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Table of Contents

CITATIONS TO OPINIONS.................................................................................................... 7

RULE 1.010. SCOPE AND TITLE OF RULES ................................................................... 10RULE 1.030. NONVERIFICATION OF PLEADINGS ....................................................... 10RULE 1.040. ONE FORM OF ACTION .............................................................................. 10RULE 1.050. WHEN ACTION COMMENCED.................................................................. 10RULE 1.060. TRANSFERS OF ACTIONS.......................................................................... 10RULE 1.061. CHOICE OF FORUM .................................................................................... 11RULE 1.070. PROCESS ....................................................................................................... 13RULE 1.071 CONSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGE TO STATE STATUTE OR COUNTY

OR MUNICIPAL CHARTER, ORDINANCE, OR FRANCHISE; NOTICE

BY PARTY ..................................................................................................... 15RULE 1.080. SERVICE OF PLEADINGS AND PAPERS ................................................. 15RULE 1.090. TIME ............................................................................................................... 17RULE 1.100. PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS ...................................................................... 18RULE 1.110. GENERAL RULES OF PLEADING ............................................................. 19RULE 1.120. PLEADING SPECIAL MATTERS ................................................................ 20RULE 1.130. ATTACHING COPY OF CAUSE OF ACTION AND EXHIBITS .............. 21RULE 1.140. DEFENSES ..................................................................................................... 21RULE 1.150. SHAM PLEADINGS ...................................................................................... 23RULE 1.160. MOTIONS ...................................................................................................... 23RULE 1.170. COUNTERCLAIMS AND CROSSCLAIMS ................................................ 23RULE 1.180. THIRD-PARTY PRACTICE .......................................................................... 25RULE 1.190. AMENDED AND SUPPLEMENTAL PLEADINGS .................................... 25RULE 1.200. PRETRIAL PROCEDURE ............................................................................. 26RULE 1.201. COMPLEX LITIGATION .............................................................................. 28RULE 1.210. PARTIES ........................................................................................................ 31RULE 1.220. CLASS ACTIONS .......................................................................................... 31RULE 1.221. HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATIONS AND CONDOMINIUM

ASSOCIATIONS ............................................................................................ 33RULE 1.222. MOBILE HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATIONS ............................................ 34RULE 1.230. INTERVENTIONS ......................................................................................... 34RULE 1.240. INTERPLEADER ........................................................................................... 34RULE 1.250. MISJOINDER AND NONJOINDER OF PARTIES ..................................... 35RULE 1.260. SURVIVOR; SUBSTITUTION OF PARTIES .............................................. 35

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RULE 1.270. CONSOLIDATION; SEPARATE TRIALS ................................................... 36RULE 1.280. GENERAL PROVISIONS GOVERNING DISCOVERY ............................ 36RULE 1.285. INADVERTENT DISCLOSURE OF PRIVILEGED MATERIALS ............ 39RULE 1.290. DEPOSITIONS BEFORE ACTION OR PENDING APPEAL ..................... 40RULE 1.300. PERSONS BEFORE WHOM DEPOSITIONS MAY BE TAKEN ............... 41RULE 1.310. DEPOSITIONS UPON ORAL EXAMINATION .......................................... 41RULE 1.320. DEPOSITIONS UPON WRITTEN QUESTIONS ......................................... 45RULE 1.330. USE OF DEPOSITIONS IN COURT PROCEEDINGS ................................ 46RULE 1.340. INTERROGATORIES TO PARTIES ............................................................ 47RULE 1.350. PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS AND THINGS AND ENTRY UPON

LAND FOR INSPECTION AND OTHER PURPOSES ................................ 49RULE 1.351. PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS AND THINGS WITHOUT

DEPOSITION ................................................................................................. 50RULE 1.360. EXAMINATION OF PERSONS.................................................................... 51RULE 1.370. REQUESTS FOR ADMISSION .................................................................... 52RULE 1.380. FAILURE TO MAKE DISCOVERY; SANCTIONS .................................... 53RULE 1.390. DEPOSITIONS OF EXPERT WITNESSES .................................................. 55RULE 1.410. SUBPOENA.................................................................................................... 56RULE 1.420. DISMISSAL OF ACTIONS ........................................................................... 58RULE 1.430. DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL; WAIVER .................................................... 59RULE 1.431. TRIAL JURY .................................................................................................. 59RULE 1.440. SETTING ACTION FOR TRIAL .................................................................. 61RULE 1.442. PROPOSALS FOR SETTLEMENT .............................................................. 62RULE 1.450. EVIDENCE ..................................................................................................... 64RULE 1.452. QUESTIONS BY JURORS ............................................................................ 65RULE 1.455. JUROR NOTEBOOKS ................................................................................... 65RULE 1.460. CONTINUANCES.......................................................................................... 65RULE 1.470. EXCEPTIONS UNNECESSARY; JURY INSTRUCTIONS ........................ 65RULE 1.480. MOTION FOR A DIRECTED VERDICT ..................................................... 66RULE 1.481. VERDICTS ..................................................................................................... 67RULE 1.490. MAGISTRATES ............................................................................................. 67RULE 1.500. DEFAULTS AND FINAL JUDGMENTS THEREON ................................. 68RULE 1.510. SUMMARY JUDGMENT ............................................................................. 69RULE 1.520. VIEW .............................................................................................................. 70RULE 1.525. MOTIONS FOR COSTS AND ATTORNEYS FEES .................................. 70RULE 1.530. MOTIONS FOR NEW TRIAL AND REHEARING; AMENDMENTS OF

JUDGMENTS ................................................................................................. 71RULE 1.540. RELIEF FROM JUDGMENT, DECREES, OR ORDERS ............................ 72

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RULE 1.550. EXECUTIONS AND FINAL PROCESS ....................................................... 72RULE 1.560. DISCOVERY IN AID OF EXECUTION ...................................................... 72RULE 1.570. ENFORCEMENT OF FINAL JUDGMENTS ............................................... 73RULE 1.580. WRIT OF POSSESSION ................................................................................ 74RULE 1.590. PROCESS IN BEHALF OF AND AGAINST PERSONS NOT PARTIES .. 74RULE 1.600. DEPOSITS IN COURT .................................................................................. 75RULE 1.610. INJUNCTIONS ............................................................................................... 75RULE 1.620. RECEIVERS ................................................................................................... 76RULE 1.625. PROCEEDINGS AGAINST SURETY ON JUDICIAL BONDS .................. 76RULE 1.630. EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES ................................................................. 77RULE 1.650. MEDICAL MALPRACTICE PRESUIT SCREENING RULE ..................... 77RULE 1.700. RULES COMMON TO MEDIATION AND ARBITRATION ..................... 79RULE 1.710. MEDIATION RULES .................................................................................... 80RULE 1.720. MEDIATION PROCEDURES ....................................................................... 81RULE 1.730. COMPLETION OF MEDIATION ................................................................. 83RULE 1.750. COUNTY COURT ACTIONS ....................................................................... 83RULE 1.800. EXCLUSIONS FROM ARBITRATION ....................................................... 84RULE 1.810. SELECTION AND COMPENSATION OF ARBITRATORS ...................... 84RULE 1.820. HEARING PROCEDURES FOR NON-BINDING ARBITRATION ........... 84RULE 1.830. VOLUNTARY BINDING ARBITRATION .................................................. 86RULE 1.900. FORMS ........................................................................................................... 86FORM 1.901. CAPTION ....................................................................................................... 86FORM 1.902. SUMMONS .................................................................................................... 87FORM 1.903. CROSSCLAIM SUMMONS .......................................................................... 91FORM 1.904. THIRD-PARTY SUMMONS ......................................................................... 92FORM 1.905. ATTACHMENT ............................................................................................. 92FORM 1.906. ATTACHMENTFORECLOSURE ........................................................... 92FORM 1.907. GARNISHMENT............................................................................................ 93FORM 1.908. WRIT OF REPLEVIN .................................................................................... 94FORM 1.909. DISTRESS ...................................................................................................... 95FORM 1.910. SUBPOENA FOR TRIAL .............................................................................. 96FORM 1.911. SUBPOENA DUCES TECUM FOR TRIAL ................................................. 97FORM 1.912. SUBPOENA FOR DEPOSITION .................................................................. 99FORM 1.913. SUBPOENA DUCES TECUM FOR DEPOSITION ................................... 100FORM 1.914. EXECUTION ................................................................................................ 102FORM 1.915. WRIT OF POSSESSION .............................................................................. 102FORM 1.916. REPLEVIN ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE.................................................... 103FORM 1.917. NE EXEAT ................................................................................................... 104

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FORM 1.918. LIS PENDENS .............................................................................................. 104FORM 1.919. NOTICE OF ACTION; CONSTRUCTIVE SERVICENO PROPERTY ...

