Flagellation

Flagellation (Latin flagellum, “whip”), flogging, whip-ping or lashing is the act of methodically beating thehuman body with special implements such as whips,lashes, rods, switches, the cat o' nine tails, the sjambok,etc. Typically, flogging is imposed on an unwilling sub-ject as a punishment; however, it can also be submit-ted to willingly, or performed on oneself, in religious orsadomasochistic contexts.The strokes are usually aimed at the unclothed back ofa person, in certain settings it can be extended to othercorporeal areas. For a moderated subform of flagellation,described as bastinado, the soles of a person’s bare feetare used as a target for beating (see foot whipping).In some circumstances the word “flogging” is used looselyto include any sort of corporal punishment, includingbirching and caning. However, in British legal termi-nology, a distinction was drawn (and still is, in one ortwo colonial territories) between “flogging” (with a cat-o'-nine-tails) and “whipping” (formerly with a whip, butsince the early 19th century with a birch). In Britain thesewere both abolished in 1948.

1 Disciplinary use and torture

1.1 Antiquity

In Sparta, young men were flogged as a test of their mas-culinity. Jewish law limited flagellation to forty strokes,and in practice delivered thirty-nine, so as to avoid anypossibility of breaking this law due to a miscount. Addi-tionally they had a doctor monitor the punishment, whostopped it if it became too much for the person to bearsafely.In the Roman Empire, flagellation was often used as aprelude to crucifixion, and in this context is sometimes re-ferred to as scourging. Whips with small pieces of metalor bone at the tips were commonly used. Such a devicecould easily cause disfigurement and serious trauma, suchas ripping pieces of flesh from the body or loss of an eye.In addition to causing severe pain, the victim would ap-proach a state of hypovolemic shock due to loss of blood.The Romans reserved this treatment for non-citizens, asstated in the lex Porcia and lex Sempronia, dating from195 and 123 BCE. The poet Horace refers to the hor-ribile flagellum (horrible whip) in his Satires. Typically,the one to be punished was stripped naked and bound toa low pillar so that he could bend over it, or chained to

Prisoners at a whipping post in a Delaware prison, circa 1907.

Public flogging of a slave in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - work ofFrench painter Jean-Baptiste Debret (1768–1848).

an upright pillar so as to be stretched out. Two lictors(some reports indicate scourgings with four or six lictors)alternated blows from the bare shoulders down the bodyto the soles of the feet. There was no limit to the numberof blows inflicted - this was left to the lictors to decide,though they were normally not supposed to kill the vic-

1

2 1 DISCIPLINARY USE AND TORTURE

tim. Nonetheless, Livy, Suetonius and Josephus reportcases of flagellation where victims died while still boundto the post. Flagellation was referred to as “half death” bysome authors and apparently, many victims died shortlythereafter. Cicero reports in In Verrem, “pro mortuo sub-latus brevi postea mortuus” (“taken away for a dead man,shortly thereafter he was dead”). In some cases the victimwas turned over to allow flagellation on the chest, thoughthis proceeded with more caution, as the possibility ofinflicting a fatal blow was much greater.

1.2 From Middle Ages to modern times

Punishment with a Great Knout. Russia, 18th century.

The Whipping Act was passed in England in 1530. Un-der this legislation, vagrants were to be taken to a nearbypopulated area “and there tied to the end of a cart nakedand beaten with whips throughout such market town tillthe body shall be bloody”.[1]

In England offenders (mostly those convicted of theft)were usually sentenced to be flogged “at a cart’s tail” alonga length of public street, usually near the scene of thecrime, “until his [or her] back be bloody”. In the lateseventeenth century, however, the courts occasionally or-dered that the flogging should be carried out in prison ora house of correction rather than on the streets. Fromthe 1720s courts began explicitly to differentiate betweenprivate whipping and public whipping. Over the courseof the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the pro-portion of whippings carried out in public declined, butthe number of private whippings increased. The publicwhipping of women was abolished in 1817 (after havingbeen in decline since the 1770s) and that of men ended

in the early 1830s, though not formally abolished until1862. Private whipping of men in prison continued andwas not abolished until 1948.[2]

