel7687, Duran,Rjensen, Mithunc, Bobak, Semperf, Ospalh, Lockesdonkey, CalgaryWikifan, Wknight94, AjaxSmack, Pesco, Tuckerresearch, Pawyilee,Alarob, Pandul , Zzuuzz, Nicholas F, Closedmouth, Fang Aili, 2fort5r, Red Jay, Alias Flood, Poulpy, NeilN, Benandorsqueaks, Carlosgui-tar, Qoholeth, Nippoo, F.bendik, Victor falk, JJL, SmackBot, Amcbride, Peckerwood, P y, Bigblue sh, CantStandYa, Setanta747 (locked),Midway, WhiskyWhiskers, Kintetsubu alo, Ck4829, CyberSpork, Gilliam, Portillo, Dspserpico, Sinblox, Chris the speller, Jamie C, Ot-tawakismet, SMP, Ph7 ve, Apeloverage, Quackslikeaduck, Newmanbe, Zsinj, Muboshgu, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Jekaiser, Myt-wocents, Bigturtle, Nakon, Catherine Huebscher, Savidan, Robapalooza, Monosig, J3warner, Only, Wacki, The PIPE, Lisasmall, Copysan,Scalga, Mitchumch, TenPoundHammer, Ohconfucius, Will Beback, Lambiam, Rexhammock, Hestemand, Adavidw, Crazyfurf, Miles530,Bujbrother, Acumen76, Kransky, Retromaniac, A. Parrot, Grandpafootsoldier, Fedallah, Kpengboy, Spi 666, Andrwsc, DixieRebel,Floridan, PaulGS, Tony Papard, Iridescent, Eric12, JoeBot, Tmangray, Octane, Mcwatson, ERAGON, BeenAroundAWhile, Prosallus,Snordhol, NickW557, Onan, Cumulus Clouds, StayinAnon, Acham, Andkore, Cydebot, Korky Day, Reywas92, Vorlon19, Gogo Dodo,Bellerophon5685, Khatru2, Corpx, Desmond Hobson, B, Tawkerbot4, DumbBOT, Plasticbadge, Fre k, Cdoosc21, NL-Ninane, PamD,Tewapack, Aldis90, PKT, Malleus Fatuorum, Epbr123, SchutteGod, Jmg38, Avazina, SeNeKa, Headbomb, Marek69, John254, James086,Nick Number, Floridasand, AntiVandalBot, Luna Santin, Sion8, QuiteUnusual, StringRay, Shirt58, Brendandh, Darklilac, North Shore-man, Hoponpop69, Zigzig20s, Harrybawls, Camptown, Falconleaf, Kresock, Bscottbrown, Altairisfar, Lifthrasir1, Mark Rizo, Rothorpe,Geniac, Bencherlite, Magioladitis, Hroðulf, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Almightyuk, JNW, Twisted86, Brusegadi, Hasbro, WhatamIdo-ing, ClovisPt, Animum, Edmundwoods, BilCat, JMyrleFuller, RossMM, DerHexer, Edward321, Fix Bayonets!, Quoth the Raven, Mar-tinBot, Rufrydr1111, STBot, Arjun01, Tholly, Phileblunt86, Morrisonhimself, CommonsDelinker, J.delanoy, Trusilver, Toa5t, Tradi-tional Catholic, Karanacs, Natty4bumpo, Samtheboy, Gavinayling, NewEnglandYankee, Runt, Mufka, Shoessss, KylieTastic, WJBscribe,Jph0917, Foo ghter20x, TennRebel19, DMCer, Ja 62, WLRoss, Vinsfan368, Theboondocksaint, Funandtrvl, VolkovBot, Mcampney,Otw38, Wildwose, Philip Trueman, Martinevans123, Jdubowsky, NPrice, SuperAnonymous, Soundofmusicals, Russellholcombe0, Con-federate agguy, Andreas Kaganov, Corvus cornix, Gruverja, Wordsmith, LeaveSleaves, EconWanderer~enwiki, Bu s, Roland Kaufmann,Michaeldsuarez, Claudiala, Clintville, Falcon8765, Bahamut0013, Softlavender, Picoje , Emanuel Kingsley, Spit re8520, Winter Maiden,Bluedenim, Ashcatash5, Russellane, Bibimbab, Murkee, Trentspevacek, HowardMorland, Yerul, Lylefor, K1ng l0v3, Matthew