....................................................................................................................... 105FORM 1.920. NOTICE OF ACTION; CONSTRUCTIVE SERVICEPROPERTY ..... 105FORM 1.921. NOTICE OF PRODUCTION FROM NONPARTY .................................... 106FORM 1.922. SUBPOENA DUCES TECUM WITHOUT DEPOSITION ........................ 106FORM 1.923. EVICTION SUMMONS/ RESIDENTIAL .................................................. 110FORM 1.924. AFFIDAVIT OF DILIGENT SEARCH AND INQUIRY ........................... 114FORM 1.932. OPEN ACCOUNT ........................................................................................ 116FORM 1.933. ACCOUNT STATED ................................................................................... 116FORM 1.934. PROMISSORY NOTE ................................................................................. 117FORM 1.935. GOODS SOLD ............................................................................................. 117FORM 1.936. MONEY LENT ............................................................................................. 118FORM 1.937. REPLEVIN ................................................................................................... 118FORM 1.938. FORCIBLE ENTRY AND DETENTION .................................................... 118FORM 1.939. CONVERSION ............................................................................................. 119FORM 1.940. EJECTMENT ................................................................................................ 119FORM 1.941. SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE ....................................................................... 120FORM 1.942. CHECK ......................................................................................................... 120FORM 1.944. MORTGAGE FORECLOSURE................................................................... 121FORM 1.945. MOTOR VEHICLE NEGLIGENCE ............................................................ 121FORM 1.946. MOTOR VEHICLE NEGLIGENCE WHEN PLAINTIFF IS UNABLE TO

DETERMINE WHO IS RESPONSIBLE ..................................................... 122FORM 1.947. TENANT EVICTION ................................................................................... 122FORM 1.948. THIRD-PARTY COMPLAINT. GENERAL FORM ................................... 123FORM 1.949. IMPLIED WARRANTY .............................................................................. 123FORM 1.951. FALL-DOWN NEGLIGENCE COMPLAINT ............................................ 124FORM 1.960. BOND. GENERAL FORM .......................................................................... 124FORM 1.961. VARIOUS BOND CONDITIONS ............................................................... 125FORM 1.965. DEFENSE. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS ................................................ 125FORM 1.966. DEFENSE. PAYMENT ................................................................................ 126FORM 1.967. DEFENSE. ACCORD AND SATISFACTION ........................................... 126FORM 1.968. DEFENSE. FAILURE OF CONSIDERATION ........................................... 126FORM 1.969. DEFENSE. STATUTE OF FRAUDS .......................................................... 126FORM 1.970. DEFENSE. RELEASE.................................................................................. 126FORM 1.971. DEFENSE. MOTOR VEHICLE CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE ........ 126FORM 1.972. DEFENSE. ASSUMPTION OF RISK ......................................................... 126FORM 1.975. NOTICE OF COMPLIANCE WHEN CONSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGE IS

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BROUGHT ................................................................................................... 127FORM 1.976. STANDARD INTERROGATORIES ........................................................... 127FORM 1.977. FACT INFORMATION SHEET .................................................................. 127FORM 1.980. DEFAULT .................................................................................................... 131FORM 1.981. SATISFACTION OF JUDGMENT.............................................................. 132FORM 1.982. CONTEMPT NOTICE ................................................................................. 132FORM 1.983. PROSPECTIVE JUROR QUESTIONNAIRE ............................................. 132FORM 1.984. JUROR VOIR DIRE QUESTIONNAIRE .................................................... 134FORM 1.986. VERDICTS ................................................................................................... 135FORM 1.988. JUDGMENT AFTER DEFAULT ................................................................ 135FORM 1.989. ORDER OF DISMISSAL FOR LACK OF PROSECUTION ..................... 136FORM 1.990. FINAL JUDGMENT FOR PLAINTIFF. JURY ACTION FOR DAMAGES

....................................................................................................................... 137FORM 1.991. FINAL JUDGMENT FOR DEFENDANT. JURY ACTION FOR DAMAGES

....................................................................................................................... 137FORM 1.993. FINAL JUDGMENT FOR PLAINTIFF. GENERAL FORM. NON-JURY 138FORM 1.994. FINAL JUDGMENT FOR DEFENDANT. GENERAL FORM. NON-JURY ..

....................................................................................................................... 138FORM 1.995. FINAL JUDGMENT OF REPLEVIN .......................................................... 139FORM 1.996(a). FINAL JUDGMENT OF FORECLOSURE ........................................ 142FORM 1.996(b). MOTION TO CANCEL AND RESCHEDULE FORECLOSURE SALE

....................................................................................................................... 144FORM 1.997. CIVIL COVER SHEET ................................................................................ 145FORM 1.997. INSTRUCTIONS FOR ATTORNEYS COMPLETING CIVIL COVER

SHEET .......................................................................................................... 147FORM 1.998. FINAL DISPOSITION FORM ..................................................................... 149FORM 1.998. INSTRUCTIONS FOR ATTORNEYS COMPLETING FINAL

DISPOSITION FORM .................................................................................. 150FORM 1.999. ORDER DESIGNATING A CASE COMPLEX .......................................... 151APPENDIXSTANDARD INTERROGATORIES FORMS .......................................... 152

FORM 1. GENERAL PERSONAL INJURY NEGLIGENCEINTERROGATORIESTO PLAINTIFF ............................................................................................ 152

FORM 2. GENERAL PERSONAL INJURY NEGLIGENCEINTERROGATORIESTO DEFENDANT ......................................................................................... 154

FORM 3. MEDICAL MALPRACTICEINTERROGATORIES TO PLAINTIFF . 156FORM 4. MEDICAL MALPRACTICEINTERROGATORIES TO DEFENDANT

....................................................................................................................... 157FORM 5. AUTOMOBILE NEGLIGENCEINTERROGATORIES TO PLAINTIFF

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....................................................................................................................... 158FORM 6. AUTOMOBILE NEGLIGENCEINTERROGATORIES TO

DEFENDANT ............................................................................................... 159STATEWIDE UNIFORM GUIDELINES FOR TAXATION OF COSTS IN CIVIL

ACTIONS ..................................................................................................... 160

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FLORIDA RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE

CITATIONS TO OPINIONSADOPTING ORAMENDING RULES

ORIGINAL ADOPTION, effective 1-1-67: 187 So.2d 598.

OTHER OPINIONS:Effective 1-1-68: 211 So.2d 206. Amended 1.010, 1.020(d)(2), (d)(3), 1.100(c), 1.250, 1.340, 1.370,

1.410(a), 1.420(b), (e), 1.440, 1.500(e), 1.530(b), (f), 1.550(a);added 1.481; deleted 1.650, 1.670, 1.690, 1.700, 1.710, 1.720.

Effective 10-1-68: 211 So.2d 174. Added forms 1.9001.991.Effective 9-1-70: 237 So.2d 151. Amended 1.370(a)(b), 1.640(a), form 1.918.Effective 12-31-71: 253 So.2d 404. Amended 1.035, 1.070, 1.080, 1.100, 1.110, 1.200, 1.431,

1.450(d), 1.490, 1.943; added 1.611, 1.627, 1.950, 1.975, 1.9831.984, 1.989, 1.9951.996.

Effective 11-29-72: 269 So.2d 359. Amended 1.020, 1.035, 1.500.Effective 1-1-73: 265 So.2d 21. Four-year-cycle revision. Amended 1.035, 1.070, 1.080, 1.100,

1.140, 1.170, 1.200, 1.250, 1.280, 1.310, 1.320, 1.330, 1.340,1.350, 1.360, 1.370, 1.380, 1.390, 1.410, 1.430, 1.440, 1.442,1.500, 1.560, 1.627, forms 1.9151.916, 1.949, 1.951.

Effective 10-1-73: 281 So.2d 204. Amended 1.431(b), 1.611(b).Effective 1-1-77: 339 So.2d 626. Four-year-cycle revision. Amended 1.020(f)(g), 1.030, 1.080(a),

(h), 1.310(b)(4), 1.340(e), 1.410(c), 1.420(e), 1.431(e), (f)(1)(f)(2), (g), 1.440(c), 1.510(c), form 1.917; deleted 1.630.

Effective 6-13-77: 347 So.2d 599. Amended 1.220.Effective 9-1-77: 348 So.2d 325. Amended 1.330(a)(6), 1.340(f).Effective 7-1-79: 372 So.2d 449. Amended 1.030(a), 1.310(b)(4); deleted 1.020, 1.025, 1.030(b)

(e), 1.035.Effective 7-2-79: 368 So.2d 1293. Amended 1.450(d); added 1.450(f).Effective 1-1-80: 377 So.2d 971. Amended 1.080(h)(1).

Effective 1-1-81: 391 So.2d 165. Four-year-cycle revision. Amended 1.010, 1.060(b), 1.070(i),1.090(e), 1.170(f), 1.190(a), 1.340(c), (e), 1.350(b), 1.400,1.410(c), 1.420(e), 1.431(g), 1.440(b), 1.442, 1.460, 1.490(d),1.570, 1.580, 1.610, forms 1.9011.917, 1.9191.920, 1.931,1.934, 1.938, 1.9401.946, 1.948, 1.9711.972, 1.980, 1.990,1.9951.996; renumbered 1.221; added 1.220, 1.351, 1.432, 1.625,forms 1.921, 1.922, 1.988; deleted 1.210(c), (d), 1.290(d), 1.627,1.640, 1.660, 1.680, form 1.950.

Effective 1-1-82: 403 So.2d 926. Amended 1.310(e), (f)(1), (f)(3), 1.320(b), 1.330(d)(4), 1.340(e);added 1.350(d); deleted 1.320(c), 1.450(d); effective date delayed1.450(f).