Whipping was used during the French Revolution. On31 May 1793, the Jacobin women seized a revolutionaryleader, Anne Josephe Theroigne de Mericourt, strippedher naked, and flogged her on the bare bottom in the pub-lic garden of the Tuileries. After this humiliation, she re-fused to wear any clothes, in memory of the outrage shehad suffered.[3] She went mad and ended her days in anasylum after the public whipping.In the Russian Empire, knouts were used to flog criminalsand political offenders. Sentences of a hundred lasheswould usually result in death. Whipping was used as apunishment for Russian serfs.[4]

1.3 Use against slaves

Gordon, a whipped slave, photo taken at Baton Rouge, 1863.The scars are clearly visible because of keloid formation.

Whipping has been used as a form of discipline againstslaves. It was frequently carried out during the period ofslavery in the United States, by slave owners and their em-ployees. The power was also given to slave “patrollers,”mostly poor whites, who had among their powers the abil-

1.5 Flogging as military punishment 3

Female slave suspended by one ankle for whipping

ity to whip any slave who violated the slave codes.

1.4 Present-day official flogging

Main article: Judicial corporal punishmentOfficially abolished in most Western countries, flogging

Foot whipping in a Syrian prison, exhibit from Amna Sur Mu-seum, Sulaymaniyah

or whipping, including foot whipping in some coun-tries, is still a common punishment in some parts of theworld, particularly in Islamic countries and in some terri-tories formerly under British rule. Medically supervisedcaning is routinely ordered by the courts as a penalty forsome categories of crime in Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia,Tanzania, Zimbabwe and elsewhere.

1.5 Flogging as military punishment

In the 18th and 19th centuries, European armies ad-ministered floggings to common soldiers who committedbreaches of the military code. During the American Rev-olutionary War, the American Congress raised the legallimit on lashes from 39 to 100 for soldiers who were con-victed by courts-martial.[5] Generally, officers were notflogged. However, in 1745, a cashiered British officercould have his sword broken over his head, among otherindignities inflicted on him.[6]

Flogging was a common disciplinary measure in theBritish Royal Navy that became associated with a sea-man’s manly disregard for pain.[7] Aboard ships, knittlesor the cat o' nine tails was used for severe formal pun-ishment, while a “rope’s end” or “starter” was used to ad-minister informal, on-the-spot discipline. In severe casesa person could be “flogged around the fleet": a signifi-cant number of lashes (up to 600) was divided among theships on a station and the person was taken to all ships tobe flogged on each.[8]

In June 1879, flogging in the British Navy was debatedin the House of Commons. John O'Connor Power, themember for Mayo, asked the First Lord of the Admiraltyto bring the navy cat-of-nine-tails to the Commons Li-brary so that the members might see what they were vot-ing for. It was the Great 'Cat' Contention, 'Mr Speaker,since the Government has let the cat out of the bag,there is nothing to be done but to take the bull by thehorns.' Poet Laureate Ted Hughes celebrates the occasionin his poem, 'Wilfred Owen’s Photographs’: 'A witty pro-found Irishman calls/For a 'cat' into the House, and sits towatch/The gentry fingering its stained tails./Whereupon...Quietly, unopposed,/The motion was passed.'[9]'In the Napoleonic Wars, the maximum number of lashesthat could be inflicted on soldiers in the British Armyreached 1,200. This many lashes could permanently dis-able or kill a man. Oman, historian of the PeninsularWar,noted that the maximum sentence was inflicted “nine orten times by general court-martial during the whole sixyears of the war” and that 1,000 lashes were adminis-tered about 50 times.[10] Other sentences were for 900,700, 500 and 300 lashes. One soldier was sentenced to700 lashes for stealing a beehive.[11] Another man was letoff after only 175 of 400 lashes, but spent three weeks inthe hospital.[12] Later in the war, the more draconian pun-ishments were abandoned and the offenders shipped toNew South Wales instead, where more whippings oftenawaited them. (See Australian penal colonies section.)Oman later wrote:

If anything was calculated to brutalize anarmy it was the wicked cruelty of the Britishmilitary punishment code, which Wellingtonto the end of his life supported. There isplenty of authority for the fact that the manwho had once received his 500 lashes for a fault