Yeager,SE7, SelfGovern, Barliner, Megan.rw1, Emperor001, Vantey, Bentogoa, Happysailor, Flyer22, Colfer2, Sf46, Reeeems, Oxymoron83,Faradayplank, Bagatelle, Lightmouse, Hobartimus, RSStockdale, Wikitikitaki2, Yeslekxox, JohnSawyer, Presidentman, NameThatWorks,Fuddle, Capitalismojo, Anchor Link Bot, Hill of Beans, Nevar1982, Kanonkas, Myrvin, Aladdin Zane, Sfan00 IMG, LeeUSA, Clue-Bot, Jjasonn, The Thing That Should Not Be, Arakunem, Drmies, VQuakr, CounterVandalismBot, Niceguyedc, Trivialist, Dbanks2,Ktr101, Excirial, Rampartpress, Bde1982, Rhatsa26X, KDACAPELLA, Foogus, Heardman, Aitias, Berean Hunter, SoxBot III, Chick-enlver13, DumZiBoT, Finalnight, Robshenk, Emmette Hernandez Coleman, Koumz, Grande101, Stickee, Nepenthes, Little Mountain 5,Jerryk50, Coolkid4040, Jhinnant, Addbot, Paper Luigi, Avalokitesvara, DOI bot, Morriswa, Swamp re, Iktae, OliverTwisted, Mnmazur,Gri n700, Buster7, Lihaas, Chzz, Favonian, LemmeyBOT, 5 albert square, Mdnavman, Esasus, Tassedethe, Zedweiller, Grendel1970,Tide rolls, Lightbot, Abjiklam, AlexJFox, Jlodman, Soulreaper, Swarm, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, WikiDan61, Legobot II, II Mus-LiM HyBRiD II, Abright52, AnomieBOT, KDS4444, RanEagle, SolarWind1, IRP, Piano non troppo, Damzow, AdjustShift, Kingpin13,Storkynoob, Blindmage, Bluerasberry, Rufusprime, LilHelpa, Longpatrol42, Bulldogs62821, 4twenty42o, Je rey Mall, Ruy Pugliesi, J04n,B 52deceptor, RibotBOT, Airforcefan26, Bugmq, Stunjelly, Thehelpfulbot, FrescoBot, Tobby72, Tobetheman, Recognizance, Octothor-pesarus, Citation bot 1, I dream of horses, 10metreh, Jack Sparrow 3, Tobiisamaizing, HowardJWilk, Serols, Full-date unlinking bot,Merlion444, Q Illespont, Retired user 0001, DixonDBot, Mono, TimothyDexter, Joey Musial, Je rd10, Specs112, Fry1989, FlagForAll,Phlegat, BaSH PR0MPT, Deagle AP, Mukogodo, John of Reading, Acather96, EclecticEnnui, Immunize, Heracles31, RA0808, Rename-dUser01302013, Tommy2010, Hawkins Brooks, Shedaoshai, John Cline, Illegitimate Barrister, Bollyje , Bamyers99, H3llBot, SporkBot,Wingman4l7, Donner60, DeCausa, Ricescv, HandsomeFella, Nightman Cometh, Strangeling13, DASHBotAV, Gunbirddriver, ClueBotNG, Cpsfn21, BillJones0010, Snotbot, Xomthas, Fraytel, Petey Parrot, CopperSquare, WikiPuppies, Tomseattle, Helpful Pixie Bot, CurbChain, JMP12345, Whytk, Guest2625, BG19bot, Southronite, Servatai, Chandlery, Kaltenmeyer, Mark Arsten, DrPepper47, Mdy66,The Almightey Drill, SouthernEli, Confederatefarmkid, Anbu121, Hghyux, ZappaOMati, Michael Anon, Lugia2453, YvelinesFrance,TheBlueCanoe, Leopardragon, Simondas, Seqqis, Solidzz, Magnolia677, Everymorning, JohnMarkOckerbloom, ElHef, Indefatigable2,Jacquelyntwiki, The Hawk Spy, CountryboyCS, Twbranch, Impsswoon, WikiWinters, Crossswords, Mj2425, Ryk72, Monkbot, Raker127,MikeTheEditor104, Prisencolinensinainciusol, ClassicOnAStick, A.G.Iloveyou, Rubbish computer, Rebel pride yee yee, Vesuvius Dogg,JJMC89, Jimbob2462, ProprioMe OW, Loja , Paigesoutherngirl, DisuseKid, Crystalnil, Tfoshe, Nuspir, Wikinogood and Anonymous:895