Effective 1-1-82: 407 So.2d 197. Amended 1.340(e).Effective 6-1-84: 450 So.2d 810. Amended 1.611(c), forms 1.943-1, 1.943-2, 1.995-1.

Effective 6-1-84: 450 So.2d 817. Amended 1.611(c), forms 1.943(b)(e), 1.995(b).Effective 1-1-85: 458 So.2d 245. Four-year-cycle revision. Amended 1.080(e), 1.180(a), 1.200,

1.280(a), 1.290(a)(4), 1.310, 1.340, 1.380(c), 1.420, 1.440; added1.060(c), 1.630; deleted 1.450(d)(e); transferred 1.450(f) toFla.R.Jud.Admin. 2.075.

Effective 7-1-86: 488 So.2d 57. Amended 1.100(c); added forms 1.9971.998.Effective 1-1-88: 518 So.2d 908. Added 1.700, 1.710, 1.720, 1.730, 1.740, 1.750, 1.760, 1.770,

1.780, 1.800, 1.810, 1.820, 1.830.Effective 3-1-88: 521 So.2d 118. Added 1.491.

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Effective 9-22-88: 541 So.2d 1121. Added 1.222.Effective 10-17-88: 532 So.2d 1058. Added 1.612.Effective 11-23-88: 534 So.2d 1150. Amended 1.700(b), (c).Effective 12-30-88: 536 So.2d 193. Added 1.650.Effective 1-1-89: 536 So.2d 974. Four-year-cycle revision. Amended 1.140(a), 1.170(g), 1.190(a),

1.280(b)(3)(A) (renumbered (b)(4)(A)), 1.310(b)(4), (c), 1.340(a),

1.360, 1.380, 1.390(c), 1.440(c), 1.470(b), forms 1.948, 1.975;added 1.070(j), 1.200(a)(5), 1.280(b)(2) (renumbering theremaining subdivisions), (b)(4)(D), 1.431(f), forms 1.902(b),1.932.

Effective 1-11-89: 536 So.2d 198. Added 1.612 (revised opinion).Effective 7-6-89: 545 So.2d 866. Amended 1.280.Effective 1-1-90: 550 So.2d 442. Amended 1.442.Effective 7-1-90: 563 So.2d 85. Amended 1.700, 1.710, 1.720, 1.730, 1.740, 1.750, 1.760; deleted

1.770, 1.780.Effective 7-6-90: 563 So.2d 1079. Amended form 1.943(c).Effective 10-25-90: 568 So.2d 1273. Amended 1.650(d)(2).Effective 4-4-91: 577 So.2d 580. Amended 1.976.Effective 5-28-92: 604 So.2d 764. Amended 1.720(f); transferred 1.760 to Florida Rules for Certified

and Court-Appointed Mediators as 10.010.Effective 7-9-92: 608 So.2d 1. Repealed 1.442.Effective 1-1-93: 604 So.2d 1110. Four-year-cycle revision. Substantively amended 1.070, 1.080(b),

(f), 1.100(b), 1.200, 1.310(b)(4)(D), 1.420(f), 1.431(g)(2),1.510(c), 1.530(e), 1.540(b), 1.611, forms 1.902(b), 1.907(b),1.960, 1.988(b), standard interrogatories form 7; added new 1.442directing compliance with statute; deleted 1.070(d) (renumberingthe remaining subdivisions), 1.400, 1.612, 1.931.

Effective 1-1-93: 609 So.2d 465. Deleted 1.432.Effective 11-22-93: 627 So.2d 481. Amended 1.650(d)(3).Effective 6-16-94: 639 So.2d 22. Corrected 1.630(c).Effective 7-1-94: 641 So.2d 343. Amended 1.7001.720, 1.750, 1.8001.830.Effective 1-1-96: 663 So.2d 1049. Amended 1.010, 1.360, 1.540, forms 1.9181.919, 1.982; deleted

1.491, 1.611, 1.740, forms 1.943, 1.975, 1.995, standardinterrogatories form 7 (because of adoption of Florida Family LawRules of Procedure).

Effective 1-25-96: 674 So.2d 86. Added 1.061.Effective 1-1-97: 682 So.2d 105. Four-year-cycle revision. Amended 1.061, 1.110, 1.280(b)(4),

1.310(c)(d), (h), 1.351(b)(c), 1.380, 1.442, 1.480(b), 1.710(b)(4),1.730(b)(c), 1.750(b), 1.800, forms 1.908, 1.916, 1.9211.923,1.997; added 1.070(i) and renumbered (j), added 1.280(b)(5),added 1.351 (d) and renumbered (e), (f), added 1.410 (a) andrenumbered (a)(f), added forms 1.902(c), 1.910(b), 1.911(b),1.912(b), 1.913(b), 1.922(c)(d); deleted 1.450(a) and renumbered(b)(c); added committee note to 1.907.

Effective 10-1-98: 718 So.2d 795. Amended 1.140(b) and 1.330(a).Effective 10-15-98: 723 So.2d 180. Added form 1.995.Effective 3-4-99: 746 So.2d 1084. Amended 1.070(j).Effective 3-11-99: 745 So.2d 946. Amended 1.650(d)(3).Effective 7-1-99: 756 So.2d 27. Added rule 1.840 and form 1.999.Effective 2-17-00: 754 So.2d 671. Amended 1.070(j).Effective 1-1-01: 773 So.2d 1098. Four-year-cycle revision. Substantively amended 1.061, 1.442(b),

(f)(g), 1.560, 1.650(d), forms 1.988, 1.9901.996; added 1.525,form 1.977.

Effective 10-23-03: 858 So.2d 1013. Repealed 1.840, form 1.999.Effective 1-1-04: 858 So.2d 1013. Two-year-cycle revision. Amended 1.070(j), 1.190, 1.210(a),


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1.370, 1.380, 1.525, 1.540, 1.650, 1.750, 1.810, 1.820, forms1.902, 1.906, 1.977, 1.988; added 1.981; repealed 1.840, form1.999.

Effective 10-1-04: 887 So.2d 1090. Amended 1.200, 1.490.Effective 1-1-06: 915 So.2d 145. Amended 1.720(f).Effective 1-1-06: 915 So.2d 612. Revised Statewide Uniform Guidelines for Taxation of Costs in

Civil Actions.Effective 1-1-06: 917 So.2d 176. Two-year-cycle revision. Amended 1.380, 1.420(e), 1.431, 1.510,

1.525, forms 1.989, 1.997.Effective 11-15-07: 969 So.2d 1003. Amended 1.720(f)(2).Effective 1-1-08: 966 So.2d 943. Three-year-cycle revision. Amended 1.120, 1.140, 1.210, 1.221,

1.280, 1.310, 1.351, 1.360, 1.410, 1.650, 1.820, forms 1.902,1.9101.913, 1.922, 1.982.

Effective 1-1-08: 967 So.2d 178. Amended 1.200 and 1.470; adopted 1.452 and 1.455.Effective 5-28-09: 15 So.3d 558. Amended 1.100, 1.200, 1.440; added 1.201, form 1.999.Effective 10-1-09: 20 So.3d 376. Amended form 1.985.Effective 10-1-09: 15 So.3d 558. Amended form 1.918.Effective 10-15-09: 30 So.3d 477. Amended form 1.998.Effective 1-1-10: 30 So.3d 477. Amended form 1.997.

Effective 2-11-10: 44 So.3d 555 Amended 1.110, added forms 1.924; 1.996(a)(b)Effective 1-1-11: 52 So.3d 579 Amended rules 1.080, 1.100, 1.310, 1.340, 1.351, 1.360, 1.410,

1.420, 1.442, 1.470, 1.480, 1.510, 1.525, forms 1.901, 1.923,1.986; added rules 1.071, 1.285, form 1.975; deleted form 1.985.

Effective 10-1-11: 36 FLW S331 Amended rules 1.280, 1.310, 1.340, 1.350, forms 1.988, 1.990,1.991, 1.993, 1.994, and 1.995.

Effective 1-1-12: 36 FLW S627 Amended 1.720.

NOTE TO USERS: Rules in this pamphlet are current through 36 FLW S627. Subsequent amendments, if any,can be found at www.floridasupremecourt.org/decisions/rules.shtml.


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RULE 1.010. SCOPE AND TITLE OF RULES

These rules apply to all actions of a civil nature and all special statutory proceedings in the circuit courts andcounty courts except those to which the Florida Probate Rules, the Florida Family Law Rules of Procedure, or

the Small Claims Rules apply. The form, content, procedure, and time for pleading in all special statutory pro-ceedings shall be as prescribed by the statutes governing the proceeding unless these rules specifically provideto the contrary. These rules shall be construed to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of everyaction. These rules shall be known as the Florida Rules of Civil Procedure and abbreviated as Fla.R.Civ.P.

RULE 1.030. NONVERIFICATION OF PLEADINGS

Except when otherwise specifically provided by these rules or an applicable statute, every written pleading orother paper of a party represented by an attorney need not be verified or accompanied by an affidavit.

Committee Notes

1976 Amendment. Subdivisions (a)(b) have been amended to require the addition of the filing partys telephone number on all plead-ings and papers filed.