4 1 DISCIPLINARY USE AND TORTURE

which was small, or which involved no moralguilt, was often turned thereby from a goodsoldier into a bad soldier, by losing his self-respect and having his sense of justice searedout. Good officers knew this well enough, anddid their best to avoid the cat-of-nine-tails, andto try more rational means—more often thannot with success.[13]

Meanwhile, during the French Revolutionary Wars theFrench Army stopped floggings altogether. The King’sGerman Legion (KGL), which were German units inBritish pay, did not flog. In one case, a British soldieron detached duty with the KGL was sentenced to beflogged, but the German commander refused to carry outthe punishment. When the British 73rd Foot flogged aman in occupied France in 1814, disgusted French citi-zens protested against it.[14]

At the urging of New Hampshire Senator John P. Hale,the United States “Congress banned flogging on all U.S.ships in September 1850.”[15] Hale was inspired byHerman Melville's “vivid description of flogging, a brutalstaple of 19th century naval discipline” inMelville’s “nov-elized memoir” White Jacket.[15] Melville also includeda vivid depiction of flogging, and the circumstances sur-rounding it, in his more famous work, Moby-Dick.Military flogging was abolished in the United States Armyon 5 August 1861. The punishment was abolished in theRoyal Navy in 1879.[16]

One of few countries where corporal punishment is stillofficially used in the armed forces is Singapore, wheremilitary legislation provides that errant soldiers can besentenced by court-martial to strokes of the cane.

1.6 Australian penal colonies

Once common in the British Army and British RoyalNavy as a means of discipline, flagellation also featuredprominently in the British penal colonies in early colo-nial Australia. Given that convicts in Australia were al-ready “imprisoned”, punishments for offenses committedin the colonies could not usually result in imprisonmentand thus usually consisted of corporal punishment such ashard labour or flagellation. Unlike Roman times, Britishlaw explicitly forbade the combination of corporal andcapital punishment; thus, a convict was either flogged orhanged but never both.Flagellation took place either with a single whip or, morenotoriously, with the cat o' nine tails. Typically, the of-fender’s upper half was bared and he was suspended bythe wrists beneath a tripod of wooden beams (known as'the triangle'). In many cases, the offender’s feet barelytouched ground, which helped to stretch the skin taut andincrease the damage inflicted by the whip. It also centeredthe offender’s weight in his shoulders, further ensuring apainful experience.

Fremantle Prison whipping post.

With the prisoner thus stripped and bound, either oneor two floggers administered the prescribed number ofstrokes, or “lashes,” to the victim’s back. During the flog-ging, a doctor or other medical worker was consulted atregular intervals as to the condition of the prisoner. Inmany cases, however, the physician merely observed theoffender to determine whether he was conscious. If theprisoner passed out, the physician would order a halt un-til the prisoner was revived, and then the whipping wouldcontinue.Female convicts were also subject to flogging as punish-ment, both on the convict ships and in the penal colonies.Although they were generally given fewer lashes thanmales (usually limited to 40 in each flogging), there wasno other difference between the manner in which malesand females were flogged.Floggings of both male and female convicts were public,administered before the whole colony’s company, assem-bled especially for the purpose. In addition to the inflic-tion of pain, one of the principal purposes of the floggingwas to humiliate the offender in front of his mates and todemonstrate, in a forceful way, that he had been requiredto submit to authority.At the conclusion of the whipping, the prisoner’s lacer-ated back was normally rinsed with brine, which servedas a crude and painful disinfectant.Flogging still continued for years after independence.

1.10 Islam 5

The last person flogged in Australia was William JohnO'Meally in 1958 in Melbourne's Pentridge Prison.(See also: History of Australia).

1.7 Judaism

Main article: Corporal punishment (Judaism)

According to the Torah and Rabbinic law lashes may begiven for offenses that do not merit capital punishment,and may not exceed 40. However, in the absence of aSanhedrin, corporal punishment is not practiced in Jewishlaw. Halakha specifies the lashes must be given in sets ofthree, so the total number cannot exceed 39. Also, theperson whipped is first judgedwhether they can withstandthe punishment, if not, the number of whips is decreased.