11.2 Images 11

11.2 Images• File:Bandera_de_la_Corona_de_Castilla.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Bandera_de_la_

Corona_de_Castilla.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ignacio Gavira• File:Battle_flag_of_the_US_Confederacy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Battle_flag_of_the_

Confederate_States_of_America.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This vector image includes elements that have been taken oradapted from this: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mississippi.svg' class='image'><img alt='Flag ofMississippi.svg'src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png'width='30' height='20' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/60px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 2x' data- le-width='900' data- le-height='600' /></a> Flag of Mississippi.svg. Original artist: Phroziac cut this out ofImage:Flag of Mississippi.svg, which is public domain work by Zscout370.

• File:Battle_of_Franklin,_November_30,_1864.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Battle_of_Franklin%2C_November_30%2C_1864.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This image is available from the United States Libraryof Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID pga.01852.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.Original artist:

• Kurz and Allison• File:Bonnieblue.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Bonnieblue.svg License: Public domain Contribu-tors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:CSA_FLAG_4.3.1861-21.5.1861.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%28March_1861_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: SVG based in this imageOriginal artist: Nicola Marschall (1829–1917)

• File:Cherokee_Confederates_Reunion.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Cherokee_Confederates_Reunion.gif License: Public domain Contributors: http://thomaslegion.net/cherokeeindiansandtheamericancivilwar.html Original artist:Unknown

• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:Confederate_'Stars_and_Bars’{}_Flag,_captured_at_Columbia,_South_Carolina_-_Wisconsin_Veterans_Museum_-_DSC02996.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Confederate_%27Stars_and_Bars%27_Flag%2C_captured_at_Columbia%2C_South_Carolina_-_Wisconsin_Veterans_Museum_-_DSC02996.JPG License: CC0 Contributors: Ownwork Original artist: Daderot

• File:Confederate_National_Flag_since_Mar_4_1865.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281865%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Confederate_Rebel_Flag.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Confederate_Rebel_Flag.svgLicense: Public domain Contributors: SVG adapted from this image Original artist: William Porcher Miles (1822-1899)

• File:Confederate_States_Naval_Ensign_after_May_26_1863.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Confederate_States_Naval_Ensign_after_May_26_1863.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:FIAV_historical.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg License: Public domainContributors: Own work Original artist: Tijmen Stam (User:IIVQ)

• File:Flag_of_Mexico_(1823-1864,_1867-1968).png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1968%29.png License: Public domain Contributors: Uploaded to English Wikipedia by User:Zscout370. Orig-inal artist: Smartskaft

• File:Flag_of_Texas.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg License: Public domain Con-tributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_(1861-1863).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281861-1863%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: SVG own work, basedon this image Original artist: Nicola Marschall (1829–1917)

• File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_(1863-1865).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281863-1865%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: SVG based on thisimage Original artist: William Tappan Thompson (1812–1882)

• File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_(1865).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281865%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_(Third,_variant).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%28Third%2C_variant%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own workOriginal artist: Abjiklam

• File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Office-book.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Office-book.svg License: Public domain Contribu-tors: This and myself. Original artist: Chris Down/Tango project

12 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Our_Heroes_and_Our_Flags_1896.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Our_Heroes_and_Our_Flags_1896.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints andPhotographs division under the digital ID cph.3a19879.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.Original artist: Southern Lithograph Co., New York

• File:Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: converted from a png Original artist: Zippanova

• File:Second_national_flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281863-1865%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: SVG based on thisimage Original artist: William Tappan Thompson (1812–1882)

• File:South_Carolina_Sovereignty-Secession_Flag.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/South_Carolina_Sovereignty-Secession_Flag.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Emok

11.3 Content license• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0