RULE 1.040. ONE FORM OF ACTION

There shall be one form of action to be known as civil action.

RULE 1.050. WHEN ACTION COMMENCED

Every action of a civil nature shall be deemed commenced when the complaint or petition is filed except thatancillary proceedings shall be deemed commenced when the writ is issued or the pleading setting forth the

claim of the party initiating the action is filed.

RULE 1.060. TRANSFERS OF ACTIONS

(a) Transfers of Courts. If it should appear at any time that an action is pending in the wrong court of anycounty, it may be transferred to the proper court within said county by the same method as provided in rule1.170(j).

(b) Wrong Venue. When any action is filed laying venue in the wrong county, the court may transfer the ac-tion in the manner provided in rule 1.170(j) to the proper court in any county where it might have been broughtin accordance with the venue statutes. When the venue might have been laid in 2 or more counties, the personbringing the action may select the county to which the action is transferred, but if no such selection is made, the

matter shall be determined by the court.

(c) Method. The service charge of the clerk of the court to which an action is transferred under this rule shallbe paid by the party who commenced the action within 30 days from the date the order of transfer is entered,subject to taxation as provided by law when the action is determined. If the service charge is not paid within the30 days, the action shall be dismissed without prejudice by the court that entered the order of transfer.

Court Commentary


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1984 Amendment. Because of confusion in some circuits, subdivision (c) is added:

(a) to specify who is to pay the clerks service charge on transfer;

(b) to provide for the circumstance in which the service charge is not paid; and

(c) to require the dismissal to be by the court which entered the order of transfer.

RULE 1.061. CHOICE OF FORUM

(a) Grounds for Dismissal. An action may be dismissed on the ground that a satisfactory remedy may bemore conveniently sought in a jurisdiction other than Florida when:

(1) the trial court finds that an adequate alternate forum exists which possesses jurisdiction over the wholecase, including all of the parties;

(2) the trial court finds that all relevant factors of private interest favor the alternate forum, weighing in thebalance a strong presumption against disturbing plaintiffs initial forum choice;

(3) if the balance of private interests is at or near equipoise, the court further finds that factors of public in-terest tip the balance in favor of trial in the alternate forum; and

(4) the trial judge ensures that plaintiffs can reinstate their suit in the alternate forum without undue incon-venience or prejudice.

The decision to grant or deny the motion for dismissal rests in the sound discretion of the trial court, subject toreview for abuse of discretion.

(b) Stipulations in General. The parties to any action for which a satisfactory remedy may be more conve-niently sought in a jurisdiction other than Florida may stipulate to conditions upon which a forum-non-

conveniens dismissal shall be based, subject to approval by the trial court. The decision to accept or reject thestipulation rests in the sound discretion of the trial court, subject to review for abuse of discretion.

A forum-non-conveniens dismissal shall not be granted unless all defendants agree to the stipulations requiredby subdivision (c) and any additional stipulations required by the court.

(c) Statutes of Limitation. In moving for forum-non-conveniens dismissal, defendants shall be deemed toautomatically stipulate that the action will be treated in the new forum as though it had been filed in that forumon the date it was filed in Florida, with service of process accepted as of that date.

(d) Failure to Refile Promptly. When an action is dismissed in Florida for forum non conveniens, plaintiffsshall automatically be deemed to stipulate that they will lose the benefit of all stipulations made by the defen-dant, including the stipulation provided in subdivision (c) of this rule, if plaintiffs fail to file the action in the

new forum within 120 days after the date the Florida dismissal becomes final.

(e) Waiver of Automatic Stipulations. Upon unanimous agreement, the parties may waive the conditionsprovided in subdivision (c) or (d), or both, only when they demonstrate and the trial court finds a compellingreason for the waiver. The decision to accept or reject the waiver shall not be disturbed on review if supportedby competent, substantial evidence.

(f) Reduction to Writing. The parties shall reduce their stipulation to a writing signed by them, which shall


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include all stipulations provided by this rule and which shall be deemed incorporated by reference in any subse-quent order of dismissal.

(g) Time for Moving for Dismissal. A motion to dismiss based on forum non conveniens shall be served notlater than 60 days after service of process on the moving party.

(h) Retention of Jurisdiction. The court shall retain jurisdiction after the dismissal to enforce its order ofdismissal and any conditions and stipulations in the order.

Committee Notes

2000 Amendment. Subdivision (a)(1) is amended to clarify that the alternative forum other than Florida must have jurisdiction over allof the parties for the trial court to grant a dismissal based on forum non conveniens.

Subdivision (b) is amended to clarify that all of the defendants, not just the moving defendant, must agree to the stipulations required bysubdivision (c) as well as any additional stipulations required by the trial court before an action may be dismissed based on forum non con-veniens.

Subdivision (g) is added to require that a motion to dismiss based on forum non conveniens be served not later than 60 days after serviceof process on the moving party.

Subdivision (h) is added to require the court to retain jurisdiction over the action after the dismissal for purposes of enforcing its order ofdismissal and any conditions and stipulations contained in the order.

Court Commentary

This section was added to elaborate on Floridas adoption of the federal doctrine of forum non conveniens in Kinney System, Inc. v. Con-tinental Insurance Co.,674 So.2d 86 (Fla. 1996), and it should be interpreted in light of that opinion.

Subdivision (a) codifies the federal standard for reviewing motions filed under the forum-non-conveniens doctrine. Orders granting ordenying dismissal for forum non conveniens are subject to appellate review under an abuse-of-discretion standard.

As stated in Kinney, the phrase private interests means adequate access to evidence and relevant sites, adequate access to witnesses,adequate enforcement of judgments, and the practicalities and expenses associated with the litigation. Private interests do not involve con-sideration of the availability or unavailability of advantageous legal theories, a history of generous or stingy damage awards, or proceduralnuances that may affect outcomes but that do not effectively deprive the plaintiff of any remedy.

Equipoise means that the advantages and disadvantages of the alternative forum will not significantly undermine or favor the privateinterests of any particular party, as compared with the forum in which suit was filed.

Public interests are the ability of courts to protect their dockets from causes that lack significant connection to the jurisdiction; theability of courts to encourage trial of controversies in the localities in which they arise; and the ability of courts to consider their familiaritywith governing law when deciding whether to retain jurisdiction over a case. Even when the private conveniences of the litigants are nearlyin balance, a trial court has discretion to grant a forum-non-conveniens dismissal upon finding that retention of jurisdiction would be undulyburdensome to the community, that there is little or no public interest in the dispute, or that foreign law will predominate if jurisdiction isretained.

Subdivision (b) provides that the parties can stipulate to conditions of a forum-non-conveniens dismissal, subject to the trial courts ap-proval. The trial courts acceptance or rejection of the stipulation is subject to appellate review under an abuse

-of-discretion standard.

Subdivisions (c) and (d) provide automatic conditions that shall be deemed included in every forum-non-conveniens dismissal. The pur-pose underlying subdivision (c) is to ensure that any statute of limitation in the new forum is applied as though the action had been filed inthat forum on the date it was filed in Florida. The purpose underlying subdivision (d) is to ensure that the action is promptly refiled in thenew forum. Both of these stipulations are deemed to be a part of every stipulation that does not expressly state otherwise, subject to thequalification provided in subdivision (e).

Subdivision (e) recognizes that there may be extraordinary conditions associated with the new forum that would require the waiver of theconditions provided in subdivisions (c) and (d). Waivers should be granted sparingly. Thus, the parties by unanimous consent may stipulateto waive those conditions only upon showing a compelling reason to the trial court. The trial courts acceptance or rejection of the waiver


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may not be reversed on appeal where supported by competent, substantial evidence.

Subdivision (f) requires the parties to reduce their stipulation to written form, which the parties must sign. When and if the trial court ac-cepts the stipulation, the parties agreement then is treated as though it were incorporated by reference in the trial courts order of dismissal.To avoid confusion, the parties shall include the automatic stipulations provided by subdivisions (c) and (d) of this rule, unless the latter areproperly waived under subdivision (e). However, the failure to include these automatic conditions in the stipulation does not waive themunless the dismissing court has expressly so ruled.

RULE 1.070. PROCESS

(a) Summons; Issuance. Upon the commencement of the action, summons or other process authorized bylaw shall be issued forthwith by the clerk or judge under the clerks or the judges signature and the seal of thecourt and delivered for service without praecipe.

(b) Service; By Whom Made. Service of process may be made by an officer authorized by law to serveprocess, but the court may appoint any competent person not interested in the action to serve the process. Whenso appointed, the person serving process shall make proof of service by affidavit promptly and in any eventwithin the time during which the person served must respond to the process. Failure to make proof of service

shall not affect the validity of the service. When any process is returned not executed or returned improperlyexecuted for any defendant, the party causing its issuance shall be entitled to such additional process against theunserved party as is required to effect service.

(c) Service; Numerous Defendants. If there is more than 1 defendant, the clerk or judge shall issue as manywrits of process against the several defendants as may be directed by the plaintiff or the plaintiffs attorney.

(d) Service by Publication. Service of process by publication may be made as provided by statute.