1.8 Pre-Christianity

During the Ancient Roman festival of Lupercalia youngmen ran through the streets with thongs cut from the hideof goats which had just been sacrificed, and women whowished to conceive put themselves in their way to re-ceive blows, apparently mostly on the hands. The eunuchpriests of the goddess Cybele, the galli, flogged them-selves until they bled during the annual festival calledDiessanguinis. Greco-Roman mystery religions also some-times involved ritual flagellation, as famously depicted inthe Villa of the Mysteries at Pompeii, apparently showinginitiation into the Dionysian Mysteries.

1.9 Roman Catholicism

Flagellants. From a fifteenth-century woodcut.

The Flagellation refers in a Christian context to theFlagellation of Christ, an episode in the Passion of Christprior to Jesus’ crucifixion. The practice of mortificationof the flesh for religious purposes has been utilised by

the Roman Catholic Church since the time of the GreatSchism in 1054.St. Thérèse of Lisieux, a late 19th-century FrenchDiscalced Carmelite nun considered in Catholicism to bea Doctor of the Church, is an influential example of asaint who questioned prevailing attitudes toward physi-cal penance. Her view was that loving acceptance of themany sufferings of daily life was pleasing to God, andfostered loving relationships with other people, more thantaking upon oneself extraneous sufferings through instru-ments of penance. As a Carmelite nun, Saint Thérèsepracticed voluntary corporal mortification.

1.10 Islam

Flogging is a form of punishment used under IslamicSharia law. It is the prescribed punishment (hadd) foroffences including fornication, alcohol use and slanderand is also widely favoured as a discretionary punishment(ta'zir) for many offences, such as violating gender inter-action laws. Punishment is normally carried out in public.However, some scholars maintain that this goes againstthe teachings of Islam.[17] In Islam, lashes for punishmentfor women are often performed with the Qu'ran underone arm to minimise the swing and as a reminder of thesource of legislation. They are not supposed to leave per-manent scars, and when the number of lashes is high, arefrequently done in batches to minimise risk of harm.

2 Flagellation as a religious prac-tice

Shi'ites in Pakistan flagellate themselves during the Moharramprocession.

Main article: Self-flagellation

6 4 REFERENCES

Self-flagelation is ritually performed in the Philippines duringHoly Week (on Good Friday, before Easter).

2.1 Roman Catholicism

In the 13th century, a group of Roman Catholics, knownas the Flagellants, took this practice to its extreme ends.The Flagellants were later condemned by the RomanCatholic Church as a cult in the 14th century because theestablished church had no other control over the practiceother than excommunication. Self-flagellation remainscommon in Colombia, the Philippines, Mexico, Spainand one convent in Peru.Somemembers of strict monastic orders, and somemem-bers of the Catholic lay organization Opus Dei, practicemild self-flagellation using an instrument called a “dis-cipline”, a cattail whip usually made of knotted cords,which is flung over the shoulders repeatedly during pri-vate prayer.[18] Pope John Paul II took the disciplineregularly.[19]

This was also practiced during the Black Plague as ameans to prevent oneself from getting it, people at thetime believed it was a punishment from God, thus thelogic was that one could punish themselves to prevent thePlague.

2.2 Islam

Main article: Day of Ashura

As suffering and cutting the body with knives or chains(matam) have been prohibited by Shi'a marjas like AliKhamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran,[20] some Shi'a ob-serve mourning with blood donation which is called“QameZani”[20] and flailing.[21] Yet some Shi'itemen andboys continue to slash themselves with chains (zanjeer) orswords (talwar) and allow their blood to run freely.[21]

Certain rituals like the traditional flagellation ritual calledTalwar zani (talwar ka matam or sometimes tatbir) us-ing a sword or zanjeer zani or zanjeer matam, involv-ing the use of a zanjeer (a chain with blades) are alsoperformed.[22] These are religious customs that show sol-idarity with Husayn and his family. People mourn the fact

that they were not present at the battle to fight and saveHusayn and his family.[23][24] In somewestern cities, Shi'acommunities have organized blood donation drives withorganizations like the Red Cross on Ashura as a positivereplacement for self-flagellation rituals like “Tatbir” and“Qame Zani”.