(e) Copies of Initial Pleading for Persons Served. At the time of personal service of process a copy of theinitial pleading shall be delivered to the party upon whom service is made. The date and hour of service shall beendorsed on the original process and all copies of it by the person making the service. The party seeking to ef-

fect personal service shall furnish the person making service with the necessary copies. When the service ismade by publication, copies of the initial pleadings shall be furnished to the clerk and mailed by the clerk withthe notice of action to all parties whose addresses are stated in the initial pleading or sworn statement.

(f) Service of Orders. If personal service of a court order is to be made, the original order shall be filed withthe clerk, who shall certify or verify a copy of it without charge. The person making service shall use the certi-fied copy instead of the original order in the same manner as original process in making service.

(g) Fees; Service of Pleadings. The statutory compensation for making service shall not be increased by thesimultaneous delivery or mailing of the copy of the initial pleading in conformity with this rule.

(h) Pleading Basis. When service of process is to be made under statutes authorizing service on nonresidentsof Florida, it is sufficient to plead the basis for service in the language of the statute without pleading the facts

supporting service.

(i) Service of Process by Mail. A defendant may accept service of process by mail.

(1) Acceptance of service of a complaint by mail does not thereby waive any objection to the venue or tothe jurisdiction of the court over the person of the defendant.

(2) A plaintiff may notify any defendant of the commencement of the action and request that the defendantwaive service of a summons. The notice and request shall:


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(A) be in writing and be addressed directly to the defendant, if an individual, or to an officer or manag-ing or general agent of the defendant or other agent authorized by appointment or law to receive service ofprocess;

(B) be dispatched by certified mail, return receipt requested;

(C) be accompanied by a copy of the complaint and shall identify the court in which it has been filed;

(D) inform the defendant of the consequences of compliance and of failure to comply with the request;

(E) state the date on which the request is sent;

(F) allow the defendant 20 days from the date on which the request is received to return the waiver, or, ifthe address of the defendant is outside of the United States, 30 days from the date on which it is received to re-turn the waiver; and

(G) provide the defendant with an extra copy of the notice and request, including the waiver, as well as aprepaid means of compliance in writing.

(3) If a defendant fails to comply with a request for waiver within the time provided herein, the court shallimpose the costs subsequently incurred in effecting service on the defendant unless good cause for the failure isshown.

(4) A defendant who, before being served with process, timely returns a waiver so requested is not requiredto respond to the complaint until 60 days after the date the defendant received the request for waiver of service.For purposes of computing any time prescribed or allowed by these rules, service of process shall be deemedeffected 20 days before the time required to respond to the complaint.

(5) When the plaintiff files a waiver of service with the court, the action shall proceed, except as providedin subdivision (4) above, as if a summons and complaint had been served at the time of filing the waiver, and nofurther proof of service shall be required.

(j) Summons; Time Limit. If service of the initial process and initial pleading is not made upon a defendantwithin 120 days after filing of the initial pleading directed to that defendant the court, on its own initiative afternotice or on motion, shall direct that service be effected within a specified time or shall dismiss the action with-out prejudice or drop that defendant as a party; provided that if the plaintiff shows good cause or excusable neg-lect for the failure, the court shall extend the time for service for an appropriate period. When a motion for leaveto amend with the attached proposed amended complaint is filed, the 120-day period for service of amendedcomplaints on the new party or parties shall begin upon the entry of an order granting leave to amend. A dismis-sal under this subdivision shall not be considered a voluntary dismissal or operate as an adjudication on the me-rits under rule 1.420(a)(1).

Committee Notes

1971 Amendment. Subdivisions (f), (g), and (h) of the existing rule are combined because they deal with the same subject matter. The

notice of suit is changed to notice of action to comply with the statutory change in 1967. Subdivision (g) is new and provides for substi-tution of a certified or verified copy of a court order that must be served. The original is to be filed with the clerk and not removed. Subdivi-sion (i) is relettered to (h).

1972 Amendment. Subdivision (a) is amended to require the officer issuing the process to sign it and place the court seal on it. This wasrequired by former section 47.04, Florida Statutes, and is essential to the validity of process. When the statute was repealed these proceduralrequirements were omitted and inadvertently not included in the rule. Subdivision (b) is changed to eliminate the predicate for court ap-pointment of a person to make service of process. This makes the rule more flexible and permits the court to appoint someone to makeservice at any appropriate time.

1980 Amendment. Subdivision (i) is added to eliminate pleading evidentiary facts for long arm service of process. It is based on thelong-standing principle in service by publication that pleading the basis for service is sufficient if it is done in the language of the statute.


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SeeMcDaniel v. McElvy, 91 Fla. 770, 108 So. 820 (1926). Confusion has been generated in the deci sions under the long arm statute. SeeWm. E. Strasser Construction Corp. v. Linn , 97 So. 2d 458 (Fla. 1957); Hartman Agency, Inc. v. Indiana Farmers Mutual Insurance Co.,353 So. 2d 665 (Fla. 2d DCA 1978); and Drake v. Scharlau, 353 So. 2d 961 (Fla. 2d DCA 1978). The amendment is not intended to changethe distinction between pleading and proof as enunciated in Elmex Corp. v. Atlantic Federal Savings & Loan Association of Fort Lauder-dale, 325 So. 2d 58 (Fla. 4th DCA 1976). It is intended to eliminate the necessity of pleading evidentiary facts as well as those of pecuniarybenefit that were used in the Elmex case. The amendment is limited to pleading. If the statutory allegations are attacked by motion, thepleader must then prove the evidentiary facts to support the statutory requirements. If denied in a pleading, the allegations must be proved at

trial. Otherwise, the allegations will be admitted under rule 1.110(e).

1988 Amendment. Subdivision (j) has been added to require plaintiffs to cause service of original summons within 120 days of filing thecomplaint absent good cause for further delay.

1992 Amendment. Subdivision (d) is repealed because the reason for the rule ceased when process was permitted to run beyond countyboundaries. The amendment to subdivision (j) (redesignated as (i)) is intended to clarify that a dismissal under this subdivision is not to beconsidered as an adjudication on the merits under rule 1.420(a)(1) of these rules.

1996 Amendment. Subdivision (i) is added to provide some formality to the practice of requesting waiver of service of process by a she-riff or person appointed to serve papers or by publication. The committee intends that only the manner of service will be waived by thisprocedure. By accepting service pursuant to this rule, the defendant will not waive any objection to venue or jurisdiction over the person oradmit to the sufficiency of the pleadings or to allegations with regard to long-arm or personal jurisdiction. For example, service of processwould be void should a motion to dismiss be granted because the complaint did not allege the basis for long-arm jurisdiction over a nonresi-dent defendant.City Contract Bus Service, Inc. v. H.E. Woody , 515 So. 2d 1354 (Fla. 1st DCA 1987). Under such circumstances, the defen-dant must be served pursuant to law or again waive service pursuant to this rule. Subdivision (i)(2)(F) allows the defendant 20 days fromreceipt (or 30 days if the defendant is outside of the United States) to return the waiver. Accordingly, the committee intends that the waiver

be received by the plaintiff or the plaintiffs attorney by the twentieth day (or the thirtieth day if the defendant is outside of the UnitedStates). The former subdivision (i) has been redesignated as subdivision (j). Form 1.902 may be used to give notice of an action and requestwaiver of process pursuant to this rule.

2003 Amendment. Subdivision (j) is amended in accordance with Totura & Co., Inc. v. Williams, 754 So. 2d 671 (Fla. 2000). See theamendment to rule 1.190(a).

RULE 1.071 CONSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGE TO STATE STATUTE OR COUNTY OR

MUNICIPAL CHARTER, ORDINANCE, OR FRANCHISE; NOTICE BY PARTY

A party that files a pleading, written motion, or other paper drawing into question the constitutionality of astate statute or a county or municipal charter, ordinance, or franchise must promptly

(a) file a notice of constitutional question stating the question and identifying the paper that raises it; and

(b) serve the notice and the pleading, written motion, or other paper drawing into question the constitutio-nality of a state statute or a county or municipal charter, ordinance, or franchise on the Attorney General or thestate attorney of the judicial circuit in which the action is pending, by either certified or registered mail.

Service of the notice and pleading, written motion, or other paper does not require joinder of the Attorney Gen-eral or the state attorney as a party to the action.

Committee Notes

2010 Adoption. This rule clarifies that, with respect to challenges to a state statute or municipal charter, ordinance, or franchise, serviceof the notice does not require joinder of the Attorney General or the state attorney as a party to the action; however, consistent with section

86.091, Florida Statutes, the Florida Attorney General has the discretion to participate and be heard on matters affecting the constitutionalityof a statute. See, e.g.,Mayo v. National Truck Brokers, Inc., 220 So. 2d 11 (Fla. 1969); State ex rel. Shevin v. Kerwin, 279 So. 2d 836 (Fla.1973) (Attorney General may choose to participate in appeal even though he was not required to be a party at the trial court). The rule im-poses a new requirement that the party challenging the statute, charter, ordinance, or franchise file verification with the court of compliancewith section 86.091, Florida Statutes. See form 1.975.

RULE 1.080. SERVICE OF PLEADINGS AND PAPERS


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(a) Service; When Required. Unless the court otherwise orders, every pleading subsequent to the initialpleading and every other paper filed in the action, except applications for witness subpoena, shall be served oneach party. No service need be made on parties against whom a default has been entered, except that pleadingsasserting new or additional claims against them shall be served in the manner provided for service of summons.

(b) Service; How Made. When service is required or permitted to be made upon a party represented by an at-

torney, service shall be made upon the attorney unless service upon the party is ordered by the court. Service onthe attorney or party shall be made by delivering a copy or mailing it to the attorney or the party at the lastknown address or, if no address is known, by leaving it with the clerk of the court. Service by mail shall becomplete upon mailing. Delivery of a copy within this rule shall be complete upon: (1) handing it to the attorneyor to the party, (2) leaving it at the attorneys or partys office with a clerk or other person in charge thereof, (3)if there is no one in charge, leaving it in a conspicuous place therein, (4) if the office is closed or the person tobe served has no office, leaving it at the persons usual place of abode with some person of his or her familyabove 15 years of age and informing such person of the contents, or (5) transmitting it by facsimile to the attor-neys or partys office with a cover sheet containing the senders name, firm, address, telephone number, andfacsimile number, and the number of pages transmitted. When service is made by facsimile, a copy shall also beserved by any other method permitted by this rule. Facsimile service occurs when transmission is complete.Service by delivery shall be deemed complete on the date of the delivery.

(c) Service; Numerous Defendants. In actions when the parties are unusually numerous, the court may re-gulate the service contemplated by these rules on motion or on its initiative in such manner as may be found tobe just and reasonable.

(d) Filing. All original papers shall be filed with the court either before service or immediately thereafter, un-less otherwise provided for by general law or other rules. If the original of any bond or other paper is not placedin the court file, a certified copy shall be so placed by the clerk.

(e) Filing Defined. The filing of papers with the court as required by these rules shall be made by filing themwith the clerk, except that the judge may permit papers to be filed with the judge, in which event the judge shallnote the filing date before him or her on the papers and transmit them to the clerk. The date of filing is thatshown on the face of the paper by the judges notation or the clerks time stamp, whichever is earlier.

(f) Certificate of Service. When any attorney shall certify in substance:

I certify that a copy hereof has been furnished to (here insert name or names) by (delivery) (mail) (fax) on.....(date)......

Attorney

the certificate shall be taken as prima facie proof of such service in compliance with these rules.

(g) Service by Clerk. If a party who is not represented by an attorney files a paper that does not show serviceof a copy on other parties, the clerk shall serve a copy of it on other parties as provided in subdivision (b).

(h) Service of Orders.

(1) A copy of all orders or judgments shall be transmitted by the court or under its direction to all parties atthe time of entry of the order or judgment. No service need be made on parties against whom a default has beenentered except orders setting an action for trial as prescribed in rule 1.440(c) and final judgments that shall beprepared and served as provided in subdivision (h)(2). The court may require that orders or judgments be pre-pared by a party, may require the party to furnish the court with stamped, addressed envelopes for service of theorder or judgment, and may require that proposed orders and judgments be furnished to all parties before entryby the court of the order or judgment.


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(2) When a final judgment is entered against a party in default, the court shall mail a conformed copy of it

to the party. The party in whose favor the judgment is entered shall furnish the court with a copy of the judg-ment, unless it is prepared by the court, and the address of the party to be served. If the address is unknown, thecopy need not be furnished.

(3) This subdivision is directory and a failure to comply with it does not affect the order or judgment or itsfinality or any proceedings arising in the action.

Committee Notes

1971 Amendment. Subdivision (g) is added to cover the situation when a party responds by a letter to the clerk and the letter may consti-tute the partys answer. The clerk is then required to furnish copies to parties who have appeared in the action and who are not shown tohave received copies. It is not intended to apply to those litigious persons appearing in proper person who are familiar with the requirementsof the rules. Subdivision (h) is added and the first part regulates the service of copies of orders. When a party is charged with preparation ofan order, it requires service of the proposed form on other parties and delivery of sufficient copies to the court to be conformed and fur-nished to all parties after entry. The second part is intended to notify defendant whose address is known of the determination of the actionby the court. Failure to comply with either part of subdivision (h) does not affect the order or judgment in any manner.

1972 Amendment. Subdivision (h) is amended because confusion has resulted in its application. Use of the term party has been mi s-construed. It must be read in conjunction with subdivision (b) of the rule. When service can be made on an attorney, it should be made onthe attorney. The term party is used throughout the rules because subdivision (b) makes the necessary substitution of the partys attorney

throughout the rules. No certificate of service is required. The notation with the names of the persons served with a proposed form is not tobe signed. The committee intended for the court to know who had been served only. Otherwise, the committee would have used the form ofcertificate of service in subdivision (f). Submission of copies and mailing of them by the court has proved cumbersome in practice and so itis deleted. The purpose of the rule was to ensure that all parties had an opportunity to see the proposed form before entry by the court.

1976 Amendment. The amendment made to this rule on July 26, 1972, was intended according to the committee notes [t]o assure thatall parties had an opportunity to see the proposed form before entry by the Court. This change followed on the heels of the 1971 amend-ment, which the committee felt had been confusing.

Two changes have been made to subdivision (h)(1), which have resulted in a wholesale redrafting of the rule. First, the provision requir-ing the submission of proposed orders to all counsel prior to entry by the court has been deleted, any inaccuracies in an order submitted tothe court being remediable either by the courts own vigilance or later application by an interested party. Secondly, the rule now requiresthat conformed copies of any order entered by the court must be mailed to all parties of record in all instances (and to defaulted parties in 2specified instances), for purposes of advising them of the date of the courts action as well as the substance of such action. Nothing in thisnew rule is meant to limit the power of the court to delegate the ministerial function of preparing orders.

1992 Amendment. Subdivisions (b) and (f) are amended to allow service pursuant to this rule to be made by facsimile. Facsimile orfax is a copy of a paper transmitted by electronic means to a printer receiving the transmission at a designated telephone number. Whenservice is made by facsimile or fax, a second copy must be served by any other method permitted by this rule to ensure that a legible copy isreceived.

Court Commentary

1984 Amendment. The committee is recommending an amendment to rule 1.530(b) to cure the confusion created by Casto v. Casto, 404So. 2d 1046 (Fla. 4th DCA 1980). That recommendation requires an amendment to rule 1.080(e) specifying that the date of filing is thatshown on the face of the paper.

RULE 1.090. TIME

(a) Computation. In computing any period of time prescribed or allowed by these rules, by order of court, or

by any applicable statute, the day of the act, event, or default from which the designated period of time beginsto run shall not be included. The last day of the period so computed shall be included unless it is a Saturday,Sunday, or legal holiday, in which event the period shall run until the end of the next day which is neither aSaturday, Sunday, or legal holiday. When the period of time prescribed or allowed is less than 7 days, inter-mediate Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays shall be excluded in the computation.

(b) Enlargement. When an act is required or allowed to be done at or within a specified time by order ofcourt, by these rules, or by notice given thereunder, for cause shown the court at any time in its discretion (1)with or without notice, may order the period enlarged if request therefor is made before the expiration of the


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period originally prescribed or as extended by a previous order, or (2) upon motion made and notice after theexpiration of the specified period, may permit the act to be done when failure to act was the result of excusableneglect, but it may not extend the time for making a motion for new trial, for rehearing, or to alter or amend ajudgment; making a motion for relief from a judgment under rule 1.540(b); taking an appeal or filing a petitionfor certiorari; or making a motion for a directed verdict.

(c) Unaffected by Expiration of Term. The period of time provided for the doing of any act or the taking ofany proceeding shall not be affected or limited by the continued existence or expiration of a term of court. Thecontinued existence or expiration of a term of court in no way affects the power of a court to do any act or takeany proceeding in any action which is or has been pending before it.

(d) For Motions. A copy of any written motion which may not be heard ex parte and a copy of the notice ofthe hearing thereof shall be served a reasonable time before the time specified for the hearing.

(e) Additional Time after Service by Mail. When a party has the right or is required to do some act or takesome proceeding within a prescribed period after the service of a notice or other paper upon that party and thenotice or paper is served upon that party by mail, 5 days shall be added to the prescribed period.

RULE 1.100. PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS

(a) Pleadings. There shall be a complaint or, when so designated by a statute or rule, a petition, and an an-swer to it; an answer to a counterclaim denominated as such; an answer to a crossclaim if the answer contains acrossclaim; a third-party complaint if a person who was not an original party is summoned as a third-party de-fendant; and a third-party answer if a third-party complaint is served. If an answer or third-party answer con-tains an affirmative defense and the opposing party seeks to avoid it, the opposing party shall file a reply con-taining the avoidance. No other pleadings shall be allowed.

(b) Motions. An application to the court for an order shall be by motion which shall be made in writing un-less made during a hearing or trial, shall state with particularity the grounds therefor, and shall set forth the re-lief or order sought. The requirement of writing is fulfilled if the motion is stated in a written notice of the hear-ing of the motion. All notices of hearing shall specify each motion or other matter to be heard.

(c) Caption.