3 See also

4 References[1] “Whipping”. 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.

[2] London lives

[3] Roudinesco, Elisabeth (1992). Madness and Revolution:The Lives and Legends of Theroigne de Mericourt, Verso.ISBN 0-86091-597-2. p.198

[4] Chapman, Tim (2001). Imperial Russia, 1801-1905.Routledge. p.83. ISBN 0-415-23110-8

[5] Martin, p 76.

[6] Tomasson, p 127.

[7] "Life at sea in the age of sail". National Maritime Mu-seum.

[8] Keith Grint, The Arts of Leadership, 2000, ISBN0191589330 pp.237-238

[9] Hughes, Ted, 'Wilfred Owen’s Photographs’, Luper-cal, 1960. See also Stanford, Jane, That Irishman: theLife and Times of John O'Connor Power, 2011, pp. 79-80.

[10] Oman, p 239.

[11] Oman, p 246.

[12] Oman, p 254.

[13] Oman, p.43.

[14] Rothenberg, p.179.

[15] Hodak, George. “Congress Bans Maritime Flogging”.ABA Journal. September 1850, p. 72. Retrieved 18 Oc-tober 2010.

[16] "Cardwell’s Army Reforms 1870-−1881"

[17] “Ruling on the crime of rape”. 9 January 2012.

[18] “Opus Dei and corporal mortification”. Opus Dei Infor-mation Office. 2012.

[19] Barron, Fr. Robert. “Taking the Discipline”.

[20] Akramulla Syed (2009-02-20). “Zanjeer Or Qama ZaniOn Ashura During Muharram”. Ezsoftech.com. Re-trieved 2012-06-30.

[21] “Ashura observed with blood streams to mark Karbalatragedy”. Jafariya News Network. Retrieved December28, 2010.

7

[22] “Scars on the backs of the young”. New Statesman. UK.June 6, 2005. Retrieved December 28, 2010.

[23] Bird, Steve (August 28, 2008). “Devout Muslim guilty ofmaking boys beat themselves during Shia ceremony”. TheTimes (London). Retrieved May 1, 2010.

[24] “British Muslim convicted over teen floggings”. Alara-biya.net. August 27, 2008. Retrieved December 28,2010.

5 Further reading• Ricker, Kat. Doubting Thomas, Trillium Press,2010. ISBN 978-0-615-31849-3 Suspense thrillerexamining the dark nature of saintliness, includingflagellation.

• Bean, Joseph W. Flogging, Greenery Press, 2000.ISBN 1-890159-27-1

• Conway, Andrew. The Bullwhip Book. GreeneryPress, 2000. ISBN 1-890159-18-2

• Gibson, Ian. The English Vice: Beating, Sex andShame in Victorian England and After. London:Duckworth, 1978. ISBN 0-7156-1264-6

• Martin, James Kirby; Lender, Mark Edward. ARespectable Army: The Military Origins of the Re-public, 1763-1789. Arlington Heights, Ill.: HarlanDavidson, 1982. ISBN 0-88295-812-7

• Oman, Charles. Wellington’s Army, 1809-1814.London: Greenhill, (1913) 1993. ISBN 0-947898-41-7

• Rothenberg, Gunther E. (1980). The Art of War-fare in the Age of Napoleon. Bloomington, Indiana:Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-31076-8.

• Tomasson, Katherine & Buist, Francis. Battles ofthe '45. London: Pan Books, 1974.

6 External links• Page about corporal punishment in the world

• “Forensic and Clinical Knowledge of the Practice ofCrucifixion” by Dr. Frederick Zugibe

• Pilot Guides - Flogging in penal Australia (includinganimation)

• Information about a public punishment in Iran be-cause alcohol and sex outside marriage

• New about a public flogging of two men in Aleppobecause they missed Friday prayers, with video

• Zanjeer Zani

• Catholic Encyclopedia: Flagellation

• Suffering and Sainthood The importance of penanceand mortification in the Catholic Church

• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "whipping".Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). CambridgeUniversity Press.