(1) Every pleading, motion, order, judgment, or other paper shall have a caption containing the name of thecourt, the file number, and except for in rem proceedings, including forfeiture proceedings, the name of the firstparty on each side with an appropriate indication of other parties, and a designation identifying the party filing itand its nature or the nature of the order, as the case may be. In any in rem proceeding, every pleading, motion,order, judgment, or other paper shall have a caption containing the name of the court, the file number, the styleIn re (followed by the name or general description of the property), and a designation of the person or entityfiling it and its nature or the nature of the order, as the case may be. In an in rem forfeiture proceeding, the styleshall be In re forfeiture of (followed by the name or general description of the property). All papers filed inthe action shall be styled in such a manner as to indicate clearly the subject matter of the paper and the partyrequesting or obtaining relief.

(2) A civil cover sheet (form 1.997) shall be completed and filed with the clerk at the time an initial com-plaint or petition is filed by the party initiating the action. If the cover sheet is not filed, the clerk shall acceptthe complaint or petition for filing; but all proceedings in the action shall be abated until a properly executedcover sheet is completed and filed. The clerk shall complete the civil cover sheet for a party appearing pro se.

(3) A final disposition form (form 1.998) shall be filed with the clerk by the prevailing party at the time ofthe filing of the order or judgment which disposes of the action. If the action is settled without a court order orjudgment being entered, or dismissed by the parties, the plaintiff or petitioner immediately shall file a final dis-


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position form (form 1.998) with the clerk. The clerk shall complete the final disposition form for a party appear-ing pro se, or when the action is dismissed by court order for lack of prosecution pursuant to rule 1.420(e).

(d) Motion in Lieu of Scire Facias. Any relief available by scire facias may be granted on motion after no-tice without the issuance of a writ of scire facias.

Committee Notes

1971 Amendment. The change requires a more complete designation of the document that is filed so that it may be more rapidly identi-fied. It also specifies the applicability of the subdivision to all of the various documents that can be filed. For example, a motion to dismissshould now be entitled defendants motion to dismiss the complaint rather than merely motion or motion to dismiss.

1972 Amendment. Subdivision (a) is amended to make a reply mandatory when a party seeks to avoid an affirmative defense in an an-swer or third-party answer. It is intended to eliminate thereby the problems exemplified byTuggle v. Maddox, 60 So. 2d 158 (Fla. 1952),andDickerson v. Orange State Oil Co., 123 So. 2d 562 (Fla. 2d DCA 1960).

1992 Amendment. Subdivision (b) is amended to require all notices of hearing to specify the motions or other matters to be heard.

2010 Amendment. Subdivision (c) is amended to address separately the caption for in rem proceedings, including in rem forfeiture pro-ceedings.

RULE 1.110. GENERAL RULES OF PLEADING

(a) Forms of Pleadings. Forms of action and technical forms for seeking relief and of pleas, pleadings, ormotions are abolished.

(b) Claims for Relief. A pleading which sets forth a claim for relief, whether an original claim, counterclaim,crossclaim, or third-party claim, must state a cause of action and shall contain (1) a short and plain statement ofthe grounds upon which the courts jurisdiction depends, unless the court already has jurisdiction and the claimneeds no new grounds of jurisdiction to support it, (2) a short and plain statement of the ultimate facts showingthat the pleader is entitled to relief, and (3) a demand for judgment for the relief to which the pleader deemshimself or herself entitled. Relief in the alternative or of several different types may be demanded. Every com-plaint shall be considered to demand general relief.

When filing an action for foreclosure of a mortgage on residential real property the complaint shall be veri-fied. When verification of a document is required, the document filed shall include an oath, affirmation, or thefollowing statement:

Under penalty of perjury, I declare that I have read the foregoing, and the facts alleged therein are true andcorrect to the best of my knowledge and belief.

(c) The Answer. In the answer a pleader shall state in short and plain terms the pleaders defenses to eachclaim asserted and shall admit or deny the averments on which the adverse party relies. If the defendant is with-out knowledge, the defendant shall so state and such statement shall operate as a denial. Denial shall fairly meetthe substance of the averments denied. When a pleader intends in good faith to deny only a part of an averment,

the pleader shall specify so much of it as is true and shall deny the remainder. Unless the pleader intends ingood faith to controvert all of the averments of the preceding pleading, the pleader may make denials as specificdenials of designated averments or may generally deny all of the averments except such designated avermentsas the pleader expressly admits, but when the pleader does so intend to controvert all of its averments, includingaverments of the grounds upon which the courts jurisdiction depends, the pleader may do so by general denial.

(d) Affirmative Defenses. In pleading to a preceding pleading a party shall set forth affirmatively accord andsatisfaction, arbitration and award, assumption of risk, contributory negligence, discharge in bankruptcy, duress,estoppel, failure of consideration, fraud, illegality, injury by fellow servant, laches, license, payment, release,


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res judicata, statute of frauds, statute of limitations, waiver, and any other matter constituting an avoidance oraffirmative defense. When a party has mistakenly designated a defense as a counterclaim or a counterclaim as adefense, the court, on terms if justice so requires, shall treat the pleading as if there had been a proper desig-nation. Affirmative defenses appearing on the face of a prior pleading may be asserted as grounds for a motionor defense under rule 1.140(b); provided this shall not limit amendments under rule 1.190 even if such ground issustained.

(e) Effect of Failure to Deny. Averments in a pleading to which a responsive pleading is required, other thanthose as to the amount of damages, are admitted when not denied in the responsive pleading. Averments in apleading to which no responsive pleading is required or permitted shall be taken as denied or avoided.

(f) Separate Statements. All averments of claim or defense shall be made in consecutively numbered para-graphs, the contents of each of which shall be limited as far as practicable to a statement of a single set of cir-cumstances, and a paragraph may be referred to by number in all subsequent pleadings. Each claim foundedupon a separate transaction or occurrence and each defense other than denials shall be stated in a separate countor defense when a separation facilitates the clear presentation of the matter set forth.

(g) Joinder of Causes of Action; Consistency. A pleader may set up in the same action as many claims or

causes of action or defenses in the same right as the pleader has, and claims for relief may be stated in the alter-native if separate items make up the cause of action, or if 2 or more causes of action are joined. A party mayalso set forth 2 or more statements of a claim or defense alternatively, either in 1 count or defense or in separatecounts or defenses. When 2 or more statements are made in the alternative and 1 of them, if made indepen-dently, would be sufficient, the pleading is not made insufficient by the insufficiency of 1 or more of the alter-native statements. A party may also state as many separate claims or defenses as that party has, regardless ofconsistency and whether based on legal or equitable grounds or both. All pleadings shall be construed so as todo substantial justice.

(h) Subsequent Pleadings. When the nature of an action permits pleadings subsequent to final judgment andthe jurisdiction of the court over the parties has not terminated, the initial pleading subsequent to final judgmentshall be designated a supplemental complaint or petition. The action shall then proceed in the same manner andtime as though the supplemental complaint or petition were the initial pleading in the action, including the is-

suance of any needed process. This subdivision shall not apply to proceedings that may be initiated by motionunder these rules.

Committee Notes

1971 Amendment. Subdivision (h) is added to cover a situation usually arising in divorce judgment modifications, supplemental declara-tory relief actions, or trust supervision. When any subsequent proceeding results in a pleading in the strict technical sense under rule1.100(a), response by opposing parties will follow the same course as though the new pleading were the initial pleading in the action. Thetime for answering and authority for defenses under rule 1.140 will apply. The last sentence exempts post judgment motions under rules1.480(c), 1.530, and 1.540, and similar proceedings from its purview.

RULE 1.120. PLEADING SPECIAL MATTERS

(a) Capacity. It is not necessary to aver the capacity of a party to sue or be sued, the authority of a party tosue or be sued in a representative capacity, or the legal existence of an organized association of persons that ismade a party, except to the extent required to show the jurisdiction of the court. The initial pleading served onbehalf of a minor party shall specifically aver the age of the minor party. When a party desires to raise an issueas to the legal existence of any party, the capacity of any party to sue or be sued, or the authority of a party tosue or be sued in a representative capacity, that party shall do so by specific negative averment which shall in-clude such supporting particulars as are peculiarly within the pleaders knowledge.

(b) Fraud, Mistake, Condition of the Mind. In all averments of fraud or mistake, the circumstances consti-tuting fraud or mistake shall be stated with such particularity as the circumstances may permit. Malice, intent,


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knowledge, mental attitude, and other condition of mind of a person may be averred generally.

(c) Conditions Precedent. In pleading the performance or occurrence of conditions precedent, it is sufficientto aver generally that all conditions precedent have been performed or have occurred. A denial of performanceor occurrence shall be made specifically and with particularity.

(d) Official Document or Act. In pleading an official document or official act it is sufficient to aver that thedocument was issued or the act done in compliance with law.

(e) Judgment or Decree. In pleading a judgment or decree of a domestic or foreign court, a judicial or quasi-judicial tribunal, or a board or officer, it is sufficient to aver the judgment or decree without setting forth mattershowing jurisdiction to render it.

(f) Time and Place. For the purpose of testing the sufficiency of a pleading, averments of time and place arematerial and shall be considered like all other averments of material matter.

(g) Special Damage. When items of special damage are claimed, they shall be specifically stated.