8 7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

7 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

7.1 Text• Flagellation Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellation?oldid=680275223 Contributors: The Anome, Gabbe, Sannse, Takuya-Murata, Karada, Mpolo, Jpatokal, Deisenbe, Schneelocke, Heidimo, Timwi, WhisperToMe, Sabbut, Wetman, AnthonyQBachler, Al-tenmann, Ashley Y, Bethenco, Hadal, Johnstone, DocWatson42, TOttenville8, Pretzelpaws, Wolfkeeper, Tom harrison, Revth, Blue-jay Young, Siroxo, Kudz75, Manuel Anastácio, Piotrus, Vina, Jeremykemp, Cab88, Mike Rosoft, Adambondy, Noisy, Rich Farm-brough, FT2, SocratesJedi, Dlloyd, Mani1, Apostrophe, Orzetto, Arthena, Jeltz, Elizdelphi, Avenue, DreamGuy, Red dwarf, FrancisTyers,Youknowyouloveit, OwenX, Woohookitty, Macronyx~enwiki, HollyI, WBardwin, Rjwilmsi, Windchaser, Sbohra, DVdm, The RamblingMan, YurikBot, Pigman, Anders.Warga, Lao Wai, MulgaBill, Bucketsofg, Bota47, Asarelah, WAS 4.250, Vicarious, Reedgunner, Smack-Bot, Amcbride, Hmains, ParthianShot, Jprg1966, Mdwh, WikiPedant, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Aquarius Rising, Japeo, Pepsidrinka,Model Citizen, Pissant, Dreadstar, Jbergquist, Mostlyharmless, Kuru, AbdullahAlAmeen, Beetstra, Grandpafootsoldier, Falsetto, Ned-dyseagoon, Peter Horn, Atakdoug, Quaeler, Levineps, Iridescent, FairuseBot, Tawkerbot2, Switchercat, Patchouli, Wafulz, Neelix, Mike7, HalJor, Mato, Dragonclaw9000, Jayen466, Amandajm, Doug Weller, Kirk Hilliard, Kablammo, Keraunos, JAnDbot, Ermeyers, Cyn-wolfe, Augustus Sabius, Bongwarrior, CadsuaneMelaidhrin, John.james, Brian Fenton, Josephcn, Merat, Christiangoth, Kostisl, Commons-Delinker, J.delanoy, Liss679, Johnbod, Mkruijff, Mrceleb2007, Gaussgauss, Olegwiki, KylieTastic, HenryLarsen, Moonksy29, Scewing,Vranak, ABF, Hersfold, Bsroiaadn, Yilloslime, Davin, Cremepuff222, Bearian, VanishedUserABC, Drutt, Jake73, Gaynewyorker~enwiki,SieBot, Sf46, Oxymoron83, Dcattell, Adam Cuerden, Anchor Link Bot, Pinkadelica, PabloStraub, Tatterfly, RegentsPark, ClueBot, Dj-maschek, Sfrintheuk, Tomeasy, Olgatkachuk, Ottawa4ever, Rui Gabriel Correia, John Paul Parks, Deerstop, Stevenrasnick, SoxBot III,BillyZRay, Rkarl13, ZooFari, Addbot, Barsoomian, Afelah, Elmondo21st, LaaknorBot, Bigbadbeater, Glane23, Jdvillalobos, Peridon,Alisecmail, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Legobot II, Claverhouse, AnomieBOT, Ulric1313, Bob Burkhardt, Xqbot, Sir Stig, Pmasters, Cyrus-DaVirus, Jmundo, J04n, 15241524adam, Cphistorian, Max Rebo Band, Tobby72, Alarics, Pinethicket, RedBot, Lotje, Mankx, Diannaa,Athene cheval, HALOMISTRO, EmausBot, ,مانفی PBS-AWB, Kranix, NorthernPashtun, Gagacyanide, Ebehn, ClueBot NG, Aerobic-Fox, Handcuffed, Baseball Watcher, Alex Nico, Hazhk, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, Aligilgiti, MusikAnimal, Bonnie13J, Floating Boat,Harizotoh9, Oleg-ch, Maelfreda, Khazar2, Kegelstar, Kunalrks, Eduard Meister, Caparicano066, WikiCorrectah, Jerey123, Paddyhamlynand Anonymous: 229

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