RULE 1.130. ATTACHING COPY OF CAUSE OF ACTION AND EXHIBITS

(a) Instruments Attached. All bonds, notes, bills of exchange, contracts, accounts, or documents uponwhich action may be brought or defense made, or a copy thereof or a copy of the portions thereof material to thepleadings, shall be incorporated in or attached to the pleading. No papers shall be unnecessarily annexed as ex-hibits. The pleadings shall contain no unnecessary recitals of deeds, documents, contracts, or other instruments.

(b) Part for All Purposes. Any exhibit attached to a pleading shall be considered a part thereof for all pur-poses. Statements in a pleading may be adopted by reference in a different part of the same pleading, in anotherpleading, or in any motion.

RULE 1.140. DEFENSES

(a) When Presented.

(1) Unless a different time is prescribed in a statute of Florida, a defendant shall serve an answer within 20days after service of original process and the initial pleading on the defendant, or not later than the date fixed ina notice by publication. A party served with a pleading stating a crossclaim against that party shall serve an an-swer to it within 20 days after service on that party. The plaintiff shall serve an answer to a counterclaim within20 days after service of the counterclaim. If a reply is required, the reply shall be served within 20 days afterservice of the answer.

(2) (A) Except when sued pursuant to section 768.28, Florida Statutes, the state of Florida, an agency of thestate, or an officer or employee of the state sued in an official capacity shall serve an answer to the complaint or

crossclaim, or a reply to a counterclaim, within 40 days after service.

(B) When sued pursuant to section 768.28, Florida Statutes, the Department of Financial Services or thedefendant state agency shall have 30 days from the date of service within which to serve an answer to the com-plaint or crossclaim or a reply to a counterclaim.

(3) The service of a motion under this rule, except a motion for judgment on the pleadings or a motion tostrike under subdivision (f), alters these periods of time so that if the court denies the motion or postpones itsdisposition until the trial on the merits, the responsive pleadings shall be served within 10 days after notice of


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the courts action or, if the court grants a motion for a more definite statement, the responsive pleadings shall beserved within 10 days after service of the more definite statement unless a different time is fixed by the court ineither case.

(4) If the court permits or requires an amended or responsive pleading or a more definite statement, thepleading or statement shall be served within 10 days after notice of the courts action. Responses to the plead-

ings or statements shall be served within 10 days of service of the pleadings or statements.

(b) How Presented. Every defense in law or fact to a claim for relief in a pleading shall be asserted in theresponsive pleading, if one is required, but the following defenses may be made by motion at the option of thepleader: (1) lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter, (2) lack of jurisdiction over the person, (3) impropervenue, (4) insufficiency of process, (5) insufficiency of service of process, (6) failure to state a cause of action,and (7) failure to join indispensable parties. A motion making any of these defenses shall be made before plead-ing if a further pleading is permitted. The grounds on which any of the enumerated defenses are based and thesubstantial matters of law intended to be argued shall be stated specifically and with particularity in the respon-sive pleading or motion. Any ground not stated shall be deemed to be waived except any ground showing thatthe court lacks jurisdiction of the subject matter may be made at any time. No defense or objection is waived bybeing joined with other defenses or objections in a responsive pleading or motion. If a pleading sets forth aclaim for relief to which the adverse party is not required to serve a responsive pleading, the adverse party may

assert any defense in law or fact to that claim for relief at the trial, except that the objection of failure to state alegal defense in an answer or reply shall be asserted by motion to strike the defense within 20 days after serviceof the answer or reply.

(c) Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings. After the pleadings are closed, but within such time as not todelay the trial, any party may move for judgment on the pleadings.

(d) Preliminary Hearings. The defenses 1 to 7 in subdivision (b) of this rule, whether made in a pleading orby motion, and the motion for judgment in subdivision (c) of this rule shall be heard and determined before trialon application of any party unless the court orders that the hearing and determination shall be deferred until thetrial.

(e) Motion for More Definite Statement. If a pleading to which a responsive pleading is permitted is so va-

gue or ambiguous that a party cannot reasonably be required to frame a responsive pleading, that party maymove for a more definite statement before interposing a responsive pleading. The motion shall point out thedefects complained of and the details desired. If the motion is granted and the order of the court is not obeyedwithin 10 days after notice of the order or such other time as the court may fix, the court may strike the pleadingto which the motion was directed or make such order as it deems just.

(f) Motion to Strike. A party may move to strike or the court may strike redundant, immaterial, impertinent,or scandalous matter from any pleading at any time.

(g) Consolidation of Defenses. A party who makes a motion under this rule may join with it the other mo-tions herein provided for and then available to that party. If a party makes a motion under this rule but omitsfrom it any defenses or objections then available to that party that this rule permits to be raised by motion, thatparty shall not thereafter make a motion based on any of the defenses or objections omitted, except as providedin subdivision (h)(2) of this rule.

(h) Waiver of Defenses.

(1) A party waives all defenses and objections that the party does not present either by motion under subdi-visions (b), (e), or (f) of this rule or, if the party has made no motion, in a responsive pleading except as pro-vided in subdivision (h)(2).

(2) The defenses of failure to state a cause of action or a legal defense or to join an indispensable party maybe raised by motion for judgment on the pleadings or at the trial on the merits in addition to being raised either


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in a motion under subdivision (b) or in the answer or reply. The defense of lack of jurisdiction of the subjectmatter may be raised at any time.

Committee Notes

1972 Amendment. Subdivision (a) is amended to eliminate the unnecessary statement of the return date when service is made by publi-cation, and to accommodate the change proposed in rule 1.100(a) making a reply mandatory under certain circumstances. Motions to strikeunder subdivision (f) are divided into 2 categories, so subdivision (a) is also amended to accommodate this change by eliminating motionsto strike under the new subdivision (f) as motions that toll the running of time. A motion to strike an insufficient legal defense will now beavailable under subdivision (b) and continue to toll the time for responsive pleading. Subdivision (b) is amended to include the defense offailure to state a sufficient legal defense. The proper method of attack for failure to state a legal defense remains a motion to strike. Subdivi-sion (f) is changed to accommodate the 2 types of motions to strike. The motion to strike an insufficient legal defense is now in subdivision(b). The motion to strike under subdivision (f) does not toll the time for responsive pleading and can be made at any time, and the mattercan be stricken by the court on its initiative at any time. Subdivision (g) follows the terminology of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(g).Much difficulty has been experienced in the application of this and the succeeding subdivision with the result that the same defenses arebeing raised several times in an action. The intent of the rule is to permit the defenses to be raised one time, either by motion or by the res-ponsive pleading, and thereafter only by motion for judgment on the pleadings or at the trial. Subdivision (h) also reflects this philosophy. Itis based on federal rule 12(h) but more clearly states the purpose of the rule.

1988 Amendment. The amendment to subdivision (a) is to fix a time within which amended pleadings, responsive pleadings, or more de-finite statements required by the court and responses to those pleadings or statements must be served when no time limit is fixed by thecourt in its order. The courts authority to alter these time periods is contained in rule 1.090(b).

2007 Amendment. Subdivision (a) is amended to conform rule 1.140 to the statutory requirements of sections 48.111, 48.121, and768.28, Florida Statutes. The rule is similar to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(a).

RULE 1.150. SHAM PLEADINGS

(a) Motion to Strike. If a party deems any pleading or part thereof filed by another party to be a sham, thatparty may move to strike the pleading or part thereof before the cause is set for trial and the court shall hear themotion, taking evidence of the respective parties, and if the motion is sustained, the pleading to which the mo-tion is directed shall be stricken. Default and summary judgment on the merits may be entered in the discretionof the court or the court may permit additional pleadings to be filed for good cause shown.

(b) Contents of Motion. The motion to strike shall be verified and shall set forth fully the facts on which the

movant relies and may be supported by affidavit. No traverse of the motion shall be required.

RULE 1.160. MOTIONS

All motions and applications in the clerks office for the issuance of mesne process and final process to en-force and execute judgments, for entering defaults, and for such other proceedings in the clerks office as do notrequire an order of court shall be deemed motions and applications grantable as of course by the clerk. Theclerks action may be suspended or altered or rescinded by the court upon cause shown.

RULE 1.170. COUNTERCLAIMS AND CROSSCLAIMS

(a) Compulsory Counterclaims. A pleading shall state as a counterclaim any claim which at the time ofserving the pleading the pleader has against any opposing party, provided it arises out of the transaction or oc-currence that is the subject matter of the opposing partys claim and does not require for its adjudication thepresence of third parties over whom the court cannot acquire jurisdiction. But the pleader need not state a claimif (1) at the time the action was commenced the claim was the subject of another pending action, or (2) the op-posing party brought suit upon that partys claim by attachment or other process by which the court did not ac-quire jurisdiction to render a personal judgment on the claim and the pleader is not stating a counterclaim underthis rule.


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(b) Permissive Counterclaim. A pleading may state as a counterclaim any claim against an opposing party

not arising out of the transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the opposing partys claim.

(c) Counterclaim Exceeding Opposing Claim. A counterclaim may or may not diminish or defeat the recov-ery sought by the opposing party. It may claim relief exceeding in amount or different in kind from that sought

in the pleading of the opposing party.

(d) Counterclaim against the State. These rules shall not be construed to enlarge beyond the limits estab-lished by law the right to assert counterclaims or to claim cre

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